Abstract
Sugar beet genome was first published in 2014. Before this, there were GMO cultivars of sugar beet commercially available. The possibility of genetic transformation, together with the complete characterization of the genome facilitates the use of molecular techniques as well as new breeding techniques for sugar beet improvement. Another important aspect is the fact that sugar beet is a recently domesticated crop, and there is a huge wild genetic diversity, which constitute a great genetic pool which can be used as a source of useful genes for introgressions or for designing new GMO crops. In this chapter, we will review all the knowledge available in GMO sugar beet, the recent advances and applications of biotechnology and novel breeding techniques in sugar beet improvement, and the use of sugar beet genes in other crops as well as the future prospects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- QTL:
-
Quantitative Trait Locus
- ALS:
-
Acetolactate Synthase
- AsA:
-
Ascorbic Acid
- BCTV:
-
Beet Curly Top Virus
- BNYVV:
-
Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus
- BWYV:
-
Beet Western Yellows Virus
- BYV:
-
Beet Yellows Virus
- D-DNA:
-
Defective DNAs
- DHA:
-
Monodehydroascorbate
- ds-DNA:
-
Double-Stranded DNA
- GA:
-
Gibberellic Acid Biosynthetic
- GMO:
-
Genetically Modified Organism
- ICPs:
-
Insecticidal Crystal Proteins
- MDHAR:
-
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase
- mtlD:
-
Mannitol-1-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- PAT:
-
Phosphinothricin N-Acetyltransferase
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene Glycol
- PvPGIP2:
-
Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Protein 2
- RNAi:
-
Interference RNA
- scFv:
-
Single-Chain Variable Fragment
- SPS:
-
Sucrose-Phosphate Synthase
- StGCS-GS:
-
γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase-Glutathione Synthetase
- TILLING:
-
Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes
References
Ali MA, Azeem F, Abbas A, Joyia FA, Li H, Dababat AA (2017) Transgenic strategies for enhancement of nematode resistance in plants. Front Plant Sci 8:750. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2017.00750
Barker AL, Dayan FE (2019) Fate of glyphosate during production and processing of glyphosate-resistant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). J Agric Food Chem 67:2061–2065. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.JAFC.8B05672
Bevan MW, Flavell RB, Chilton MD (1983) A chimaeric antibiotic resistance gene as a selectable marker for plant cell transformation. Nature 304:184–187. https://doi.org/10.1038/304184A0
Biancardi E, Tamada T (2016) Rhizomania. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30678-0. isbn:978-3-319-30676-6
Cai D, Thurau T, Tian Y, Lange T, Yeh KW, Jung C (2003) Sporamin-mediated resistance to beet cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) is dependent on trypsin inhibitory activity in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) hairy roots. Plant Mol Biol 516(51):839–849. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023089017906
Chen N, Yu ZH, Xiao XG (2017) Cytosolic and nuclear co-localization of betalain biosynthetic enzymes in tobacco suggests that betalains are synthesized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of betalainic plant cells. Front Plant Sci 8(831):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00831
Chia TYP, Müller A, Jung C, Mutasa-Göttgens ES (2008) Sugar beet contains a large CONSTANS-LIKE gene family including a CO homologue that is independent of the early-bolting (B) gene locus. J Exp Bot 59:2735–2748. https://doi.org/10.1093/JXB/ERN129
Ćurčić Ž, Taški-Ajduković K, Nagl N (2017) Relationship between hybrid performance and genetic variation in self-fertile and self-sterile sugar beet pollinators as estimated by SSR markers. Euphytica 213:108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1897-1
D’Halluin K, Bossut M, Bonne E, Mazur B, Leemans J, Botterman J (1992) Transformation of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris l.) and evaluation of herbicide resistance in transgenic plants. Biotechnology 10:309–314. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0392-309
De Marchis F, Bellucci M (2021) Plastid transformation in sugar beet: an important industrial crop. In: Methods in Molecular Biology, pp 283–290
De Marchis F, Wang Y, Bellucci M and Arcioni S (2007) Developing a method for sugar beet chloroplast transformation. Proceedings of the 51st Italian Society of Agricultural Genetics Annual Congress. Riva del Garda, Italy – 23/26 September, 2007
De Marchis F, Wang Y, Stevanato P, Arcioni S, Bellucci M (2009) Genetic transformation of the sugar beet plastome. Transgenic Res 18:17–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-008-9193-4
Dillen K, Demont M, Tillie P, Rodriguez Cerezo E (2013) Bred for Europe but grown in America: the case of GM sugar beet. New Biotechnol 30:131–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NBT.2012.11.004
