Chapter 11 – Reactions in

Water
Acids and Bases
Acid or Base?
Lemon Milk Tomato

Grapes Baking soda Banana

Pure water Detergent Ammonia

Soap Vinegar Oven cleaner

Hydrochloric acid Coffee Milk

Bubble Tea Sugar Stomach gastric

juices
 Lemon Milk Tomato

Grapes Baking soda Banana

Pure water Detergent Ammonia

Soap Vinegar Oven cleaner

Hydrochloric acid Coffee Black Tea

Bubble Tea Sugar Stomach gastric

juices
Bronsted & Lowry Theory Read pg 352

 Theory about how acids and bases behave,

stating that:
 Acids are proton donors.
 Bases are proton acceptors.
 Acids donate protons that are accepted by
bases.

 What is a proton?
What is the Bronsted Lowry Theory of Acids and
Bases –
The Fuse School
Acids - Properties
Sour tasting
Corrosive (causes burns)
Readily dissolve in water
Read pg 351
Neutralised by bases Table 11.1.3

Turn moist litmus indicator from blue

to red
Donate protons to bases
Undergo ionisation/hydrolysis with
water to produce charged ions
Solutions conduct electric currents
Have a low pH
 Common Acids
Name Formula

Hydrochloric

Sulfuric

Phosphoric

Nitric

Ethanoic/Acetic

Carbonic

Physical States:
Table 11.1.1
(aq) – if solution
pg 350
(l) – if concentrated
 Acid Reactions Products
Acid + metal/metal hydride Salt + H2 (g)
Acid + metal hydroxide/oxide Salt + H2O (l)
Acid + metal carbonate/hydrogen Salt + H2O + CO2 (g)
carbonate
Acid + metal sulfide (Na2S) Salt + H2S (g)
Acid + metal sulfite (Na2SO3)
Practice: Salt + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)
1.Nitric acid + magnesium oxide

2.Acetic acid + sodium sulfide

3. Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate

Read pg 361
 Read pg 355
Acids – Mono-/Di-/Poly-
protic
Some acids can donate more than one
proton per molecule.
Examples?

They do this in multiple steps with the

subsequent stages occurring less readily.
◦ The subsequent stages are represented by
equilibrium arrows to show this as a reversible
reaction.
What’s the difference between complete arrows and reversible arrows?

Now you try, for carbonic acid:

Writing Ionic Equations
 Show exactly which species have
undergone a reaction by analysing
changes in states.
1. Identify the type of reaction occurring.
2. Write out the full equation and identify
all the physical states. If it is a soluble
ionic compound; write the ions
separately.
3. Identify species which have changed
states when being converted from
reactant to product.
4. These will appear in the ionic equation.
5. All others are spectator ions and are not
included.
6. Balance the ionic equation. Read pg 362
Example
Sulfuric acid reacts with water.

Hydrochloric acid reacts with

calcium carbonate.
Bases - Properties
Accept protons from acids.
Taste bitter Read pg 351
Table 11.1.3
Feel slippery to the skin
Turn moist litmus paper from red to
blue
Usually ionic substances Na CO or
2 3
oxides Na2O or hydroxides of metals
NaOH Note: NH3 is a base. Why?
Have a high pH
Those soluble are called alkali
Solutions can conduct electric
current
Bases - Reactions
React to neutralise acids by accepting proton.
Note: Alcohols (OH) are not bases!
Ionic bases dissociate in water into their
constituent ions.
Eg. NaOH → Na+ + OH-

Eg. Na2CO3 → 2Na+ + CO32-

Exception: NH3 does not dissociate as NH3 is not

an ionic base. Write the ionisation equation of
NH3 in water.
Conjugate acid/base pairs
When acids and bases react, a proton
is transferred.
When the acid donates a proton it
becomes a conjugate base, (loses H+)
When the base accepts the proton it
becomes a conjugate acid, (gains H+)
An acid/base conjugate pair refers to a
pair of species which differ by a proton.
Conjugate Acids & Bases – The Fuse School
Examples:
What is the conjugate base of?
HCl
H3PO4
CH3COOH

What is the conjugate acid of?

HSO4-
H2PO4 -
F-
SO42-
Amphiprotic Substances
 Can act as acids OR bases
 Generally neither strong acid or strong base
 Reacts only partially (use equilibrium arrows)
 Can donate or accept protons
 Can self ionize (react with itself to form ions)
 Water is an amphiprotic substance

Write equations to show water acting as an acid

and as a base through self ionisation.

