Unit -1
Operational Amplifiers
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
An integrated circuit (IC) is a low cost electronic
circuit consisting of active and passive components
fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. The
active components are transistors and diodes and
passive components are resistors and capacitors.
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Advantages of integrated circuits
1. Small size and hence increased equipment density.
2. Cost reduction .
3. Increased system reliability .
4. Improved functional performance.
5. Increased operating speeds.
6. Reduction in power consumption
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
An operational amplifier is a direct coupled high gain
amplifier consisting of one or more differential amplifiers,
followed by a level translator and an output stage.
It can be used to amplify ac as well as dc input signals &
designed for computing mathematical functions such as
addition, subtraction ,multiplication, integration &
differentiation
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Op-amp symbol
Non-inverting input
+
0utput
inverting input
-
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Op-Amp Terminals
• Input terminals 2
• Output terminals 1
• Power supply terminals 2
Power supply connections
Ideal opamp
Ideal characteristics of OPAMP
1. Open loop gain infinite
2. Input impedance infinite
3. Output impedance low
4. Bandwidth infinite
5. Zero offset, ie, Vo=0 when V1=V2=0
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DC Characteristics
Input Bias Current (Ib)
Input Offset Current(Ios)
Input Offset Voltage (Vios)
Thermal Drift
input offset voltage is a parameter defining the differential DC voltage
required between the inputs of an amplifier, especially an operational
amplifier(op-amp), to make the output zero (for voltage amplifiers, 0 volts
with respect to ground or between differential outputs, depending on the
output type).
common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
A DM= Differential mode gain
A cm= common mode gain
SLEW RATE :
INPUT AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
OFFSET BALANCING TECHNIQUES
Off set null pins are 1 and 5
10K pot is connected between pin 1 and 5
Wiper is connected across the power supply to nullify the output offset voltage.
AC CHARACTERSTICS OF OPAMP
OPAMP APPLICATIONS
DIFFRENTIATOR
AC AMPLIFIER
INVERTING AC AMPLIFIER