Dohm JC, Minoche AE, Holtgräwe D, Capella-Gutierrez S, Zakrzewski F, Tafer H, Rupp O, Sorensen TR, Stracke R, Reinhardt R, Goesmann A, Kraft T, Schulz B, Stadler PF, Schmidt T, Gabaldon T, Lehrach H, Weisshaar B, Himmelbauer H (2014) The genome of the recently domesticated crop plant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Nature 505:546–549. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12817
Doney DL (1995) USDA-ARS sugarbeet releases. J Sugar Beet Res 32:229–257. https://bsdf-assbt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/JSBRVol32No4P229to257USDAARSSugarbeetReleases.pdf
Ebmeyer H, Fiedler-Wiechers K, Hoffmann CM (2021) Drought tolerance of sugar beet – Evaluation of genotypic differences in yield potential and yield stability under varying environmental conditions. Eur J Agron 125:126262. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJA.2021.126262
Ehlers U, Commandeur U, Frank R, Landsmann J, Koenig R, Burgermeister W (1991) Cloning of the coat protein gene from beet necrotic yellow vein virus and its expression in sugar beet hairy roots. Theor Appl Genet 81:777–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224989
Elliott MC, Chen DF, Fowler MR, Kirby MJ, Kubalakova M, Scott NW, Slater A (1996) Transgenesis-a scheme for improving sugar beet productivity. Russ J Plant Physiol 43:544–551
Erhardt M, Morant M, Ritzenthaler C, Stussi-Garaud C, Guilley H, Richards K, Jonard G, Bouzoubaa S, Gilmer D (2000) P42 movement protein of beet necrotic yellow vein virus is targeted by the movement proteins P13 and P15 to punctate bodies associated with plasmodesmata. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact MPMI 13:520–528. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.5.520
Evans E, Messerschmidt U (2017) Review: Sugar beets as a substitute for grain for lactating dairy cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 8:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0154-8
FAOSTAT (2018) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/?#data/QC/visualize. Accessed 22 May 2020
Fry JE, Barnason AR, Hinchee M (1991) Genotype-independent transformation of sugarbeet using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In: Molecular biology of plant growth and development, Third International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology, p 384
Fuchs M, Gonsalves D (2007) Safety of virus-resistant transgenic plants two decades after their introduction: lessons from realistic field risk assessment studies. Annu Rev Phytopathol 45:173–202. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.PHYTO.45.062806.094434
Gerbens-Leenes W, Hoekstra AY (2012) The water footprint of sweeteners and bio-ethanol. Environ Int 40:202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2011.06.006
Gisbert C, Timoneda A, Porcel R, Ros R, Mulet JM (2020) Overexpression of BvHb2, a Class 2 non-symbiotic hemoglobin from sugar beet, confers drought-induced withering resistance and alters iron content in tomato. Agronomy 10:1754. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111754
Goudarzi A, Safaei N, Jafari M, Mahmoudi SB, Far MT (2015) Transformation of sugar beet with a bean chitinase gene and enhanced resistance to Alternaria alternata. Agric Biotechnol J 7:175–200. https://doi.org/10.22103/JAB.2015.1358
Goudarzi A, Jafari M, Safaie N, Mohammad Jafari S (2016) Transgenic sugar beet expressing a bacterial mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD) gene shows enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens. Sugar Tech 18:192–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-015-0379-9
Gurel E, Gurel S, Lemaux PG (2008) Biotechnology applications for sugar beet. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 27:108–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680802202000
Hall RD, Riksen-Bruinsma T, Weyens GJ et al (1996) A high efficiency technique for the generation of transgenic sugar beets from stomatal guard cells. Nat Biotechnol 14:1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0996-1133
Harpster MH, Townsend JA, Jones JDG, Bedbrook J, Dunsmuir P (1988) Relative strengths of the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus, 1′, 2′, and nopaline synthase promoters in transformed tobacco sugarbeet and oilseed rape callus tissue. Mol Gen Genet 2121(212):182–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00322463
Hashimoto R, Shimamoto Y (1999) Growth of transgenic sugar beet plants with sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS). In: Proc. Jpn. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol, pp 85–89
Hashimoto R, Shimamoto Y (2001) Transgenic sugar beet plants harboring a pumpkin chitinase gene demonstrating improved resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. In: Proc Jpn Soc Sugar Beet Technol, pp 24–28
Hatlestad GJ, Sunnadeniya RM, Akhavan NA, Gonzalez A, Goldman IL, McGrath M, Lloyd AM (2012) The beet R locus encodes a new cytochrome P450 required for red betalain production. Nat Genet 44:816–820. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2297
