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www.worldofteaching.com S.MORRIS 2006
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
460 BC Democritus develops the idea of
atoms
he pounded up materials in his pestle and
mortar until he had reduced them to
smaller and smaller particles which he
called
ATOMA
(greek for indivisible)
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1808 John
Dalton
suggested that all matter was made up of
tiny spheres that were able to bounce
around with perfect elasticity and called
them
ATOMS
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1898 Joseph John Thompson
found that atoms could sometimes eject a
far smaller negative particle which he
called an
ELECTRON
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1904
Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of
electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere
surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the
electron's charge like plums surrounded by
pudding.
PLUM PUDDING
MODEL
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1910 Ernest Rutherford
oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out
his famous experiment.
they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold
foil which was only a few atoms thick.
they found that although most of them
passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
gold
helium nuclei foil
helium nuclei
They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed
through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to
their surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a
more detailed model with a central nucleus.
He suggested that the positive charge was all in a
central nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place
by electrical attraction
However, this was not the end of the
story.
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1913 Niels Bohr
studied under Rutherford at the Victoria
University in Manchester.
Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by
adding that the electrons were in
orbits. Rather like planets orbiting the
sun. With each orbit only able to
contain a set number of electrons.
Bohr’s
Atom
electrons in orbits
nucleus
HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proto
n
N
+ -
+
- N
electro neutron
n
What do these particles consist of?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Particle Charge Mass
proton + ve 1
charge
neutron No charge 1
electron -ve nil
charge
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
He
Atomic number
the number of protons in an
atom
4 Atomic
mass
the number of protons
and
neutrons in an atom
number of electrons = number of protons
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels
or Shells around the nucleus of an atom.
• first shell a maximum of 2
electrons
• second shell a maximum of 8
electrons
• third shell a maximum of 8
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
There are two ways to represent the atomic
structure of an element or compound;
1. Electronic Configuration
2. Dot & Cross Diagrams
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
With electronic configuration elements are
represented numerically by the number of
electrons in their shells and number of shells. For
example;
Nitrogen configuration = 2 ,
5
2 in 1st shell 7
5 in 2nd
shell
2 + 5 = 7
N 14
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Write the electronic configuration for the following
elements;
20 11 8
a) Ca b) Na c) O
23 16
40
2,8,8,2 2,8,1 2,6
17 14 5
d) Cl e) Si f) B 11
35 28
2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3
DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS
With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and
compounds are represented by Dots or Crosses to
show electrons, and circles to show the shells. For
example; X
Nitrogen 7
N
X X N X X
14
XX
DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS
Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following
elements;
8 17
X
a) O b) Cl X X
35
16 X
X X X
X
X X X X Cl X X X
X O X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.
2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of
Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus.
3. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons.
4. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
5. Each shell can only carry a set number of
electrons.
