Presentation of Data
Part A
Dr.Asad Khan
DPT(KMU), MS-OMPT(RIU)
Classification
Process of dividing a set of observations or
objects into classes or groups in such a way
A. Observations or objects in the same group
are similar.
B. While dissimilar from other class or group
Types of classification:
a. One way classification or simple
classification
b. Two way classification
c. Cross- classification or manifold classification
Basic principles of classification
I. Classes in which the data are to be divided
should be mutually exclusive and no over
lap should exist between two classes.
II. Classification procedure should be neither
too elaborate nor too complicated.
III. Conventional classification procedure should
be adopted.
Presentation of data
Statistical data are generally presented by:
A. Tables
(Frequency table/distribution)
B. Graphs
4
Tabulation
Systematic presentation of data which is
classified under suitable heads and sub heads
and placed in columns and rows.
This arrangement makes the data easy to
understand.
An effective way to convey information to
reader.
Types of Table
One the basis of criteria or characteristics
a) Single tabulation
b) Double tabulation
c) Manifold tabulation
Main parts of table
A. Title: tell us what, where, how classified
and when of data.
Brief
No abbreviations
No full stop no hyphen except when
necessary
Main title in capital and sub title in lower case
with major words capitalized.
Cont..
B. Column caption and Boxhead:
Heading of each column is called column
caption.
Section of a table that contains column
captions is called box head.
Headings should be clear.
Most important characteristic is placed in first
column and total at the extreme right
No full stop but can use Abbreviations
Main caption should be centred over the
column
use extra lines to avoid crowding
Cont..
C. Row Caption and Stub:
Title for row is called row caption.
Section containing row captions is called Stub
Principles for column captions apply to row
caption in stub
Cont..
D. Prefatory notes and footnotes:
Basically Explanatory notes
Prefatory notes: gives additional specifications
of data indicative of items included or excluded.
Placed between the title and box head
Wording in lower case alphabets
Footnotes: Fuller description of data
Placed below the bottom line of table in lower
case alphabets and enclosed in parenthesis.
Cont..
E. Source Note:
Every table should have a source note unless
the table is an original tabulation.
Placed below the foot notes
F. Body and arrangement of data:
Body contains the entire data arranged in
columns and rows.
Arrangement of data may be on the basis of
Time of occurrence
Location or customary classification
Frequency Distribution
Frequency:
Is the number of times an event occurs in the
population/sample
Ex; Number of students with a GPA of 4.0
Frequency Distribution:
Organization of a set of data into a table
showing the distribution of data into classes or
groups.
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Example
Suppose in a tertiary care clinic 30 children
age below one year suffered from diarrhea
reported with number of diarrhea episodes in
past six month. Following is the data of
number of diarrhea episodes.
4,4,2,5, 3, 2, 3,4,3,1,1,2,
2,1,2,2,1,1,1,2,6,6,7,5,5,7,5,5,6,7
Arrange Data in ascending order
1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,
5,5, 6,6,6,7,7,7.
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Frequency Distribution Table
Diarrhea Frequency Relative Cumulative
episode Frequency/ Relative
Percent Frequency/
Cumulative
Percent
1 6 20.0 20.0
2 7 23.3 43.3
3 3 10.0 53.3
4 3 10.0 63.3
5 5 16.7 80.0
6 3 10.0 90.0
7 3 10.0 100.0
Total 30 100.0 15
Construction of Grouped frequency
Distribution
Range= largest value-smallest value
Classes: 5 to 20
Empirical formulae k=1+3.3log N
Class limits: numbers or values of variables that describe
the classes, the smaller number is lower class limit and
larger number is upper class limit.
Class boundaries: Precise values which separate one class
from another.
Class mark or Class midpoint: number that divides each
class into two parts.
Class width or interval: Differences between the class
boundaries.
equal to Range/ no. of classes
In case of large Data
From a community 80 cases of cholera has been
reported, information regarding age of each individual
suffered from cholera is following
• Data in ascending order
8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16,
17,18,18, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 23, 23,
24, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 32,
32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 33, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 36, 36, 37,
37, 37, 37, 39, 41, 41, 41, 42, 43, 43, 45, 45, 45, 45, 47,
47, 53, 54,54, 57.
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Cont..
Range of the data; Range = Max. - Min.
Range = 57 - 8 = 49
Divide data into non-overlapping classes
(generally no. of classes take b/w 5 -20)
class width = Range / no. of classes
class width = 49/5 = 9.8 ≈ 10
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Cont..
Age Frequency Relative Cumulative
Category Frequency Percent
8-17 16 20.0 20.0
18-27 18 22.5 42.50
28-37 29 36.25 78.75
38-47 13 16.25 95.90
48-57 4 5.0 100.00
Total 80 100.0
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Frequency Distribution Table
Class limits Class Mid-Points Frequency
(AGE) boundaries
8-17 7.5-17.5 13 16
18-27 17.5-27.5 23 18
28-37 27.5-37.5 33 29
38-47 37.5-47.5 43 13
47-57 47.5-57.5 53 4
Total 80
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Thank you