Heller R, Schondelmaier J, Steinrücken G, Jung C (1996) Genetic localization of four genes for nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Theor Appl Genet 92:991–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224039
Holmquist L, Dölfors F, Fogelqvist J, Cohn J, Kraft T, Dixelius C (2021) Major latex protein-like encoding genes contribute to Rhizoctonia solani defense responses in sugar beet. Mol Gen Genomics 296:155–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-020-01735-0
Horn J, Lauster S, Krenz B, Krausb J, Frischmutha T, Jeskea H (2011) Ambivalent effects of defective DNA in beet curly top virus-infected transgenic sugarbeet plants. Virus Res 158:169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.029
Hossain MS, Persicke M, ElSayed AI, Kalinowski J, Dietz KJ (2017) Metabolite profiling at the cellular and subcellular level reveals metabolites associated with salinity tolerance in sugar beet. J Exp Bot 68:5961–5976. https://doi.org/10.1093/JXB/ERX388
Ivarson E, Leiva-Eriksson N, Ahlman A, Kanagarajan S, Bülow L, Zhu LH (2017) Effects of overexpression of WRI1 and hemoglobin genes on the seed oil content of Lepidium campestre. Front Plant Sci 7:2032. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.02032
Ivic S, Sicher R, Smigocki A (2001) Growth habit and sugar accumulation in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) transformed with a cytokinin biosynthesis gene. Plant Cell Rep 208(20):770–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/S002990100389
Jacq B, Lesobre O, Sangwan RS (1993) Sangwan-Norreel BS (1993) Factors influencing T-DNA transfer in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sugarbeet. Plant Cell Rep 1211(12):621–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00232811
Jafari M, Norouzi P, Malboobi MA, Ghareyazie B, Valizadeh M, Mohammadi SA, Mousavi M (2008) Enhanced resistance to a lepidopteran pest in transgenic sugar beet plants expressing synthetic cry1Ab gene. Euphytica 165:333–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10681-008-9792-4
Jafarzade M, Ramezani M, Hedayati F, Mokhtarzade Z, Zare B, Sabet MS, Norouzi P, Malboobi MA (2019) Antibody-mediated resistance to rhizomania disease in sugar beet hairy roots. Plant Pathol J 35:692–697. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2018.0073
James C (2011) Brief 42: global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2010. ISAAA Br
Jansen A (2009) Modifying post-harvest sucrose loss in sugar beet: Assessment of transgenic approaches—heiDOK. Ph.D. Dissertation. https://doi.org/10.11588/heidok.00010077
Ji M, Wang K, Wang L, Chen S, Li H, Ma C, Wang Y (2019) Overexpression of a S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from sugar beet M14 increased Arabidopsis salt tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 20:1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081990
Jiang N, Zhang C, Liu JY, Guo ZH, Zhang ZY, Han CG, Wang Y (2019) Development of beet necrotic yellow vein virus-based vectors for multiple-gene expression and guide RNA delivery in plant genome editing. Plant Biotechnol J 17:1302–1315. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13055
Joersbo M (2007) Sugar Beet. In: Pua E-C, Davey MR (eds) Transgenic crops IV. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 355–379
Jung C (1998) Cloning and breeding utility of the gene Hs1 for nematode resistance from Beta procumbens. In: Comptes-Rendus des Congres de l’Institut International de Recherches Betteravieres (Belgium)
Kagami H, Kurata M, Matsuhira H, Taguchi K, Mikami T, Tamagake H, Kubo T (2015) Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Methods Mol Biol 1223:335–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1695-5_27
Kagami H, Taguchi K, Arakawa T, Kuroda Y, Tamagake H, Kubo T (2016) Efficient callus formation and plant regeneration are heritable characters in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Hereditas 153:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41065-016-0015-z
Kallerhoff J, Perez P, Bouzoubaa S, Ben Tahar S, Perret J (1990) Beet necrotic yellow vein virus coat protein-mediated protection in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep 94(9):224–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00232185
Kanhonou R, Serrano R, Palau RR (2001) A catalytic subunit of the sugar beet protein kinase CK2 is induced by salt stress and increases NaCl tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Plant Mol Biol 47:571–579
Kerr SP (2005) Performance of rhizomania resistant sugar beet varieties in UK trials. Asp Appl Biol 76:21
Khan MFR (2014) The beet goes on-roundup ready sugar beet deregulated again in USA. Int Sugar J 116:131–133. http://www.agra-net.com/portal2/isj/
Khayamim S, Tavkol Afshari R, Sadeghian SY, Poustini K, Roozbeh F, Abbasi Z (2014) Seed germination, plant establishment, and yield of sugar beet genotypes under salinity stress. J Agric Sci Technol 16:779–790
