Measurement & Instrumentation

Lecture 1
Introduction-Metrology

1
1. Introduction
2. Terminology
3. Unit
4. Dimension
5. Dimension equation
 E.S.U & E.M.U
6. MKS Unit System
7. Traceability
8. Calibration

2
Metrology definition by:

International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) – as “Science

of Measurement” than further “Legal Metrology” as Part of
metrology relating to activities from statutory requirements and
concerns measurement, units, instruments & method performed by
competent bodies.

•International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) - as "the

science of measurement, embracing both experiment and
theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of
Science and Technology."

•Generally, define as - science of measurement

3
 Chapter 1

• Accuracy – the closeness

agreement between a test
result & accepted
reference value

• Bias – the difference

between the expectation
of the test result & an
accepted reference value

• Calibration – the process of adjusting the output

or indication on a measurement instrument to
agree with value of the applied standard, within a
specified accuracy
4
• Certification – process performed by
a third party that confirms product,
process or service to the standard
(i.e ISO, HALAL etc.)

• Metrological confirmation – a set of

operations required to ensure that
measuring equip. complied the
requirement.
• Correction - is an action to rectify,
compensates for uncorrected result of
measurement.

• Drift – a slow change of a metrological

Output Capacitor
characteristic of instr. 5
• Error - difference between actual
behavior or measurement

• Measurement – set of operations

having the object of determining a
value of a quantity
• National standard – standard recognized by a national decision
(SIRIM, EU for UK)

• Nominal value – approximate value of instr. that provides a

guide to its use

• Precision – The Closeness agreement between independent test

result obtained under stipulated conditions
6
• Repeatability – precision under repeatability conditions

• Reproducibility - ability of a test or experiment to be accurately

replicated, by someone else working independently (different
laboratories, operators &equipment)

Result by Ali Result by Abu

7
• Resolution – smallest changed of measured quantity

• Stability – ability of equip. to maintain constant its metrological

characteristic

Above: Grayscale images with pixel depths

of 1-bit, 5-bits, and 8-bits. 8
 Chapter 1

• Traceability - the completeness of the information about every

step in a process chain.

• Uncertainty – lack of certainty, range of values within which the

true value of a measurand lies.

9
 Chapter 1

Current standards and vocabulary

The precise definitions of the terms listed here can be
found in a number of international documents, including:
1. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in
Metrology (VIM).
2. ISO 3534-1, Statistics - Vocabulary and symbols - Part 1.
Probability and general statistical terms
3. ISO 5725, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement
methods and results.
4. ISO 8402, Quality management and quality assurance -
Vocabulary
5. ISO 10 012, Quality assurance requirements for measuring
equipment: Part 1: Metrological confirmation system for
measuring equipment.
6. EN 45 020, General terms and their definitions concerning
standardization and related activities
10
 Chapter 1

• Unit is a set of size of physical quantities.

Different systems of units are based on
different choices of a set of fundamental units.
The most widely used system of units is the
International System of Units, or SI.

•The International System of units (SI unit) is a

form of metric sys. & divided in 3 classes
• base units
• derived units
• supplementary units

11
•Principle of The International System
SI stands for Système International d’Unités, i.e. the
International System of Units. SI is the abbreviation used in all
languages to indicate this system.

The SI is constructed from seven base units, which are defined

in physical terms. By combining these units in accordance with
simple geometrical and physical laws, we can arrive at the
derived units .

In principle, the SI covers all application areas, although

certain units outside SI are so useful that they are accepted
for general use together with the SI.

12
• Base Unit. There are seven SI base units. All other SI
units can be derived from these base units.

Quantity Base unit Symbol

Length metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric current Ampere A
Thermodynamic Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole Mol
Luminous intensity Candela cd

• In addition to the SI units there are also a set of non-SI

units accepted for use with SI. As degree and minute for
plane angle, liter for volume, minute, hour and day for
time and ton for mass. 13
• derived Unit. Derived units are expressed algebraically in
terms of base units or other derived units. The symbols for
derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical
operations of multiplication and division.

