Operational Amplifier and Timer IC
Delivered by:
Ambresh G. Biradar
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Integrated Circuits
Classification by the Circuit Density
SSI - several (less than 10) independent gates
MSI - 10 to 200 gates; Perform elementary digital functions;
Decoder, adder, register, parity checker, etc
LSI - 200 to few thousand gates; Digital subsystem
Processor, memory, etc
VLSI - Thousands of gates; Digital system
Microprocessor, memory module
Classification by Technology
TTL - Transistor-Transistor Logic
Bipolar transistors
NAND
ECL - Emitter-coupled Logic
Bipolar transistor
NOR
MOS - Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
Unipolar transistor
High density
CMOS - Complementary MOS
Low power
consumption
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What is an Op-Amp?
Low cost integrating circuit consisting of:
• Transistors
• Resistors
• Capacitors
Able to amplify a signal due to an external power
supply
Name derives from its use to
perform operations on a signal.
Op-Amp (IC- uA741)
• I t is a direct-coupled high-gain amplifier.
• It offers the gain of the order of 106.
+VCC
Inverting
input
-
Op-Amp output
IC-741
+
Noninverting
input
-VEE
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Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics
• Infinite voltage gain
• Infinite input impedance
• Zero output impedance
• Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency signal from 0 to ∞ Hz can be
amplified without attenuation
• Infinite CMRR (common mode rejection ratio) so that the output
common-mode noise voltage is zero
• Infinite slew rate so that output voltage changes occur simultaneously
with input voltage changes.
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What do they really look like?
• There are 8 pins in it, 7 pins are active, 4 pins are for
excitation/input, 1 pin is not used hence named IC-741.
• It usually consisting of one or more differential amplifiers and
followed by a level translator and an output stage.
• It is a versatile device that an amplify DC as well as AC.
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Equivalent Circuit of Op-Amp
Vo = Ad (V1-V2) = AdVd
The op-amp amplifies the difference between the
two input voltages. It does not amplify the input
voltages themselves.
The polarity of the output voltage depends on the
polarity of the difference voltage Vd.
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Internal Circuit Of Op-Amp
NON
INVERTING I/P
LEVEL O/P
INPUT INTERMEDIA SHIFTING OUTPUT
STAG T E STAGE STAGE STAGE
INVERTING I/P E
DUAL I/P DUAL I/P EMITTER DUAL I/P
BALANCED O/P UNBALANCE FOLLOWER CIRCUIT BALANCED O/P
DIFFERENTIAL D USING CONSTANT DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER O/P CURRENT SOURCE AMPLIFIER
DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
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IC Circuit
Continued....
• The input stage is the dual input balanced output differential amplifier. This stage
generally provides most of the voltage gain of the amplifier and also establishes
the input resistance of the op-amp.
• The intermediate stage is usually another differential amplifier, which is driven by
the output of the first stage. On most amplifiers, the intermediate stage is dual
input, unbalanced output.
• Because of direct coupling, the dc voltage at the output of the intermediate
stage is well above ground potential.
• Therefore, the level translator (shifting) circuit is used after the intermediate
stage downwards to zero volts with respect to ground.
• The final stage is usually a push pull complementary symmetry amplifier output
stage. The output stage increases the Voltage swing and raises the ground
supplying capabilities of the op-amp.
• A well designed Output stage also provides low output resistance. 10
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Applications of Op-Amps
• Simple Amplifiers
• Summers
• Comparators
• Integrators
• Differentiators
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Inverting Amplifier
RF
iout
R
iin
C
Vin
Vout RF
R
Vin
Non-Inverting Amplifier
RF
iout
R
iin
C
Vin
Vout R
1 R
Vin F
Summing Circuits
• Used to add analog signals
•Voltage averaging
function into summing
function
Calculate closed loop gain for
each input
ACL1 R f ACL1 R f ACL1 R f
R1 R2 R3
Rf Rf Rf
V o Vin CLn
Vo V1 V 2 V 3
R1 R2 R3
A
If all resistors are equal in value: Vo V1 V2
Difference Circuit
•Used to subtract analog
signals
•Output signal is
proportional to difference
between two inputs
V 2 R 3 R 1 V 1R 3
Vout
(R4 R2 )R1
R4R 1
If all resistors are equal: V1
Vout V2
Integrating Circuit
•Replace feedback resistor
of inverting op-amp with
•capacitor
A input signal
generates
constant a rate
change in output voltage
certain
• Smoothes signals overof time
Differentiating Circuit
•Input resistor of inverting op-
amp is replaced with a capacitor
•Signal processing method
which accentuates noise over
time
• Output signal is scaled
derivative of input signal
Comparator Circuit
V1 is Vref
V2 is Vin
• Determines if one signal is bigger than another
• No negative feedback, infinite gain and circuit saturates
• Saturation: output is most positive or most negative
value
What is 555 Timer?