Kimoto Y, Shimamoto Y (2001) Difference in toxicity to larvae of cabbage armyworm between transgenic sugar beet lines with Cry1Ab and Cry1C. Proc Jan Soc Sugar Beet Technol 43:20–23
Kishchenko EM, Komarnitskii IK, Kuchuk NV (2010) Transposition of the maize transposable element dSpm in transgenic sugar beets. Cytol Genet 444(44):200–205. https://doi.org/10.3103/S009545271004002X
Kishchenko EM, Komarnitskii IK, Kuchuk NV (2011) Transgenic sugar beet tolerant to imidazolinone obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Cytol Genet 453(45):148–152. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452711030030
Kitazaki K, Arakawa T, Matsunaga M, Yui-Kurino R, Matsuhira H, Mikami T, Kubo T (2015) Post-translational mechanisms are associated with fertility restoration of cytoplasmic male sterility in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Plant J 83:290–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12888
Klemens PAW, Patzke K, Trentmann O, Poschet G, Büttner M, Schulz A, Marten I, Hedrich R, Ekkehard Neuhaus H (2014) Overexpression of a proton-coupled vacuolar glucose exporter impairs freezing tolerance and seed germination. New Phytol 202:188–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12642
Klenk I, Landquist B, De Imaña OR (2012) The product carbon footprint of EU beet sugar (part I). Zuckerindustrie 137:169–177. https://doi.org/10.36961/SI12784
Klimek-Chodacka M, Baranski R (2014) A protocol for sonication-assisted Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of haploid and diploid sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) explants. Acta Biochim Pol 61:13–17. https://doi.org/10.18388/ABP.2014_1916
Knecht K, Seyffarth M, Desel C, Thurau T, Sherameti I, Lou B, Oelmüller R, Cai D (2010) Expression of BvGLP-1 encoding a germin-like protein from sugar beet in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to resistance against phytopathogenic fungi. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 23:446–457. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-23-4-0446
Koch MS, Ward JM, Levine SL, Baum JA, Vicini JL, Hammond BG (2015) The food and environmental safety of Bt crops. Front Plant Sci 6:283. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2015.00283
Kong J, Martin-Ortigosa S, Finer J, Orchard N, Gunadi A, Batts LA, Thakare D, Rush B, Schmitz O, Stuiver M, Olhoft P, Pacheco-Villalobos D (2020) Overexpression of the transcription factor growth-regulating factor5 improves transformation of dicot and monocot species. Front Plant Sci 11:1389. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2020.572319
Kornienko AV, Butorina AK (2013) Induced mutagenesis in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.): obtained results and prospects for use in development of TILLING project. Biol Bull Rev 32(3):152–160. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086413020059
Krens FA, Zijlstra C, Wvd M, Jamar D, Huizing HJ (1988) Transformation and regeneration in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) induced by ‘shooter’ mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Euphytica 393(39):185–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043382
Kuykendall LD, Upchurch RG (2004) Expression in sugar beet of the introduced cercosporin toxin export (CFP) gene from Cercospora kikuchii, the causative organism of purple seed stain in soybean. Biotechnol Lett 269(26):723–727. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BILE.0000024096.22105.C3
Lathouwers J, Vandercappellen L, Lommel M, Rosquin I, Denys P, Bruyne E, Lefebvre M, Weyens G, Bleykasten C, Bouzoubaa S, Guilley H, Richards K, Jonard G (1997) Sugar beet transformation for rhizomania resistance: introduction and expression of different viral sequences. In: Comptes-Rendus des Congres de l’Institut International de Recherches Betteravieres (Belgium), vol 60, pp 491–495
Lathouwers J, Weyens G, Lefebvre M (2005) Transgenic research in sugarbeet. Genet Modif Sugar Beet:5–24
Lauber E, Bleykasten-Grosshans C, Erhardt M, Bouzoubaa S, Jonard G, Richards KE, Guilley H (1998) Cell-to-cell movement of beet necrotic yellow vein virus: I. Heterologous complementation experiments provide evidence for specific interactions among the triple gene block proteins. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 11:618–625. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.7.618
Lennefors BL, Savenkov EI, Bensefelt J, Wremerth-Weich E, van Roggen P, Tuvesson S, Valkonen JPT, Gielen J (2006) dsRNA-mediated resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus infections in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris). Mol Breed 184(18):313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11032-006-9030-5
Li H, Smigocki AC (2019) Suppression of Fusarium oxysporum with recombinant polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (BvPGIPs) extracted from sugar beet roots. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult (PCTOC) 136:197–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1496-4
