Molecule
APS ACADEMY
What is a Molecule?
A molecule is formed when two
or more atoms combine together
by chemical bonds.
They do not have any charge and
are neutral.
They are also capable of
independent existence.
Molecules of Elements
Molecules of elements are made up of same atoms.
For example, an oxygen molecule is composed of 2
oxygen atoms and is denoted by O2.
An ozone molecule is composed of 3
oxygen atoms and is denoted by O3.
However, molecules of gases such as
Helium, Neon, Argon have only one
atom and are denoted by He, Ne, Ar.
Atom v Molecule
Atomicity
The number of atoms in a molecule is called its atomicity.
Since O2 has two atoms, it is said to be diatomic.
Since ozone (O3) has three atoms, it is triatomic.
Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are also triatomic.
Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) are monoatomic and
are capable of independent existence.
Phosphorus (P4) is tetra-atomic.
Ions
Ion is an electrically charged substance, made
up of an atom or molecule which
loses/gains an electron.
Consider HCl
HCl is formed by H+ and Cl–
Anions and Cations
Ions are of two types: anions and cations.
Cations are positively charged
ions.
Anions are negatively charged
ions.
NaCl is formed by Na+ cation
and Cl– anion.
Molecular Mass
Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of all atoms.
Calculate the molecular mass of CO2
In a CO2 molecule there is 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen
atoms
The atomic masses of C and O are 12u and 16u respectively
Therefore, molecular mass of CO2 = 12×1 + 16×2 = 44u
Formula Unit Mass
Formula unit mass is also the sum of the atomic
masses of all the atoms.
Calculate the formula unit mass of Ca(OH)2
Formula unit mass = 40 + 16×2 + 1×2 = 74u
Mole Concept
One mole of atoms, molecules, ions is that number
which has a mass equal to the atomic mass or
molecular mass in grams.
For example, one mole of oxygen atoms will have mass
16g because 1 oxygen atom has mass 16u.
Similarly, one mole of oxygen molecules has mass 32g
because 1 O2 molecule has mass 32u.
The number of atoms or molecules in one mole is fixed
and is equal to 6.022×1023.
Example
Find the number of atoms in 32g of Ca.
Given: Ca has an atomic mass 40u.
1mole of Ca atom has mass 40g
0.8mole of Ca atoms has mass 32g
Number of atoms = 0.8 × 6.022×1023 =
4.8176×1023
Example
How many atoms of Al are present in 54g
Aluminium?
Answer: 12.044*1023 atoms
Example
How many molecules of CaCO3 are present in 70g of
calcium carbonate?
Also, determine the no. of oxygen atoms in this sample.
Answer:
CaCO3 molecules = 4.2154 * 1023
Oxygen atoms = 12.63 * 1023
Example
How many (i) Aluminium atoms (ii) oxygen
atoms are present in 153g sample of
aluminium oxide (Al2O3)?
Answer:
Al atoms = 18.066 * 1023
O Atoms = 27.099 * 1023
Example
The no. of atoms in 0.1mole of a triatomic gas is?
Hint: step 1: find no. of molecules in 0.1 mole
Triatomic gas 3 atoms/molecule
No. of molecules = 6.022*1023 1mole
0.1mole 6.022*1022 molecules
No. of atoms = 6.022*1022 * 3 = 18.066*1022
Example
How many grams of H2SO4 are present in
0.25mole of H2SO4?
Molecular mass = 2+32+64 = 98
Mass = 0.25*98
= 24.5gram
Example
Which of the following has highest no. of
molecules?
(a) 8g of CH4
(b)4.4g of CO2
(c) 34.2g of C12H22O11
(d)2g of H2
Example contd.
Answer: D
Example
Which of the following has highest no. of atoms?
(a) 8g of CH4
(b)4.4g of CO2
(c) 34.2g of C12H22O11
(d)2g of H2
Example contd.
Answer: C
Example
Calculate the mass of 3.011*1024 molecules of
N2 gas.
Example
Calculate the no. of aluminium ions present in
0.051gram of aluminium oxide (Al2O3).
A.M. Al = 27 and O = 16
Step 1: no. of mole
Step 2: no. of molecules
Step 3: 2 aluminium per molecule