• The• The
555 555
timer
timerisis one
one ofofthethe
mostmost remarkable
remarkable integrated
integrated circuits ever
circuits ever
developed.
developed. It was in
It comes Introduced
a singleinor1970
dualbypackage
SIGNATICSand
corporation.
even low power cmos
versions existin
• It comes - ICM7555.
a single or dual package and even low power CMOS versions
exist - ICM7555. The most versatile linear integrated circuits is the 555
• Commontimer.part numbers are LM555, NE555, LM556, NE556. The 555 timer
consists of two voltage comparators, a bi-stable flip flop, a discharge transistor,
• Common part numbers are LM555, NE555, LM556, NE556. The 555 timer
and a resistor divider network.
consists of two voltage comparators, a bi-stable flip flop, a discharge
transistor, and a resistor divider network..
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Timer (IC-555)
• The IC 555 is an 8-pin Integrated Circuit (IC) that is
capable of producing accurate time delays and/or
oscillations.
• It is used for generation of square wave
(asymmetric and symmetric), saw tooth, and
various other applications such as Astable,
Monostable, and Bistable multivibrator.
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Timer (IC-555) continued..
• The timer basically operates in one of the two modes: either as
monostable (one-shot) multivibrator or as an astable (free running)
multivibrator.
• The important features of the 555 timer are these: it operates on +5 to
+18V supply voltage in both free-running (astable) and one- shot
(monostable) modes; it has an adjustable duty cycle; timing is from
microseconds through hours; it has a high current output; it can source
or sink 200 mA.
• A sample of these applications includes mono-stable and astable
multivibrators, DC-DC converters, digital logic probes, waveform
generators, analog frequency meters and tachometers, temperature
measurement and control, infrared transmitters, burglar and toxic gas
alarms, voltage regulators, electric eyes, and many others.
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Pin Diagram of 555
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Functional Block Diagram of 555 Timer
2/3 Vcc
1/3 Vcc
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PIN DESCRIPTION AND WORKING
• Pin 1: Ground
All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
• Pin 2: Trigger
The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the external
trigger pulse applied to this pin. The output is low if the voltage at
this pin is greater than 2/3 VCC. However, when a negative-going
pulse of amplitude larger than 1/3 VCC is applied to this pin, the
comparator 2 output goes low, which in turn switches the output of
the timer high. The output remains high as long as the trigger
terminal is held at a low voltage.
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• Pin 3: Output
There are two ways a load can be connected to the output terminal: either
between pin 3 and ground (pin 1) or between pin 3 and supply voltage +VCC
(pin 8). When the output is low, the load current flows through the load
connected between pin 3 and +VCC into the terminal and is called the sink
current.
However, the current through the grounded load is zero when the output is low.
For this reason, the load connected between pin 3 and +VCC is called the
normally on load and that connected between pin 3 and ground is called the
normally off load. On the other hand, when the output is high, the current
through the load connected between pin 3 and + VCC(normally on load) is zero.
However, the output terminal supplies current to the normally off load. This
current is called the source current. The maximum value of sink or source
current is 200 mA.
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• Pin 4: Reset.
The 555 timer can be reset (disabled) by applying a negative pulse to this
pin. When the reset function is not in use, the reset terminal should be
connected to + VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.
• Pin 5: Control voltage
An external voltage applied to this terminal changes the threshold as well
as the trigger voltage . In other words, by imposing a voltage on this pin
or by connecting a pot between this pin and ground, the pulse width of
the output waveform can be varied. When not used, the control pin
should be bypassed to ground with a 0.01-μF capacitor to prevent any
noise problems.
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• Pin 6: Threshold
This is the non-inverting input terminal of comparator 1, which monitors the
voltage across the external capacitor. When the voltage at this pin is threshold
voltage 2/3 V, the output of comparator 1 goes high, which in turn switches the
output of the timer low.
• Pin 7: Discharge
This pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor, When the output
is high, Transistor is off and acts as an open circuit to the external capacitor C
connected across it. On the other hand, when the output is low, Q1 is
saturated and acts as a short circuit, shorting out the external capacitor C to
ground.
• Pin 8: + VCC
The supply voltage of +5 V to +18 is applied to this pin with respect to
ground (pin 1).
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IC 555 timer
Time Delay Mode Oscillator Mode
• In the time delay mode, the • In the oscillator mode, the
delay is controlled by one frequency of oscillation are
external resistor and capacitor. controlled with two external
Example: Turn a light on in a resistors and one capacitor.
delayed amount of time. Example: Can make a light flash a
(Just turn on or off once) specific rate.
(Can turn on and off
repeatedly)
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Operating modes
• IC 555 has three operating modes:
1. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger – the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the
discharge pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-
free latched switches.
2. Monostable mode – in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse
generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce- free
switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement,
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) and so on.
3. Astable
(free-running) mode – the 555 can operate as an electronic oscillator. Uses includ
e
LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security
alarms, pulse position modulation and so on.
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IC 555 timer
Oscillator mode = Astable multivibrator mode
Translation: in this mode the IC 555 will continue to put out pulses until
you remove the battery.
(your choice of resistors and capacitors determines the vibration
frequency)
The 555 timer is a two state device: HI and LO
You can be a two state device too……
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IC 555 timer
Astable multivibrator mode schematic
Notice:
2 resistors and 1 capacitor
OUTPUT is square wave pulses
LESSON 15
“How the 555 Timer Works”
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Thank you
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