Li J, Li H, Yang N, Ma C, Li H (2020) Overexpression of a monodehydroascorbate reductase gene from sugar beet M14 increased salt stress tolerance. Sugar Tech 23:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12355-020-00877-0
Lindsey K, Gallois P (1990) Transformation of Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Exp Bot 41:529–536. https://doi.org/10.1093/JXB/41.5.529
Lisson R, Hellert J, Ringleb M, Machens F, Kraus J, Hehl R (2010) Alternative splicing of the maize Ac transposase transcript in transgenic sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Plant Mol Biol 74:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-010-9651-2
Liu D, An Z, Mao Z, Ma L, Lu Z (2015) Enhanced heavy metal tolerance and accumulation by transgenic sugar beets expressing Streptococcus thermophilus StGCS-GS in the presence of Cd, Zn and Cu alone or in combination. PLoS One 10(6):e0128824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128824
Liu H, Wang Q, Yu M, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhang H (2008) Transgenic salt-tolerant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) constitutively expressing an Arabidopsis thaliana vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene, AtNHX3, accumulates more soluble sugar but less salt in storage roots. Plant Cell Environ 31:1325–1334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01838.x
Locascio A, Andrés-Colás N, Mulet JMJM, Yenush L (2019a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool to investigate plant potassium and sodium transporters. Int J Mol Sci 20:2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092133
Locascio A, Marqués MCMC, García-Martínez G, Corratgé-Faillie C, Andrés-Colás N, Rubio L, Fernández JA, Véry AA, Mulet JM, Yenush L (2019b) BCL2-ASSOCIATED ATHANOGENE4 Regulates the KAT1 potassium channel and controls stomatal movement. Plant Physiol 181:1277–1294. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.00224
Lytvyn DI, Syvura VV, Kurylo VV, Olenieva VD, Yemets AI, Blume YB (2014) Creation of transgenic sugar beet lines expressing insect pest resistance genes cry1C and cry2A. Cytol Genet 48:69–75. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452714020078
Ma C, Wang Y, Gu D, Nan J, Chen S, Li H (2017) Overexpression of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase 2 from sugar beet M14 increased Arabidopsis tolerance to salt and oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 18:847. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040847
Ma C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Chen S, Li H (2011) Identification of a sugar beet BvM14-MADS box gene through differential gene expression analysis of monosomic addition line M14. J Plant Physiol 168:1980–1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2011.05.027
Mannerlöf M, Lennerfors B-L, Tenning P (1996) Reduced titer of BNYVV in transgenic sugar beets expressing the BNYVV coat protein. Euphytica 903(90):293–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027479
Märländer B (2005) Weed control in sugar beet using genetically modified herbicide-tolerant varieties – a review of the economics for cultivation in Europe. J Agron Crop Sci 191:64–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1439-037X.2004.00135.X
Matsuhira H, Kagami H, Kurata M, Kitazaki K, Matsunaga M, Hamaguchi Y, Hagihara E, Ueda M, Harada M, Muratasu A, Yui-Kurino R, Taguchi K, Tamagake H, Mikami T, Kubo T (2012) Unusual and typical features of a novel Restorer-of-fertility gene of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Genetics 192:1347–1358. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.145409
Matsuhira H, Kichi T, Tamagake H, Sato Y, Anzai H, Yoshida M (2014) High production of plant type levan in sugar beet transformed with timothy (Phleum pratense) 6-SFT genes. J Biotechnol 192:215–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.09.025
May MJ, Wilson RG (2006) Weeds and weed control. Sugar beet:359–386
McGinnis EE, Meyer MH, Smith AG (2010) Sweet and sour: a scientific and legal look at herbicide-tolerant sugar beet. Plant Cell 22:1653. https://doi.org/10.1105/TPC.110.077198
McGrath JM (2011) Notice of release of EL56 sugar beet germplasm with high levels of tolerance to salinity during germination. USDA-ARS Germplasm Release
Mcgrath JM, Panella L, Mitchell J (2018) Plant breeding reviews. Plant Breed Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119521358
Mishutkina YV, Kamionskaya AM, Skryabin KG (2010) The creation of sugar beet transgenic plants expressing bar gene. Appl Biochem Microbiol 46:80–86. https://doi.org/10.1134/S000368381001014X
Moazami K, Mortazavi SE, Heidari B, Nouroozi P (2018) Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay of the gus gene expression in sugar beet. Annu Res Rev Biol 30:1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2018/46049
