FIRST AID
PLT OMAR CUIZON BARET
SAVERS RESCUE TEAM
FIRST AID
•Is an immediate care given to a
person who has been injured or
suddenly taking ill.
•It includes self help and home
care if medical assistance is not
available or delayed.
OBJECTIVE OF PRE-HOSPITAL
EMERGENCY CARE
• To alleviate human suffering
• To Prolong life
• To prevent added injury or
Danger
RULES OF GIVING EMERGENCY CARE
• It is a bridge that fills the gap
between the victim and the
physician.
• Emergency care is not intended to
compete with nor to take place the
service of the physician.
• Emergency care ends when the
service of the physician begin.
GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY
CARE
• Plan for action
• Gathering of needed materials
• perform initial response
A – ask for help
I – intervene
D – do no further harm
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
RESPONDER/RESCUER
Resourceful
Symphatitic
Gentle
Tactful
Observant
HENDRANCES OF GIVING EMERGENCY
CARE
• Crowded – Unfavorable surroundings
• Bystanders - presence of the crowd
• Pressure from the relatives of the
victim.
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE
(EAP)
- is a series of checkups in an
emergency occurrence.
I.SURVEY THE SCENE .
1. Is the scene is safe?
2. What happened?
3. How many people are injured?
4. Are there bystanders who can help?
5. Identify yourself as trained medical
first responder.
II. DO A PRIMARY SURVEY TO THE
VICTIM (ABC)
• The purpose of a primary survey is to
check for life threatening condition and
to give urgent first aid care.
A – airway, does the victim have
open airway?
B – breathing, is the person
breathing?
C – circulation, is the person’s heart
beating?
III.ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE OR
ARRANGED TRANSFER FACILITY
• Information to be remembered in
activating medical assistance.”
• What happened.
• Number of person injured.
• Extend of injury and first aid given
• The location and nearest port call.
• Note: the person who make the call should be the
first one to hung-up the phone.
IV. THE SECONDARY SURVEY OF THE
VICTIM
• The purpose of a secondary survey is to check for additional
injuries that can be often worsen by mishandling.
• Check the VITAL SIGNS, PULSE RATE, BREATHING RATE and
SKIN appearance; and do a HEAD TO TOE EXAMINATION.
• Interview the victim
• Get permission to give care
• Ask the victims name.
• Ask, “do you have any pain or discomfort?”
• Ask, “do you have any allergies?”
• Ask, “are you taking any medications?”
• (conduct head to toe examination)
BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
• Bleeding – is the loss of blood from the body.
Bleeding can be External or Internal and can be
divided into three parts.
• THREE TYPES OF BLEEDING
• Arterial bleeding
• Venous Bleeding
• Capillary Bleeding
ARTERIAL BLEEDING
Is bleeding from artery.
It is characterized by a flow of bright
blood leaving the wounds in distinct
spurts. Arterial bleeding is not likely to
clot unless it is from small artery or
unless the flow of blood is slight.
CAPILLARY BLEEDING
Is bleeding from capillaries. It is
characterized by slow oozing of blood, usually
from minor wounds such as scraped knees.
Since the bleeding the bleeding is from the
smallest vessels, it can control easily.
VENOUS BLEEDING
Is bleeding from vein. It is characterized
by a steady flow of blood that appears to be
dark maroon or even blue in color. Bleeding
from a vein may also be heavy, but it is much
easier to control than arterial bleeding.
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
The skin - is the largest single organ.
SKIN FUNCTION
A.PROTECTION
Water tight to maintain body
fluids
Prevent from invasion of
bacteria
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
TEMPERATURE REGULATION
- Sweating – evaporation cools the body
C. SENSATION
- Transmit information from the
environment to the brain
- heat, cold, pain
D. WOUND – Is a break in the continuity of the
underlying tissue of the body
either internal or external.
TWO TYPES OF WOUND
Closed wound
Open wound
COMMON CAUSES OF WOUNDS
External force
Mishandling of sharp objects, tools,
machinery, weapon and equipment.
Explosion
CLOSED SOFT TISSUE INJURY
It involves the underlying tissue without
break or damage in the skin.