Derived Quantity derived unit Symbol

Area Square metre m2
Volume Cubic metre m3
Speed metre per second m s-1
Acceleration metre per second square m s-2
Angular velocity Rad per second rad s-1
Angular acceleration Rad per second square rad s-2
Density Kilogram per cubic metre Kg m-3
magnetic field Ampere per metre A m-1
intensity,
(linear current density)
14
• derived Unit.
Derived Quantity derived unit Symbol
Current density ampere per square metre A m-2
Moment of force Newton metre Nm
Electric field strength volt per metre V m1
permeability Henry per metre H m-1
permittivity farad per metre F m-1
specific heat capacity joule per kilogram kelvin J kg-1 K-1
amount-of-substance mol per cubic metre mol m-3
concentration
luminance candela per square metre cd m-2

15
• derived Unit with special name and symbol.
Derived Quantity derived unit Special SI unit SI base unit
special name symbol
Frequency Hertz Hz - S-1
Force Newton N - Kg m S-2
Pressure / stress Pascal Pa N/m-2 Kg m-1 S-2
energy, work, Joule J Nm Kg m2 S-2
quantity of heat
power, radiant flux Watt W J/s Kg m2 S-3
electric charge, coulomb C - As
quantity of electricity
electric potential Volt V W/A Kg m2 S-3 A-1
difference,emf
electric capacitance Farad F C/V Kg-1 m-2 S4 A2
electric resistance Ohm - V/A Kg m2 S-3 A-2
electric conductance Siemens S A/V Kg-1 m-2 S3 A2

16
• derived Unit with special name and symbol.
Derived Quantity derived unit Special SI unit SI base unit
special name symbol
Magnetic flux Weber Wb Vs Kg m2 S-2 A-1
Magnetic induction, Tesla T Wb/m2 Kg s-2 A-1
Magnetic Flux density
Inductance Henry H Wb/A Kg m2 s-2 A-2
Liminous flux lumen lm Cd sr m2·m-2·cd = cd
Illuminance lux Lx Lm/m2 m2·m-4·cd = m-2 cd
activity (of a Becquerel Bq - s-1
radionuclide)
absorbed dose, gray Gy J/kg m2 s-2
kerma,specific energy
dose equivalent sievert Sv J/kg m2 s-2
plane angle radian rad - m1·m-1 = 1
solid angle steradian sr - m2·m-2 = 1
catalytic activity katal kat - s-1 mol
17
• SI derived units whose names and symbols include SI derived
units with special names and symbols
Derived Quantity derived unit symbol SI base unit
dynamic viscosity pascal second Pa s m-1 kg s-1
moment of force newton metre Nm m2 kg s-2
surface tension newton per metre N/m kg s-2
angular velocity radian per second rad/s m·m-1·s-1 = s-1
angular acceleration radian per second rad/s2 m·m-1·s-2 = s-2
squared
heat flux density, watt per square metre W/m2 kg s-3
irradiance
heat capacity, entropy joule per kelvin J/K m2 kg s-2 K-1
specific heat capacity, joule per kilogram J/(kg·K) m2 s-2 K-1
specific entropy kelvin
specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg m2 s-2

18
• SI derived units whose names and symbols include SI derived
units with special names and symbols
Derived Quantity derived unit symbol SI base unit
thermal conductivity watt per metre W/(m·K) m kg s-3 K-1
kelvin
energy density joule per J/m3 m-1 kg s-2
cubic metre
electric field strength volt per metre V/m m kg s-3 A-1
electric charge density coulomb per C/m3 m-3 s A
cubic metre
electric flux density coulomb per C/m2 m-2 s A
square metre

19
• Supplementary unit:
Units outside SI which are accepted
Quantity unit symbol Value in SI unit
time minute min 1 min = 60 s
hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s
day d 1 d = 24 h
plane angle degree ˚ 1˚ = ( /180) rad
minute ’ 1’ = (1/60)’ = ( /10 800) rad
second ’’ 1’’ = (1/60)’’ = ( /648 000) rad
nygrad gon 1 gon = ( /200) rad
volume litre l, L 1 l = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3
mass metric tonne t 1 t = 103 kg
pressure in air, fluid bar bar 1 bar = 105 Pa