Mohammadzadeh R, Zamani M, Motallebi M, Norouzi P, Jourabchi E, Benedetti M, De Lorenzo G (2012) Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated introduction of polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 2 gene (PvPGIP2) from Phaseolus vulgaris into sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Aust J Crop Sci 6:1290–1297
Molinero AIS, Reuzeau C, Frankard V, Salom RS and Salort JMM (2014, August 21) Plants having enhanced yield-related traits and a method for making the same US patent 14175402, 21 August 2014
Monger W, Barrington PJ, Acaster AM, Halford NG, Ainsworth C, Thomas H (1995) A transgenic approach towards investigating carbon metabolism in sugar beet. Proc IIRB Congress 58:193–196
Mulet JM, Alemany B, Ros R, Calvete JJ, Serrano R (2004) Expression of a plant serine O-acetyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae confers osmotic tolerance and creates an alternative pathway for cysteine biosynthesis. Yeast 21:303–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/yea.1076
Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
Mutasa-Gottgens E, Qi A, Mathews A, Thomas S, Phillips A, Hedden P (2009) Modification of gibberellin signalling (metabolism & signal transduction) in sugar beet: analysis of potential targets for crop improvement. Transgenic Res 18:301–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-008-9211-6
Nieberl P, Ehrl C, Pommerrenig B, Graus D, Marten I, Jung B, Ludewig F, Koch W, Harms K, Flügge UI, Neuhaus HE, Hedrich R, Sauer N (2017) Functional characterisation and cell specificity of BvSUT1, the transporter that loads sucrose into the phloem of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) source leaves. Plant Biol 19:315–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/PLB.12546
Ninković S, Djordjević T, Vinterhalter B, Uzelac B, Cingel A, Savić J, Radović S (2010) Embryogenic responses of Beta vulgaris L. callus induced from transgenic hairy roots. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 1031(103):81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11240-010-9757-X
Padmanaban S, Li H, Puthoff D, Smigocki A (2016) Beta vulgaris promoters for directed tissue-specific root transcription. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Tech. Proc. 36. http://assbtproceedings.org/ASSBT2011Proceedings/Posters/Physilogy%20and%20Biotechnology/Padmanaban%20_Smigocki_%20_2_.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2016
Panella L, Campbell LG, Eujayl IA, Lewellen RT, McGrath JM (2015) USDA-ARS Sugarbeet releases and breeding over the past 20 years. J Sugar Beet Res 52. https://doi.org/10.5274/jsbr.52.3.40
Pappinen A, Degefu Y, Syrjälä L, Keinonen K, von Weissenberg K (2002) Transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula) expressing sugarbeet chitinase 4 shows enhanced resistance to Pyrenopeziza betulicola. Plant Cell Rep 20:1046–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00299-002-0449-9
Pasonen H-L, Seppänen S-K, Degefu Y, Rytkönen A, von Weissenberg K, Pappinen A (2004) Field performance of chitinase transgenic silver birches (Betula pendula): resistance to fungal diseases. Theor Appl Genet 1093(109):562–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00122-004-1650-8
Pavli OI (2010) Molecular characterization of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in Greece and transgenic approaches towards enhancing rhizomania disease resistance. Wageningen University and Research. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/386941
Pavli OI, Kelaidi GI, Tampakaki AP, Skaracis GN (2011a) The HrpZ gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola enhances resistance to rhizomania disease in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana and sugar beet. PLoS One:6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017306
Pavli OI, Panopoulos NJ, Goldbach R, Skaracis GN (2010) BNYVV-derived dsRNA confers resistance to rhizomania disease of sugar beet as evidenced by a novel transgenic hairy root approach. Transgenic Res 19:915–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-010-9364-y
Pavli OI, Stevanato P, Biancardi E, Skaracis GN (2011b) Achievements and prospects in breeding for rhizomania resistance in sugar beet. F Crop Res 122:165–172
Pfeiffer N, Tränkner C, Lemnian I, Grosse I, Müller AE, Jung C, Kopisch-Obuch FJ (2014) Genetic analysis of bolting after winter in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Theor Appl Genet 127:2479–2489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2392-x
Pilon-Smits EAH, Terry N, Sears T, Van Dun K (1999) Enhanced drought resistance in fructan-producing sugar beet. Plant Physiol Biochem 37:313–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(99)80030-8
Pin PA, Benlloch R, Bonnet D, Wremerth-Weich E, Kraft T, Gielen JJL, Nilsson O (2010) An antagonistic pair of FT homologs mediates the control of flowering time in sugar beet. Science 80(330):1397–1400. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197004
