Unit 4:
Understanding Data and Ways
to Systematically Collect Data
LESSON 9:
• Standard Styles in Review of Related
Literature, Citation, or References
*Purpose of Citation * Styles of Citation
*Patterns of Citation *Plagiarism
Standard Styles in Related Literature
Citations or References
In reviewing related literature, you read varieties of reading materials
containing knowledge related to your research. It is a fact that these
ideas including the language structures to express these ideas belong to
other people and are not yours.
One important principle in research is acknowledging or recognizing
the owners of any form of knowledge you intend to include in your
research paper. Doing this practice signals not just honesty and
courtesy to the owners whose ideas lend information to your paper,
but also indicates your appreciation for their contribution to the field
(Hammersely, 2013).
Standard Styles in Related Literature
Citations or References
3 terms used to express your appreciation for or recognition of people’s
ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012):
1. Acknowledgment- the beginning portion of the work that identifies
individuals who have contributed something for the production of
the paper.
2. References or Bibliography- a complete list of all reading materials,
including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the
borrowed ideas came from
3. Citation or In-text Citation- references within the main body of the
text, specifically in RRL
Citation: PURPOSE
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know
about the field
2. To give authority, validity and credibility to other people’s claims,
conclusions, and arguments
3. To prove you with broad and extensive reading of authentic and
relevant materials about your topic
4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily
5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work
6. To save yourself from plagiarism
Citation: STYLES
1. Integral Citation
This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in your
work. You do this by using active verbs like claim, assert, state, etc. to report
the author’s ideas. Using these types of verbs somehow expresses the
author’s attitude, stand, or opinion in relation to the information referred to.
This is the reason integral citation is often used in social sciences or any
subjects belonging to the soft sciences. See example in the book page 82.
2. Non-integral Citation
In contrast to integral citation that reflects the author’s personal inclinations to
a certain extent, this second citation style downplays any strength of the
writer’s personal characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information
rather than to owner of the ideas. See example in the book page 82.
Citation: PATTERNS (5)
1. Summary
Citation here is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your
own language. In making this, pick out only the most important ideas or aspects
of the text.
2. Paraphrase
Here you explain what the text means to you using your own words. You may
decrease or exceed the number of words of the original text.
3. Short Direct Quotation
Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences,
not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this
citation pattern.
Citation: PATTERNS
4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation or Extract
This citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from
40 to 100 words.
Under APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with no
indention, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem. See
example in the book at page 83.
Citation: PATTERNS
In quoting, you should be extra careful because having so many quoted words or lines in
you paper indicates your lack of understanding of such part of the text. Also, frequent
copying of the author’s words indicates your lack of originality in conducting your research
work.
Here are the reasons to justify your act of quoting or repeating in writing other people’s
words (Ransome, 2013):
1. The idea is quite essential.
2. The idea is refutable or arguable.
3. The sentence is ambiguous or has multiple meanings.
4. There is a strong possibility that questions may be raised about the
citation.
5. It is an excellent idea that to make it a part of your paper will bring
prestige and credibility to your entire work.
Citation: PATTERNS
5. Tense of Verbs for Reporting
Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting authors’ ideas.
Present their ideas in any of these tenses: present, simple past, or present
perfect tense. The APA system, however, prefers the use of present perfect
tense.
Example: Present tense: Marcos explains…
Past tense: Marcos explained…
Present perfect tense: Marcos has explained…
Plagiarism
This is the act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the
quoted words off as your own words.
The right way to avoid plagiarism is to express the borrowed ideas in your own
words (Ransome, 2013).
Also, be aware of the fact that the copied words are not yours. If you want these
words to appear in your paper, you must reveal the name of the author in your
paper including the pieces of information (title, date, place of publication,
publisher, etc.) about the book from where you copied the words (Hammersely,
2013).
Thank you for reading
and analysing!
Teacher:
Mary Christine G. Ontolan, LPT
Book:
Practical Research 1
2nd edition
Esther L. Baraceros, PhD