20
• SI prefix: An SI prefix is a prefix that can be applied to an SI unit
to form a decimal multiple or submultiples.
10n Prefix Symbol Long scale 10n Prefix Symbol Long scale
1024 yotta Y Quadrillion 10-1 Deci d Tenth
1021 zetta Z Trilliard 10-2 Centi c Hundredth
1018 exa E Trillion 10-3 Mili m Thousandth
1015 peta P Billiard 10-6 Micro µ Millionth
1012 Tera T Billion 10-9 Nano n Milliardth
109 Giga G Milliard 10-12 pico p Billionth

106 Mega M Million 10-15 Fento f Billiardth

103 Kilo k Thousand 10-18 Atto a Trillionth

102 hecto h Hundred 10-21 Zecto z Trilliardth

101 deca Da Ten 10-24 vocto y Quadrillionth

21
 Guidelines for writing of SI unit names and symbols
1. Symbols are not capitalized, but the first letter of a symbol is
capitalized if :
a) the name of the unit comes from a person's name or
b) the symbol is the beginning of a sentence. Example:The
unit Kelvin is written as the symbol K.

2. Symbols must remain unchanged in the plural – no "s" is

added.

3. Symbols are never followed by full stops unless at the end of a

sentence.

4. Units combined by the multiplication of several units must be

written with a raised dot or a space. Example: N.m or N m
22
Guidelines for writing of SI unit names and symbols
5. Units combined by the division of one unit with another must
be written with a slash or a negative exponent. Example: m/s or
m.s-1.

6. Combined units must only include one slash. The use of

parenthesis or negative exponents for complex combinations is
permitted. Example: m/s2 or m.s-2 but not m/s/s. Example:
m.kg/(s3.A) or m.kg.s-3.A-1 but neither m.kg/s3/A nor m.kg/s3.A

7. Symbols must be separated from the numerical value they

follow by a space. Example: 5 kg not 5kg

8. Unit symbols and unit names should not be mixed.

23
 • parametre that describe some
relevant characteristic of an object.
Commonly dimensions describing the
size of an object: length, width, and
height.
Honey pot ant
•Dimensional Analysis - conceptual tool applied in physic, chemistry
& engineering to understand physical situations that involve physical
quantities and derive equation for relationship (correctness)
Length Time Mass Current

Length/time= Velocity/time= Acceleration x mass =

Velocity (m s-1) Acceleration (m s-2) Force (kg m s-2)

Current x time = Force/charge =

Electric charge (A s) Field strength (kg m s-3 A-1) 24
•Dimensional Analysis of Unit system

physical quantities -
•Uses symbol Imperial Metric

M (mass), L (length), T (time) –

known as mech. unit, Q CGS (centimeter,
gram & second
MKSA (metre, kilogram,
second & ampere

(electrical charge), I - or A
(current) ESU (electrostatic
unit)
EMU (Electromagnetic
unit)
Kennelly convention Sommerleid
convention

•A derived unit of physical

quantity Gaussian Unit

Example 1:Dimension
1: of physical quantity SPEED is L/T (or in units m/s, km/h and mph)
Quantity Unit Dimension
SPEED m/s L/T

Velocity = length/time; [v] = [L]/[T] = [LT-1]

Acceleration = velocity/time; [a] = [v]/[T] = [LT-2]
25
Force = mass x acceleration; [F] = [M]/[LT-2] = [MLT-2]
 CGS unit system
Use centimetres, grams, and seconds as physical unit. However,
there are 2 variants for electric additions.
a)Electromagnetic unit – This system involve 4 unit quantity such
as permeability (µ-mu, unit F/m), mass, length and time.
b)Electrostatic unit – This system involve 4 unit quantity such as
permittivity (ε-epilson, unit H/m), mass, length and time.