Porcel R, Bustamante A, Ros R, Serrano R, Mulet-Salort JM (2018) BvCOLD1: a novel aquaporin from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) involved in boron homeostasis and abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ 41:2844–2857. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13416
Poveda J, Francisco M, Cartea ME, Velasco P (2020) Development of transgenic brassica crops against biotic stresses caused by pathogens and arthropod pests. Plan Theory 9:1664. https://doi.org/10.3390/PLANTS9121664
Rajabi A, Borchardt D (2015) QTL mapping for root yield and leaf traits in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under drought stress condition. Iran J Crop Sci 17(1):46–62
Rajabi A, Griffiths H, Ober ES, Kromdijk W, Pidgeon JD (2007) Genetic characteristics of water-use related traits in sugar beet. Euphytica 1602(160):175–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10681-007-9520-5
Rausell A, Kanhonou R, Yenush L, Serrano R, Ros R (2003) The translation initiation factor eIF1A is an important determinant in the tolerance to NaCl stress in yeast and plants. Plant J 34:257–267. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01719.x
Reuzeau C, Molinero AIS, Frankard V, Salom RS, Salort JMM (2017) Plants having increased yield-related traits by expressing a growth-regulating factor (GRF) polypeptide and method for making the same US Patent 9617557, 11 April 2017
Ribichich KF, Chiozza M, Ávalos-Britez S, Cabello JV, Arce AL, Watson G, Arias C, Portapila M, Trucco F, Otegui ME, Chan RL (2020) Successful field performance in warm and dry environments of soybean expressing the sunflower transcription factor HB4. J Exp Bot 71:3142–3156. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa064
Rosa Téllez S, Kanhonou R, Castellote Bellés C, Serrano R, Alepuz P, Ros R (2020) RNA-binding proteins as targets to improve salt stress tolerance in crops. Agronomy 10:250. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020250
Sadeghi-Shoae M, Habibi D, Taleghani DF, Paknejad F, Kashani A (2014) Evaluation the effect of paclobutrazol on bolting, qualitative and quantitative performance in autumn sown-sugar beet genotypes in Moghan region. Int J Biosci 5:345–354. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/5.1.345-354
Safar S, Bazrafshan M, Khoshnami M, Behrooz AA, Hedayati F, Maleki M, Mahmoudi SB, Malboobi MA (2021) Field evaluation for rhizomania resistance of transgenic sugar beet events based on gene silencing. Can J Plant Pathol 43:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2020.1783575
Salort JMM, Molinero AIS, Salom RS (2010) Method for producing transgenic plants with increased yield, comprising expressing of haemoglobin from Arabidopsis. U.S. Patent 7674953B2, 9 March 2010
Salort JMM, Salom RS (2009.) Protein for use in modifying abiotic stress tolerance in yeast US Patent 7612177, 3 November 2009
Santoni M, Bertini E, Zampieri R, Cuccurullo A, Commisso M, Gecchele E, Avesani L (2019) Transient expression in red beet of a biopharmaceutical candidate vaccine for type-1 diabetes. J Vis Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/59298
Sanz Molinero AI, Reuzeau C, Frankard V, Mulet Salort JM and Salom RS (2009) Plants Having Enhanced Yield-Related Traits and a Method for Making the Same WO Patent WO/2009/068564. 4 June 2009
Saunders JW, Acquaah G, Renner KA, Doley WP (1992) Monogenic dominant sulfonylurea resistance in sugarbeet from somatic cell selection. Crop Sci 32:1357–1360. https://doi.org/10.2135/CROPSCI1992.0011183X003200060010X
Savić J, Nikolić R, Banjac N, Zdravković-Korać S, Stupar S, Cingel A, Ćosić T, Raspor M, Smigocki A, Ninković S (2019) Beneficial implications of sugar beet proteinase inhibitor BvSTI on plant architecture and salt stress tolerance in Lotus corniculatus L. J Plant Physiol 243:153055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153055
Savitsky VF (1950) Monogerm sugar beets in the United States. Proc Am Soc Sugar Beet Technol 6:156–159
Scholten OE, Lange W (2000) Breeding for resistance to rhizomania in sugar beet: a review. Euphytica 1123(112):219–231. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003988003165
Schwegler DD, Gowda M, Schulz B, Miedaner T, Liu W, Reif JC (2014) Genotypic correlations and QTL correspondence between line per se and testcross performance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) for the three agronomic traits beet yield, potassium content, and sodium content. Mol Breed 341(34):205–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11032-014-0030-6
Sedighi L, Rezapanah M, Aghdam HR (2011) Efficacy of Bt transgenic sugar beet lines expressing cry1Ab Gene Against Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Entomol Res Soc 13:61–61
Serrano R, Montesinos C, Gaxiola R, Ríos G, Forment J, Leube M, Mulet JM, Naranjo MA, Roldán M, Vicente O, Kanhonou RA, Rausell A, Ros R (2003) Functional genomics of salt tolerance: the yeast overexpression approach. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on managing Greenhouse Crops in Saline Environement. International Society Horticultural Science, pp 31–38. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.609.2
