Autotronics and Vehicle

intelligent
Chapter: 1 Vehicle sensors

Presented by: Muluken Tadesse (PhD)

May 31/2022
TVTi
 Autotronics and Vehicle
intelligent
Logic Gates
Logic gates are the thousands of field
effect transistors (FETs) incorporated into
the computer circuitry.
 NOT gate
AND gate
OR gate
NAND and NOR gates
A Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate
 Logic Gates …
NOT gate:
A NOT gate simply reverses binary 1’s to 0’s and
vice versa.
A high input results in a low output and a low
input results in a high output.

FIGURE 1-11 The NOT gate symbol and

truth table. The NOT gate inverts the input
signal.
 Logic Gates …
AND gate
The AND gate will have at least two inputs and
one output.
The operation of the AND gate is similar to two
switches in series to a load .
The only way the light will turn on is if switches
A and B are closed.
The output of the gate will be high only if both
inputs are high.
Before current can be present at the output of
the gate, current must be present at the base
of both transistors .

FIGURE 1-12 The AND gate symbol and

truth table. The AND gate operates FIGURE 1-13 The AND gate
similar to switches in series. circuit.
 Logic Gates …

OR gate:
The OR gate operates similarly to two
switches that are wired in parallel to a
light.
 If switch A or B is closed, the light will turn
on.
A high signal to either input will result in a
high output.

FIGURE 1-14 OR gate symbol and truth table. The OR gate is similar to
parallel switches.
 Logic Gates …
NAND and NOR gates:
A NOT gate placed behind an OR or AND
gate inverts the output signal.

FIGURE 9-15 Symbols and truth tables for NAND and NOR gates. The small
circle represents an inverted output on any logic gate symbol
 Logic Gates …
Exclusive-OR (XOR) gate:
A combination of gates that will produce
a high-output signal only if the inputs
are different.

FIGURE 1-16 XOR gate symbol and truth table. A XOR gate is a combination
of NAND and NOR gates.
These different gates are combined to perform the processing function. The
following are some of the most common combinations:
 Logic Gates …
Decoder circuit:
A combination of AND gates used to provide a
certain output based on a given combination of
inputs
When the correct bit pattern is received by the
decoder, it will produce the high-voltage signal
to activate the relay coil.

FIGURE 1-17 Simplified temperature sensing circuit that will turn on

the air conditioning compressor when inside temperatures reach a
predetermined value.
 Logic Gates …
Multiplexer (MUX):
The basic computer is not capable of
looking at all of the inputs at the same
time.
A multiplexer is used to examine one of
many inputs depending on a programmed
priority rating .
 This process is called sequential sampling.
This means the computer will deal with all
of the sensors and actuators one at a time.

Figure 1-18 selection inputs D,C,B A will determine which data input
 Logic Gates …

Demultiplexer (DEMUX)
Operates similar to the MUX except that it
controls the order of the outputs.

FIGURE 1-19 Block diagram representation of the MUX and

DEMUX circuit.
 Logic Gates …

RS and clocked RS flip-flop circuits:

Logic circuits that remember previous
inputs and do not change their outputs
until they receive new input signals.
The clocked flip-flop circuit has an inverted
clock signal as an input so that circuit
operations occur in the proper order .
Flip-flop circuits are called sequential logic
circuits because the output is determined
by the sequence of inputs.
A given input affects the output produced
by the next input.
 Logic Gates …

FIGURE 1-20 (A) RS flip-flop symbol.

(B) Truth table. (C) Logic diagram. FIGURE 1-21 Clocked RS flip-flop symbol.
Variations of the circuit may include
NOT gates at the inputs, if used, the
truth table outputs would be
reversed.
 Logic Gates …
Driver circuits:
 A driver is a term used to describe a transistor device
that controls the current in the output circuit.
 Drivers are controlled by the μP to operate high-current
circuits.
 The high currents handled by a driver are not really
that high; they are just more than what is typically
handled by a transistor.
 Several types of driver circuits are used on
automobiles, such as
 Quad,
 Discrete,
 Peak and Hold, and
 Saturated Switch driver circuits.
 Logic Gates …
Registers:
A register is a combination of flip-flops that
transfer bits from one to another every time
a clock pulse.
It is used in the computer to temporarily
store information.

FIGURE 1-22 It takes four clock pulses to load 4 bits into the
 Logic Gates …

Accumulators
Registers designed to store the results of
logic operations that can become inputs to
other modules.
 Logic Gates …
High-Side and Low-Side Drivers
Usually the computer will control an
actuator by the use of low-side drivers.
These drivers will complete the path to
ground through an FET transistor to control
the output device.
The computer may monitor the voltage on
this circuit to determine if the actuator
operates when commanded.
Monitoring of the system can be done either
by measuring voltage on the circuit or by
measuring the current draw of the circuit.
Many newer vehicles are now using high-side
drivers, which control the output device by
varying the positive (12-volt) side.
High-side drivers consist of a Metal Oxide
 Logic Gates …
The bipolar transistor is
controlled by the
microprocessor.
The advantage of the high-
side driver is that it can
provide quick-response self-
diagnostics for shorts, opens,
and thermal conditions.
It also reduces vehicle wiring.
High-side driver diagnostic
capabilities include the ability
FIGURE 9-23 Computers using low-
to determine a short circuit ordrivers may be able to monitor
side
open circuit condition. the circuit for proper operation.
When the relay coil is not
The high-side driver will take
energized, the sense circuit should
see a high (12 V) volt. When the
 Sensors…
Computer inputs
The microprocessor receives inputs that it
checks with programmed values.
Several types of input devices are used to gather
information for the computer to use in determining the
desired output.
Many input devices are also used as a feedback signal
to confirm proper positioning of the actuator.
Depending on the input, the computer will control
the actuator(s) until the programmed results are
obtained .
The inputs can come from other computers, the
vehicle operator, the technician, or through a variety
of sensors.
Driver input signals are usually provided by
momentarily applying a ground through a switch.
Sensors…
The computer receives this signal and performs
the desired function.
For example, if the driver wishes to reset
the trip odometer on a digital instrument
panel, he would push the reset switch.
This switch will provide a momentary ground
that the computer receives as an input and sets
the trip odometer to zero.
Switches can be used as an input for any
operation that only requires a yes–no, or on–
off , condition.
Other inputs include those supplied by means
of a sensor and those signals returned to the
computer in the form of feedback.
 Sensors…

FIGURE 1-30 The input signals are processed in the microprocessor. The
microprocessor directs the output drivers to activate actuators as
instructed by the program.
 Sensors…
Sensors
Sensors are the components of the system that provide the
inputs that enable the computer (ECM) to carry out the
operations that make the system function correctly.
 In the case of vehicle sensors it is usually a voltage that is
represented by a code at the computer’s processor.
If this voltage is incorrect the processor will probably take it
as an invalid input and record a fault.
The fact that the controller itself receives an incorrect sensor
signal normally means that the sensor and/or the circuit that
connects it to the controller is not working properly and, as
with many other parts of electronic systems, it may not be the
sensor itself that is at fault.
However, it is probable that a fault code has been produced
that says ‘sensor fault’. This just means that the sensor signal
that reached the controller was defective. It is quite possible
that the sensor is functioning correctly, but the circuit
connecting it to the ECM is defective.
Sensors…

Figure 1-31 Vehicle sensors

 Thank You
END OF PRESENTATION