Electromagnetic and Electromechanical Energy Conversion.

Electrical energy from electric supply systems can be converted to

electrical energy in other electrical systems or to mechanical energy
system in magnetic fields which is coupling the systems.

ELECTRICAL MAGNETIC ELECTRICAL

SYSTEM 1 FIELD SYSTEM 2

Energy Conversion from one Electrical System to another in

Magnetic Field like in transformer.

ELECTRICAL MAGNETIC
SYSTEM 1 Mechanical
FIELD

Energy Conversion from one Electrical System to Mechanical System

and vice versa in Magnetic Field like in Electrical Machines.
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical Energy Conversion.

Electrical and mechanical systems coupled through magnetic field

are related and their development of this relation leads to model of
the coupled systems.
a) Single-phase Transformer Magnetic Coupling
m1 m2
i1 i1
w1 l1 l2 w2

Two electrical circuits known as primary and secondary.

On the primary, On the Secondary,
current i1, winding w1, number of current i2, winding w2, number of
turns N1, input voltage v1. turns N2, input voltage v2.
Coupling
Flux generated by current in winding w1, fm1 and flux
generated by current in winding w2, fm2.
Flux generated by current in Flux generated by current in
w1 and linking only w1, fl1 w2 and linking only w2, fl2.
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical
, Energy Conversion.
Total flux generated by the two circuits can be expressed using
equivalent Ohms law, f11 total flux generated by current in w1 and
f22 is total flux generated by current in w2.
N1i1
11 m1  l1  1

1

1
 eq1 Req1 eqm eq1l

N 2i2 1 1 1
22 m1  l1   
Req 2 eqm eq 2l
 eq 2
leqm
eqm is magnetic reluc tan ce of core circuit eqm 
 r  0 Aeqm
Aeqm is core cross  sec tional area while leqm is core length

eq1l  eq 2l are magnetic reluc tan ce of leakage magnetic circuits

leq1l leq 2l
eq1l   eq 2 l 
 r  0 Aeq1l  r  0 Aeq 2l
Aeq1l and Aeq 2l are respectively equivalent leakage flux path equivalent cross  sec tional areas while
leq1l and leq 2l are leakage fluxes equivalent length
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical
, Energy Conversion.

Total flux linking each winding of the m1

transformer, f1 is total flux linking
m2
i1 i1
winding w1 while f2 is total flux linking
winding w2.
w1 l1 l2 w2

1 1m  l1   2 m  2 1m  l 2   2 m

      
11 22
  r  0 Aeq 2l  0  r Aeqm 
  r  0 Aeq1l  0  r Aeqm  22    N 2i2
 leq 2l leqm 
11    N1i1  
 leq1l leqm 
 

The flux linkage of W1 N11 The flux linkage of W2 N 22

The flux linkage of a winding is the product of flux linking it and its
number of winding turns.
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical
,
.
Energy Conversion.

Let flux linkage of w1 be denoted as l1 while that of w2 is denoted as

l2. Then;
N1 2  r 0 Aeqm   r  0 Aeq1l   r  0 Aeqm
i1  N1 
2 
1  N11  i  N1 N 2 i2
leqm  leq1l 1 l
                   eqm 
Lm1 Ll 1 Lm12

1 Ll1  Lm1 i1  Lm12i2

   
L1

L1 is w1 self induc tan ce

Lm12 is mutual induc tan ce between w1 and w2
N 2 2  r 0 Aeqm  
2  r  0 Aeq 2 l   r  0 Aeqm
2  N 22  i2  N 2   i2  N1 N 2 i1
l  leq 2l  l
   eqm               eqm 
Lm 2 Ll 2 Lm 21

2  Lm 21i1  Ll 2  Lm 2 i2

  
L2
 1   L1 L12   i1 
L2 is w2 self induc tan ce     
Lm 21 is mutual induc tan ce between w1 and w2   2   L21 L2   i 2 
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical
,
.
Energy Conversion.

Relation of inductances in terms of the mutual inductance between

the two windings are:-
2
N1 N2  N1 
Lm12 Lm 21 m1 N Lm12
L  Lm12 
N1
Lm1 Lm1   Lm 2

2  N2 

N2 N1 2
Lm 2  Lm12 Lm12  Lm 2  N2 
N1 N2 Lm 2   Lm1

 N1 
Current in one of the windings and its equivalent in another winding.