26
 Based on electrostatic unit
Electrostatic units (cgs-esu) are defined in a way that simplifies
the description of interactions between static electric charges;
there are no corresponding magnetic units in this system.

a) Charge
Based on Coulomb’s law, the force between two charge, Q1 and
Q2 is F = Q1Q2/εd2
where d = distance between two charge Q1 and Q2.
[MLT-2] = [Q2] / [ε.L2]
Dimension for charge, Q
[Q] = ( [MLT]-2 [ε.L2] )1/2
[Q] = ε 1/2M 1/2 L 3/2 T-1

27
 Based on electrostatic unit
b) Current
The amount of electric current (measured in amperes) through
some surface, e.g., a section through a copper conductor, is
defined as the amount of electric charge (measured in
coulombs) flowing through that surface over time. If Q is the
amount of charge that passed through the surface in the time t,
then the average current I is:
[I] = [Q] / [T]
[I] = [ε1/2M1/2L3/2T-1] / [T]
[I] = [ε1/2M1/2L3/2T-2]

28
 Based on electrostatic unit
c) Potential Difference
A quantity related to the amount of energy that would be
required to move an object from one place to another against
various types of forces.
[E] = [W] / [Q]
[E] = [ML2T-2] / [ε1/2M1/2L3/2T-1]
[E] = [ε-1/2M1/2L1/2T-1]

d) Capacitance, C
Capacitance is a measure of the amount of electric charge
stored
(or separated) for a given electric potential.
from C = Q/E
[C] = [Q] / [E] = [ε1/2M1/2L3/2T-1] / [ε-1/2M1/2L1/2T-1] 29
Based on electrostatic unit
e) Resistance, R
Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an
object opposes an electric current through it.
[R] = [E] / [I]
[R] = [ε-1/2M1/2L1/2T-1] / [ε1/2M1/2L3/2T-2]
[R] = [ε-1L-1T]

f) Inductance, L
E [E] The SI units for inductance are
from L 
dI / dT [ I ] /[T ] webers per ampere. In honour of
Joseph Henry, the unit of
[ -1/2 M1/2 L1/2 T -1 ][T ] inductance has been given the

[ 1/2 M1/2 L3/2 T -2 ] name henry (H):
1H = 1Wb/A
L [ -1L-1T -2 ] 30
 Based on electromagnetic unit
Electromagnetic units (cgs-emu) are defined especially for the
description of phenomena associated with moving electric
charges, i.e., electric currents and magnetic poles.

a) Pole strength b)Magnetic Force, H

m1 m 2
Force f  [F ] [ MLT  2 ]
d 2 [H ]  
2 [ m] [ M 1/ 2 L3 / 2T  1 1/ 2 ]
[ m ]
[ MLT  2 ]  [ H ] [ M 1/ 2 L 1/ 2T  1  1/ 2 ]
[  ][ L2 ]
[ m]  MLT  2 L2
[ m] [ M 1/ 2 L3 / 2T  1 1/ 2 ]

31
 Based on electromagnetic unit
c) Current
H = 2I / r
[-1/2M1/2L-1/2T-1] = [I] / [L]
[I] = [-1/2M1/2L1/2T-1]

d) Charge

Charge = current x time

[Q] = [I] [T]
[Q] = [-1/2M1/2L1/2T-1][T]
[Q] = [-1/2M1/2L1/2]

32
Based on electromagnetic unit
e) Potential voltage
Potential voltage = work/charge
[W ] [ ML2T  2 ]
[E]    1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
[Q ] [  M L ]
[ E ] [ M 1/ 2 L3 / 2T  2  1/ 2 ]

f) Capacitance, C
[Q ] [   1/ 2 M 1/ 2 L1/ 2 ]
[C ]  
[ E ] [ M 1/ 2 L3 / 2T  2  1/ 2 ]
[C ] [ L 1T 2   1 ]

33
Based on electromagnetic unit
g) Resistance, R
Potential voltage = work/charge
[ E ] [ M 1/ 2 L3 / 2T  2  1/ 2 ]
[ R]  
[ I ] [ M 1/ 2 L1/ 2T  1  1/ 2 ]
[ R ] [ LT  1 ]
h) Inductance, L
E [E]
[ L]  
dI / dt [ I ] /[T ]
[ M 1/ 2 L3 / 2T  2  1/ 2 ][T ]

