DISCRETE STRUCTURES
Credit Hours: 3(3-0)
Lecture # 01
DESCRIPTION
75% attendance is mandatory
6 Assignments
4 quizzes
Recommended books are;
Discrete Mathematics and its applications by
Kenneth H Rosen
Shaum’s outline of theory and problems of Discrete
Mathematics
Discrete Mathematics with Applications (second
edition) by Susanna S. Epp
COURSE TOPICS
Logic
Sets & Operations on sets
Relations & Their Properties
Functions
Sequences & Series
Recurrence Relations
Mathematical Induction
Loop Invariants
Combinatorial logics
Probability
Graphs and Trees
TODAY’S GOAL
Introduction to discrete structures
Logic
Statements or Proposition
Non proposition
SO the answer in the particular value is
actually a discrete structure
For example if I say today is Friday
What will be the answer?
Yes or No
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF DATA SET
DISCRETE STRUCTURE
The mathematics in which we deal with only
the discrete kind of data is called discrete
structure
DISCRETE STRUCTURE
More about discrete structure…
Concerns processes that consist of a
sequence of individual steps
As a student in computer science, you need
to know the basic language and conceptual
foundation for all of the computer science
Discrete structure concepts are widely used
throughout math, science, engineering,
economics, biology, etc.,…
DISCRETE VS CONTINUOUS
DISCRETE VS CONTINUOUS
Set of integers also called discrete set
Pointsare scattered in set of integers
Graph of integers numbers is scattered
Set of real numbers are continuous in nature
Consecutive points have no gap among them
Graph gives continuous line
USE OF DISCRETE STRUCTURE IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Networking
Advanced Algorithms &Database
Image processing
Data Structures
Graphics & Animation Language
Compilers & Interpreters
Software Engineering
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Architecture
Operating systems
Security & Cryptography
To understand the computer you must know
the working of CPU
And to learn about CPU you should know it
works on the basis of Logic gates
And logic gates works on LOW and HIGH(0,1)
value
So as a computer science students you will
better understand it’s application
LOGIC
INTRODUCTION
The first book on logic was written by the
Greek Philosopher Aristotle (384 BC).
In seventeen century, the German
Philosopher and Mathematician Gottfried
Leibniz conceived the idea of using symbols
to mechanize the process of reasoning in
much the same way that algebraic notation
had mechanized the process of reasoning
about numbers and their relationships.
LOGIC
“Logic" came from the Greek word logos,
which is sometimes translated as "sentence",
"reason", "rule“.
The study of the principles of correct
reasoning
Logic is the study of the principles and
methods that distinguish between a valid and
an invalid argument
The study of methods and rules that
distinguish between a good(correct) and a
bad(incorrect)
WE CANNOT ASSOCIATE A QUESTION
WITH PROPOSITIONS
ALSO NOT B/C USE OF VARIABLES
WHAT ABOUT THIS??
Ali is 30 years old and he is a college student
ANSWER….
Yes we can associate a truth value with the
previous statement….
BASIC TERMS OF LOGIC(SUMMARY)…
Statement(proposition)
A statement is a declarative sentence that is either
true or false but not both
Also called proposition
Some examples are;
2+2 = 4 ……………………………… (1)
It is Sunday today ………………… (2)
First statement is true and second one is false..
If a proposition(statement) is true, we say that
it has a truth value of "true”.
If a proposition is false, its truth value is
"false".
EXAMPLES
Grass is green
4 + 2 = 6
4 + 2 = 7
There are four fingers in a hand
All statements are declarative
We know about their truth value
Truth value for statement 1 & 2 is T
Truth value for statement 3 & 4 is F
EXAMPLE OF NON-SENTENCES
Close the door
Non proposition because it is not declarative
X is greater than 2
We cannot say about its truth value
For some truth values of x it is true and for
others it is false
He is very rich
Although it is declarative but we cannot say
about its truth value
We don’t know about pronoun
UNDERSTANDING STATEMENTS
x + 2 is positive.
Not a statement
May I come in?
Not a statement
Logic is interesting.
A statement
It is hot today.
A statement
-1 > 0
A statement
x + y = 12
Not a statement
Thank You