1 Ll1  Lm1 i1 

   
N2
N1
 N 
Lm1i2 Ll1i1  Lm1  i1  2 i2  
N1 

1 Ll1i1  Lm1 i1  i2'  i2' 
N2
N1
i2
L1 
The current i2’ is equivalent current in w1 which can produce the
same effect as i2 in w2. Similarly,
2  1 Lm 2i1  Ll 2  Lm 2 i2 Ll 2i2  Lm 2  i2  1 i1   2 Ll 2i2  Lm 2 i2  i1' 
N  N  ' N 1
i  i
N2     N2 
1
N
1

L2  2
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical
,
.
Energy Conversion.

Instantaneous Power balance for loss less transformer and

transformation ration.-
Let us also define voltage V2’ across w1 circuit which has similar
effect to secondary voltage V2 across w2 circuit. Similarly, let voltage
V1’ across w2 circuit has similar effect to voltage V1 across w1 circuit.
' '
v2i2 v1i1 v2i2 v i2 2
N2
v2 N 2 N2 ' '
i2
 '   v2  v2 i2 v2 N1
v2 N1 N1   ' 
i2 v2 i2
v2 N 2 N1
'
 '   v  2 v2
v2 N1 N2
' N2
i 
2 i2
N1
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical
,
.
Energy Conversion.

The flux linkage and inductance can also be referred from one circuit
to the other.
 N2 
1 Lm1  i1  i2   Ll1i1
 N1 
     
m1

 N2   N2

2   
Lm1 

i2  i1   Ll 2 i2 N2

 N1     N1     i '2  i2
     m1  
N1
m 2

N1
 N2   N1  v '2  v2
m 2   m1   'm 2 
 N 
 m 2 N2
N
 1  2
N1
 'm 2  m 2
N2
Electromagnetic and Electromechanical
,
.
Energy Conversion.

Equivalent Circuit
  N 2  
 d  i2 
 di N1   di1  di di ' 
v1  r1i1  Lm1  1     Ll1 1
di v1 r1i1  Ll1  Lm1  1  2 

 dt dt    dt 
dt  dt dt 
v dr1
  v dl1

        
E1

N 2  di1 N 2 di2 
 di1 di'2 
v2  r2i2  Lm1  
di
  Ll 2 2 v'2 r '2 i '2  L'l 2 i '2  Lm1   
 N  dt N dt  dt  dt dt 
v dr 2        1    v 
1
E2 dl 2

r1 Ll L’l2 r’2
1
v1 i1 Lm11 i’2 v’2
 Electromechanical Energy
,
.
Conversion.

Electrical Coupling Mechanical

System magnetic field System
WE WeL  WeS  We Wm  WmL  WmS WM

WF We  Wm W f  W fL

WeL WfL WmL

WE We Wm WM
Σ Σ Σ
W eS Wf W mS
 Electromechanical Energy
,
.
Conversion.

Example:

di
v l  ri  e f  fe  M
dv
 Dv  K ( x  x0 )  f
dt dt

WM  fvdt 

WE  vidt
di d 2 x dx dx dx
  
2
WE r i dt  l i dt  e f idt    
2
WM D v dt  M 2
dt  K ( x  x 0 ) dt  f e dt
   dt dt dt dt
     dt    WmL
             
WmS
   
Wm
WeL WeS We
d

W f  e f idt  f dx
e ef 
dt


W f  id  f vdx
e
 Electromechanical Energy
,
.
Conversion.

For multisystem with J electrical and K mechanical systems coupled

through electromagnetic field.
We1 Wm1
Coupling J K
Wej Magnetic
field
Wmk Wf  W  W
j 1
fj
k 1
ek

WeJ WmK

J K
Wf   i d   f
j 1
j j
k 1
ek dxk

J K
dW f   i d   f
j 1
j j
k 1
ek dxk
 Electromechanical Energy
,
.
Conversion.
,
Energy in the magnetic field: ,

Assume that;
(1)The energy loss in the coupling magnetic field is negligibly small.
To minimize hysteresis and eddy current loss the magnetic core
materials are laminated.
(2)Most of the energy in the field is stored in the air-gap. The air-
gap field is conservative, which means that the energy stored in
the magnetic field is a function of the state or electrical and
mechanical variables at the state rather than the path followed
to reach the state.
(3)Let the mechanical state be fixed when the electrical energy is
supplied to the magnetic field. Then;  Wf
a
ia
d WC

W f  id 
Wc  di
0
Wc i  W f
ia i
di
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion.
.
,
.

,
Energy in the magnetic field:
,
Now, from the mechanical system side, the energy stored in the
magnetic field is influenced only by the displacement, x. From
electrical side, it is by flux linkage and current which are
interdependent. Hence, the stored energy or co-energy can be
represented as the function of two independent variables, one
electrical and the other mechanical.