HEMATOMA
I. Larger amount of tissue
damaged
II. Larger blood vessels torn
III.Blood pools form
IV.Can be palpated
COMMON CAUSES OF
CLOSED TISSUE INJURY
I. Blunt objects result in contusion or
bruises
II. Application of external force e.g
motor accident
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF
CLOSED TISSUE INJURY
I.Pain and tenderness
II.Swelling
III.Discoloration ( black and blue )
IV.Hematoma
V.Vomiting or coughing of blood
VI.Passage of blood in the urine
MANAGEMENT OF CLOSED
TISSUE INJURY
I– ice application
C– compression
E– elevation
S– splinting
Note: do not apply the directly to the skin, and be alert for sign of shock.
OPEN SOFT TISSUE INJURY
Protective skin layer is
damage, it increase risk of
infection and increase of
bleeding are evident.
CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN
WOUNDS
P – puncture
A – avulsion
I – incision
L - laceration
A – amputation
PUNCTURE
I.From stab with a pointed object or a
bullet
II.External damage usually minimal
III.Internal damage may be extensive
IV.Always look for exit wounds
AVULSION
V.Piece of skin completely loose or left
as flap
VI.Bleeding is severe
INCISION
I.Piece of skin are cut
II.Produced by sharp objects
III.Usually minimal bleeding
LACERATION
IV.Produced by sharp objects
V.Smooth or jagged
VI.May penetrate through all skin
layers into muscle
VII.Bleeding is severe
DANGER OF SHOCK
•Can lead to death
•Predisposes body infection
•leads to loss of body parts.
CAUSES OF SHOCK
•Severe bleeding
•Infection
•Heart attack
•Rupture of tubial pregnancies
SIGN AND SYMPTOM OF SHOCK
Rapid and weak pulse
Pupils are
dilated
Pale, moist and cold skin
A weak and
helpless feeling
Shallow and rapid breathing
Shaking and
Trembling
Thirst
EMERGENCY CARE FOR SHOCK
Ensure adequate breathing
If the patient is breathing, maintain adequate
airway properly.
Control Bleeding
If the patient has bleeding injuries, control it
Elevate the lower extremities
Since blood flow to the heart and brain are
diminished circulation can be improved
by raising the leg slightly.
Avoid Rough Handling
Handle the patient gently as little
possible, body motion tends to worsen
the shock
Prevent Loss of Body Heat
Keep the patient warm, but guard
against overheating which can worsen
shock.
Note: it is necessary to seek medical
attention.
BANDAGING
Bandage – is any clean or sterile cloth
material use for sling, holds the dressing
of the wounds and use to hold the splints.
KINDS OF BANDAGE
A. Muslin bandage
B. Elastic bandage
C. Gauze bandage
D. Triangular bandage
DRESSING
Is any clean or sterile cloth material use
to hold and covers the wound.
THE TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
BASE
SIDE SIDE
FACE
APEX
STANDARD SIZE OF THE TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
60 x 40” 60” from the base, 40” in the side
THREE FOLD OF TRIANGULAR
BANDAGE
Broad
Semi – Broad
Cravat phase
SQUARE KNOT
is the standard knot of the triangular
bandage, square knot is easy to tie easy to
untie.
APPLICATION OF THE TRIANGULAR
BANDAGE
Open phase application:
Head, Top, Side
Face and back of the face
Chest and back of the chest
Arm sling/Under arm Sling
Hand and Foot
CRAVAT PHASE
Forehead
Eye
Ear, Check, and Jaw
Shoulder/Hips
Elbow straight/Knee straight
Elbow bend/Knee bend
Forearm/foreleg
Palm bandage (Open and Close)
Ankle shoe on/ ankle shoe off
Note: Before you apply a bandage to cover the wounds make sure
that the bleeding is already controlled.
BREAKS, SPRAIN AND DISLOCATION OF
THE BONES
SIGN OF POSIBLE BONE AND JOINT INJURIES
Pain or tenderness over a joint or bones.
If the person heard or felt a snap.
Inability to move an injured limbs.
Numbness, tingling, or loss of pulse in an
injured limb.
A grating sound or feeling
Swelling or bluish discoloration over the bone
or joint.
Abnormal shape, position, or movement of a
bone or join
WHAT TO DO FOR ALL POSSIBLE
BONE OR JOINT INJURIES:
(Except for back and neck injury)
Treat any life threatening condition first.
keep movement of the injured person to minimum.
Immobilize with splints, sling and bandage.
Avoid contamination of broken skin.
Prevent swelling.
Treat for shock.
IMPORTANT THINGS TO BE
OBSERVE:
Do not move the victim if you suspected a neck and
back injury. Unless in the situation that the life of the
victim is in danger.