Read pg 354
Write equations to show how HSO4- can
react with water as an amphiprotic
substance

All amphiprotic
substances must have
the capacity to :
•Donate H+
•Accept H+ eg. have
negative charge
Challenge
Sulfuric acid is a diprotic acid
which ionises in water according to
the equation below. Rank the
different chemical species from
highest to lowest concentration.
Ethanoic acid and hydrochloric
acid are both acids, yet dilute
ethanoic acid is safe for
consumption (vinegar) however
dilute hydrochloric acid is not.
Why?
Strength vs Concentration
Strength is not the same as concentration
Strength is how readily an acid or base
ionizes to form it’s conjugate
For an acid, this mean it completely ionises
For a base, this means it completely
dissociates
Concentration is just how many moles are
present in a given volume.
Thus, it is possible to have a concentrated
solution of a weak acid or weak base.
The strengths and weaknesses of
acid and bases - TedED
Example:
Ethanoic acid and hydrochloric are
both acids. You are provided with
1.0M solutions of each.
◦ Which is more concentrated?
◦ Which acid is more corrosive?
◦ Which acid will donate protons more
readily?
Examples
Strong acids Weak acids
• Hydrochloric • Acids containing ammonium
acid • Ethanoic acid
• Nitric acid • Carbonic acid
• Sulfuric acid • Fluoric acid
• Phosphoric acid
• The conjugate bases formed
from polyprotic acids eg.
HSO4-

• Use equilibrium double

→ arrows in the reactions of

weak acids
 Review
1. What is the definition of a Bronsted
Lowry acid and base?
2. What is the conjugate base for HCl?
3. What is the conjugate acid for
hydroxide ion?
4. What is the formula of sulfuric acid?
5. What does ‘diprotic’ mean?
6. Why is HSO4- an amphiprotic substance?
7. What is the difference between strength
and concentration of acids/bases?
 Relative strength of
conjugate acid/base pairs
 The stronger an
acid/base is, the
weaker its
conjugate
base/acid.
 Write the
ionisation
equation of HCl in
water and identify
conjugate
acid/base pairs.
Challenge
 Draw and label all individual
molecules/ions/particles that would exist in a
sample of:
◦ 1.0 M solution of Hydrochloric acid
◦ 1.0 M solution of Ethanoic acid
Question
Which solution should be the best
conductor of electricity?
A.1.00 M of ethanoic acid
B.1.00 M of hydrochloric acid
C.1.00 M of phosphoric acid
In summary
Solutions can be concentrated or
dilute.
Acids and bases can be strong or
weak.
These are independent of each
other.
Recap
What is the definition of a weak
acid?
What is an example of a weak acid?
Write an equation to show the
ionisation of a weak acid.
A weak acid is one which doesn't
ionise fully when it is dissolved in
water.
CH3COOH
Recap
True or False.
Amphiprotic and polyprotic are terms
which have the same definition.
An amphiprotic molecule (or ion) can
either donate or accept a proton, thus
acting either as an acid or a base. For
example, HSO4-.
Polyprotic acids are specific acids that
are capable of losing more than a
single proton. For example, H2SO4.
pH Read pg 369

 Measures concentration of hydronium ion H3O+ formed.

 pH is temperature dependent
 Logarithmic scale from 0-14
Acids, bases and pH – Richochet
Science
 Misconception
!
Neutral is
when
[OH-]=[H3O+]
At 25oC this is
pH = 7

What have you noticed about the mathematical relationship

between concentration of H+ and OH-?
 pH calculations:
To determine:
The pH of an acid where 1. Determine if [HA]=[H3O+]
concentration of solution is 2. Substitute [H3O+] into pH= -
given: log10[H3O+]
The pH of a base where the 1. Determine if [B-]=[OH-]
concentration of solution is 2. Determine [H3O+] by using
given: [H3O+][OH-]=10-14 M2
3. Substitute [H3O+] into pH= -
log10[H3O+]

The concentration of acid or 1. If it is an acid, use [H3O+] = 10-

base if pH is given: pH

1. If it is a base, use [H3O+]

[OH-]=10-14 M2 to determine
[H3O+]
 Calculating pH
 Uses a logarithmic scale and relates the following equations to
each other…
 1. Determining pH if [H3O+] is known: pH= -log10[H3O+]

 2.Determining [H3O+] if pH is known: [H3O+] = 10-pH

 3. Ionic product of water at room temperature.

MUST REMEMBER: Kw = [H3O+][OH-]=10-14 M2
H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH-
In water [H3O+] = [OH-] = 10-7 M
Therefore pH of water is –log10[10-7] = 7.
 pH has no units!
 Note, solutions are only considered neutral if [OH-]=[H3O+], at 25oC.
This equals 7 however different at other temperatures.
Example
Calculate pH of 0.1M HCl at 25℃.