[ M 1/ 2 L1/ 2T  1  1/ 2 ]
[ L] [ L ]
34
MKS unit system
Physical Quantity MKS unit CGS unit English
Length metre centimeter feet
Mass Kilogram gram pound
Time Second second second
Force newton dyne poundal
energy joule erg B.t.u.

a) Charge [Q] = [-1/2M1/2L1/2]

MKS unit for length, meter=100 x C.G.S. length unit
MKS unit for mass, kg=1000 x C.G.S. mass unit
MKS unit for time, second=1 C.G.S. length unit
Therefore MKS unit of charge/CGS unit of charge = [-1/2M1/2L1/2]
 1/ 2
 10 7   1000 
1/ 2
 100 
1/ 2
1
MKS Charge unit = 10-1 x C.G.S. e.m. unit charge
      10 MKS Charge unit = practical charge unit=1 coulomb
 1   1   1 
35
MKS unit system
b)Current [I] = [-1/2M1/2L1/2T-1]
MKS unit for current/CGS unit for current
 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1
 10 7
  1000   100   1 1 MKS Current unit = 10-1 x C.G.S
        10 current unit
 1   1   1   1 Practical current unit = 1 A

c)D.g.e [E] = [1/2M1/2L3/2T-2]

MKS unit for d.g.e/CGS unit for d.g.e
1/ 2 1/ 2 3/ 2 2 MKS d.g.e unit = 108 x C.G.S
 10 7
  1000   100   1 d.g.e unit = 1 G volt
        108
 1   1   1   1

36
MKS unit system
d)Resistance [R] = [LT-1]
MKS unit for resistance/CGS unit for resistance
 1/ 2 1
 10 7
  100   1  MKS resistance unit = 109 x C.G.S
     10 9
resistance unit = 10 GΩ
 1   1  1 

e)Inductance [L] = [L]

MKS unit for inductance/CGS unit for inductance
MKS inductance unit = 108 x C.G.S
 107   100 
    10
9
inductance unit = 10 G volt
 1  1 

37
Practical unit
Quantity Practical Symbol No. of e.m CGS unit in Defination
unit 0ne practical unit
Charge Coulomb Q 10-1 Q=It
Current Ampere I 10-1
Voltage Volt E 108 E=IR
Resistance Ohm R 109
Inductance Henry L 109 E=LdI/dt
Capacitance Farad C 10-9 Q=CE
power Watt P 1 watt = 107 energy/sec
Energy joule W or 1 joule = 107 erg
kWhour 1kWh = 3.6x103 erg

38
 Traceability
A traceability chain, is an unbroken chain of comparisons, all
having stated uncertainties. This ensures that a measurement
result or the value of a standard is related to references at the
higher levels, ending at the primary standard.

An end user may obtain traceability to the highest international

level either directly from a National Metrology Institute or from
a secondary calibration laboratory. As a result of various mutual
recognition arrangements, traceability may be obtained from
laboratories outside the user’s own country.

39
BIPM (Bureau Definition
International des
Poids et Measures of the Unit

National Metrology Foreign National National Primary

Institutes or
designated national Primary Standards Standards
lab

Calibration lab, often Reference

accredited Uncertainty
Standards
increase
down the
Enterprises Industrial traceability
Standards chain

End Users Measurements

The national
metrological The traceability
infrastructure chain
 Calibration
A basic tool in ensuring the traceability of a measurement is the
calibration of a measuring instrument or reference material.
Calibration determines the performance characteristics of an
instrument or reference material. It is achieved by means of a direct
comparison against measurement standards or certified reference
materials. A calibration certificate is issued, and, in most cases, a
sticker is attached to the calibrated instrument.
Three main reasons for having an instrument calibrated:
1. To ensure readings from the instrument are consistent
with other measurements.
2. To determine the accuracy of the instrument readings.
3. To establish the reliability of the instrument i.e. that it can be
trusted 41