Before immobilizing the injured area, keep
movement to an absolute minimum.
Do not try to straighten the injured part.
IMPORTANT THINGS TO BE
OBSERVE:
If the skin over a suspected fracture is broken
do not touch it, cover it with cleanest
available cloth.
Check for pulse at the wrist periodically and
check for numb fingers to be sure that
bandage is not to tight and not too loose.
SPLINTING
is an art or technique of immobilizing the
injured bones or joints.
SPLINTS
it is a material use to immobilize the injured part of
the bones or joints.
Application of splints:
Upper arm
Forearm
Elbow
Wrist
Hips
Thigh
Knee cap
Foreleg
Ankle
HOW TO IMMOBILISE AND
REDUCE SWELLING
(Sprain in the ankle)
Do not let the person try to walk. Remove his
shoe if possible, or at least loosen it.
Place a pillow under a lower calf with about on-
third of it extending out past the heel. A folded
blanket is almost as good.
Fold the upper two-thirds of the pillow around
the ankle and tie it in place with 2 cloth strips.
HOW TO IMMOBILISE AND
REDUCE SWELLING
Fold the lower third of the pillow around the
foot and tie it in place with a cloth strip, living
the toe exposed.
Elevate the foot to decrease swelling. Check
periodically for numb toes; loosen ties if
necessary.
Note: Prompt application of ice decrease swelling. It is more safe if you treat
the sprain as fractures. Even if injury happen to be a sprain, it is not helpful to
walk on a sprain, as what previously believed.
EMERGENCY RESCUE AND TRANSFER
( Moving and Lifting)
Emergency rescue
is a procedure of moving
a victim from unsafe place to the place of safety.
INDICATION FOR EMERGENCY
TRANSFER
1.Danger of fire explosion.
2.Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia to
lack of oxygen.
3.Serious traffic hazard.
4.Risk of drowning
5.Danger of electrocution.
6.Danger of collapsing walls.
METHOD OF RESCUE
For immediate rescue without resistance,
drag or roll the victim in the direction of the long
axis of his body preferably from the shoulder if
possible, minimize lifting or carrying the injured
person before checking for injuries – unless you
are sure that there is no major fracture or
involvement of his neck or spine. Most of the man
drags/carries and other transfer methods can be
used as methods of rescue.
METHODS OF RESCUE
One man carry:
•Assist to stand
•Assist to walk
•Fireman's carry/Fireman’s drag
•Cradles/lover’s carry
•Pack strap carry
•Piggy back
DRAG’S
A. Drag
B. Foot drag
C. Inclined drag
TWO MAN’S CARRY
Assist to stand/walk
Fireman’s carry with assistance
Four hand seat
Two-handed seat
Carry by extremities
Chair carry
THREE MAN’S CARRY
The more people you have to
share the weight the further you can carry
a person and the more comfortable he will
be.
Bearer’s along side
Hammock carry
FOUR MAN’S OR MORE CARRY
Four man log roll
Improvised stretcher
Back board
Blanket and pole stretcher
Note: When considering a rescue, do not endanger yourself and when you move a
person, think carefully about the available methods and how they will affect his injuries.
If you suspected that the person has back or neck injuries do not move or let him move
unless his life is threatened by an immediate danger. The most important step in first
aid for a known or suspected back or neck injury is immobilization of the injured person
to prevent spinal cord damage. If and only if the person is endangered by fire or
another threat to life, move the victim from place of safety using the methods of rescue
suit to a person having a back or neck injury.
SAFETY AND SURVIVAL
Survival at the sea or to any place is a
positive mental attitude taken towards
yourself and your surroundings in order to
remain alive or in existence during an after
the occurrence of an emergency or accident.
SURVIVAL IN GENERAL
Proper preparation and knowledge can give a
person a strong psychological edge to
overcome a survival situation. While no
expects to be in such situation, one can
anticipate certain conditions that dramatically
increase the possibility. The moment when you
find yourself lost in a place were in you are not
familiar or out of civilize people, the odds of
finding your life in danger are increased.
S-U-R-V-I-V-A-L.
It will not only be sound advice but strong
psychological support under survival conditions to
remember the letters keyed to the words.
S - size-up the situation
U - undue haste make waste
R - remember where you are
V - vanquish fear and panic
I - improvise
V - value living
A - act wisely and properly
L - learn basic skill
END OF LECTURE
THANK
YOU!