Calculate pH of 0.1M NaOH at 25

℃.
pH of polyprotic acids
 Calculate the pH of a 0.02M solution of H2SO4
Concentration of H+ = 0.04 M
pH = -log10(0.04) = 1.4

 Calculate the pH of a 0.02M solution of HCl

Concentration of H+ = 0.02 M
pH = -log10(0.02) = 1.7

 Compare the difference!

 Polyprotic acids are more _acidic (lower pH)________
than monoprotic acids with the same
_concentration_________ because they ionise to
produce more __hydrogen____________ ions.
pH of “polyprotic” bases
 Remember: bases dissociate to produce ions.
 Calculate the pH of a 0.110M concentration of
Ba(OH) 2
[H3O+][OH-]=10-14
Concentration of OH- = 0.22 M
Concentration of H+
= 10^-14/0.22
= 4.5*10^-14 M
pH = -log10(4.5*10^-14) = 13.3
Examples
1. Calculate the pH of a 0.0100M solution of HCl
2. Calculate the pH of a 0.0100 M solution of
H2SO4
3. Calculate the pH of a 0.0100 M solution of
NaOH
4. Calculate the pH of a 0.0100 M solution of
Ca(OH)2
5. Calculate the pH of a 0.234 M solution of
Ba(OH)2
6. Calculate the [H+] of a solution with pH of 5.
Is this solution acidic or alkaline?
7. Calculate the [H+] of a solution with pH of 9.
Is this solution acidic or alkaline?
 Matching Activity
Term Definition
Monoprotic A product of a base accepting a proton.

Polyprotic A substance that can donate one proton.

Amphiprotic A product of acid ionisation, has one less

proton than the original substance.

Conjugate A chemical substance that can act as

base both acid and base.

Conjugate A substance that can donate more than

acid one proton.
 Matching Activity
Term Definition

Ionisation The process where a base forms its

constituent ions.

Dissociation A reaction in which a substance reacts

with water to produce ions.

Hydrolysis A general term for the reaction between

an acid and base to product a neutral
solution
Neutralisati A reaction that involves the addition of
on water, ions are not necessarily
produced
 Challenge Q
A student calculates the pH of 0.01 M solution
of sulfuric acid to be 1.7
 However, using a digital pH meter on a
solution with the same concentration of
0.01M, the actual pH detected was higher
than this value.
 Why is this the case?
Answer:
•The second step of ionisation is only partially complete so overall there
is less hydronium ion than the student expects
•The student incorrectly assumes a 1:2 ratio when really it is less eg.
1:1.2 which would give a pH of 1.9

Take home message:

•pH calculations do not factor in the strength of an acid/base
•pH calculations assume 100% ionisation (not always the case!)
pH and Dilution
When a solution is diluted, the
change in concentration of H3O+ by
a factor of 10 will change the pH
by a factor of 1 on the pH scale
Original pH New pH
concentrati concentrati
on on
Exp 1 0.1 1 0.01 2
Exp 2 0.01 2 0.001 3
Exp 3 0.001 3 0.0001 4
 pH and Strength
 Calculate
the pH of 0.02M HCl and the pH of
0.02M CH3COOH.
A student uses a pH probe for CH3COOH and
finds it to be 4.
 Why is there a discrepancy?
In summary:
pH calculations are only accurate
if the solution is:
◦ A strong acid or strong base which
will completely ionise/dissociate
◦ The acid or base is monoprotic
(because polyprotic acid/base cannot
completely release all H+ or OH-)
Find pH of these solutions
with the respective
concentrations
HNO3 0.101M
HF 0.001 M
H2SO4 0.001 M (assume complete
ionisation)

KOH 0.200 M
Ca(OH)2 0.115 M (assume complete
ionisation)
Mg(OH)2 0.460 M (assume complete
ionisation)
Write overall and ionic
equations for the following
reactions
Nitricacid reacting with calcium
carbonate.
The ionisation of ethanoic acid.
The dissociation of sodium
hydroxide.
Sulfuric acid reacting with barium
hydroxide.
Checking for
Understanding:
Write the conjugate acid for:
◦ H2O
◦ NO3-

Write the conjugate base for:

◦ HCN
◦ HNO2
Review
pH is a measure of …
pH is measured between values of ….
Acids generally have a ….. pH
Bases generally have a ….. pH
When there are more hydroxide ions in a
solution, the solution is described as ….
A pH of 7 at room temperature indicates
that the solution is ….
pH calculations can be performed using
3 different formulas, they are …