W f W f (i, x)   (i, x)
For linear system, flux
 L( x)i linkage is the product of
inductance and current.
Hence, the co-energy which is equal to the energy stored (for linear
system) can be evaluated in terms of the current and the inductance.
i
1
0

We W f  L( x)d  L( x)i 2
2
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion.
.
,
.

,
Exercise:1
,
For three electrical systems coupled with mechanical system in a
magnetic field, show that energy stored in a linear magnetic field is as
follows.
1 1 1
W f  L11 i1  L1 2i1i2  L1 3i1i3  L2 1i1i2  L2 2i2  L2 3i2 i3  L3 1i1i3  L3 2i2 i3  L3 3i323
2 2
2 2 2
Hint:

 
W f  e1i1dt  e2 i2 dt  e3i3 dt 
d d d
1 1 1
e1  1 e2  2 e3  3 d1  di1  di2  di3
dt dt dt i1 i2 i3
2 2 2
1  L11 ( x)i1  L1 2 ( x)i2  L1 3 ( x)i3 d2  di1  di2  di3
i1 i2 i3
 2  L2 1 ( x)i1  L2 2 ( x)i2  L2 3 ( x)i3
3  
d3  di1  3 di2  3 di3
3  L3 1 ( x)i1  L3 2 ( x)i2  L3 3 ( x)i3 i1 i2 i3
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion.
.
,
.

 
W f  e1i1dt  e2i2 dt  e3i3dt  ,

W f  L11 ( x)i1di1  L12 ( x)i1di2  L13 ( x)i1di3 


L 21 ( x )i2 di1  L22 ( x)i2 di2  L23 ( x)i2 di3 

L 31 ( x )i3 di1  L32 ( x)i3di2  L33 ( x)i3di3 

1 1 1
W f  L11i12  L12i1i2  L13i1i3  L21i1i2  L22i22  L23i2i3  L31i3i1  L32i3i2  L33 i32
2 n
2 2
3 3
1
W f  
 2
 L
p 1 j 1
pj ( x )i p i j
n 1 for j p n 0 otherwise
Exercise:2 For J electrical system coupled with mechanical system by
magnetic field show that energy stored in a linear magnetic field is as
follows. n J J
1
W f  
 2
 L
p 1 j 1
pj ( x)i p i j
n 1 for p j n 0 otherwise
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion.
.
,
.

,
Electromagnetic Force and Torque:
,
We now consider the energy balance with non-zero dx.
J K
Wf   i d   f
j 1
j j
k 1
ek dxk ij and xk are independent
variables and the energy and
J K flux linkage are functions of
dW f   i d   f
j 1
j j
k 1
ek dxk these independent variables
(displacement and current).
K J
 f
k 1
ek dxk   i d
j 1
j j  dW f

J
W f (i j , x) W f (i j , x)
W f W f (i1 ,...,i j ; x1 ,..., x K ) dW f  j 1
i j
di j 
x
dx

 j  j (i1 ,...,i j ; x1 ,..., x K ) J

 j (i j , x)  j (i j , x)
d j  
n 1
in
din 
x
dx
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion.
.
,

,
J  W f (i j , x)
J
,W f (i j , x) 

f e dx  i j d j  

j 1 

i j
di j 
x
dx 

j 1 
 J  j (i j , x)
J J
 (i , x )  J  W f (i j , x) W f (i j , x) 
 
f e dx  i j 
 in
din 
j

x
j
 
dx  
 j 1  i j 
di j 
x
dx 

              

j 1  n 1 j 1 
               
d j dW f

Mechanical Component, with dx Magnetic stored, with dij

J
 j (i j , x) W f (i j , x) J J
 j (i j , x) J
W f (i j , x)
fe  
j 1 x

x
0 i 
j 1
j
n 1
in
din  j 1
i j
di j

W f J
 j (i j , x) Wc (i j , x) Wc (i j , x)
x
  j 1 x

x
 fe 
x
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion.
.
,
.

Exercise: 3 ,

,
Determine expression for the mechanical force in terms of the flux linkage and
the displacement as independent variables.
(a) For linear motion
(b) For rotational system
1
Solution: a) For a linear system the co-energy, Wc, Wc  L( x)i 2
is as shown. Wc 1 2 dL( x)
2
fe   i
x 2 dx
b) For a rotational system it is logical to have the following expression
with torque replacing linear force and displacement replaced by
angle q. J
 j (i j ,  ) W f (i j ,  ) Wc (i j , )
Te    

 Te 
j 1 
Hence,
1 Wc 1 2 dL( )
Wc  L( )i 2 fe   i
2  2 dx
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion.
.
,
.

,
Reference:
,

1. Krause, “Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems”,

Second Edition, Chapter 1, Page 1-66