Sévenier R, der Meer IM, Bino R, Koops AJ (2002) Increased production of nutriments by genetically engineered crops. J Am Coll Nutr 21:199S–204S. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719266
Sévenier R, Hall RD, van der Meer IM, Hakkert HJC, van Tunen AJ, Koops AJ (1998) High level fructan accumulation in a transgenic sugar beet. Nat Biotechnol 169(16):843–846. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0998-843
Shimamoto Y, Domae T (2000) Resistance to larvae of cabbage armyworm (Mamestra brassicae L.) in ICP gene transductant of sugarbeet [Beta vulgaris]. Proc Sugar Beet Res Association (Japan) 41:90–98
Smigocki AC, Ivic-Haymes S, Li H, Savić J (2013) Pest protection conferred by a Beta vulgaris serine proteinase inhibitor gene. PLoS One:8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057303
Smigocki AC, Ivic-Haymes SD, Puthoff DP, Zuzga S (2008) Recent advances in functional genomics for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) improvement: progress in determining the role of BvSTI in pest resistance in roots. Sugar Tech 10:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12355-008-0016-Y
Snyder GW, Ingersoll JC, Smigocki AC, Owens LD (1999) Introduction of pathogen defense genes and a cytokinin biosynthesis gene into sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) by Agrobacterium or particle bombardment. Plant Cell Rep 18:829–834. https://doi.org/10.1007/S002990050669
Sönmez Ç, Elekcig̀olu IH, Yücel AM, Öktem HA (2014) Transgenic Nicotiana tabacum cultivar Samsun plants carrying the wild sugar beet Hs1pro1 gene have resistance to root-knot nematodes. Turk J Biol 38:200–207. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1306-35
Srivastava HM (1995) Sugarbeet pre-breeding in India. J Sugarbeet Res 32:99–111. https://doi.org/10.5274/JSBR.32.2.99
Suzuki H, Fukushima EO, Umemoto N, Ohyama K, Seki H, Muranaka T (2018) Comparative analysis of CYP716A subfamily enzymes for the heterologous production of C-28 oxidized triterpenoids in transgenic yeast. Plant Biotechnol 35:131. https://doi.org/10.5511/PLANTBIOTECHNOLOGY.18.0416A
Taïbi K, Ait Abderrahim L, Boussaid M, Bissoli G, Taïbi F, Achir M, Souana K, Mulet JM (2021) Salt-tolerance of Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a function of the potentiation extent of antioxidant enzymes and the expression profiles of polyamine encoding genes. South Afr J Bot 140:114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAJB.2021.03.045
Tertivanidis K, Goudoula C, Vasilikiotis C, Hassiotou E, Perl-Treves R, Tsaftaris A (2004) Superoxide dismutase transgenes in sugarbeets confer resistance to oxidative agents and the fungus C. beticola. Transgenic Res 13:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRAG.0000034610.35724.04
Thurau T, Kifle S, Jung C, Cai D (2003) The promoter of the nematode resistance gene Hs1 pro−1 activates a nematode-responsive and feeding site-specific gene expression in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 52:643–660. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024887516581
Turk S, Smeekens SCM (1999) Genetic modification of plant carbohydrate metabolism. Appl Plant Biotechnol 71:100
United States Department of Agriculture (2019) 2017 Census of Agriculture United States summary and state data volume 1 - geographic area series - Part 51
Van Camp W (2005) Yield enhancement genes: seeds for growth. Curr Opin Biotechnol 16:147–153
Vihervuori L, Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa P, Lu J, Pasonen HL (2013) Effects on lepidopteran herbivores of feeding on leaves of transgenic birch (Betula pendula) expressing the sugar beet chitinase IV gene. Eur J Entomol 110:253
Vihervuori L, Pasonen HL, Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa P (2008) Density and composition of an insect population in a field trial of chitinase transgenic and wild-type silver birch (Betula pendula) clones. Environ Entomol 37:1582–1591. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-37.6.1582
Villarías Moradillo JL (1999) Compendio práctico del cultivo de la remolacha azucarera. Ediciones Agrotécnicas, S.L., Madrid
Vogt SH, Weyens G, Lefèbvre M, Bork B, Schechert A, Müller AE (2014) The FLC-like gene BvFL1 is not a major regulator of vernalization response in biennial beets. Front Plant Sci 5:146. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00146
Wang C, Burzio LA, Koch MS, Silvanovich A, Bell E (2015) Purification, characterization and safety assessment of the introduced cold shock protein B in DroughtGardTM maize. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 71:164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.12.014
Wang H, Kraus J, Dettendorfer J, Chua NH, Nehls R (2003) Marker gene elimination from transgenic sugarbeet by a chemically regulated Cre-lox system. Plant Biotechnol 2002 Beyond:229–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2679-5_44
Wang X, Sun Y, Li G (2012) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of sugar beet with vacuolar H+-ppase avp1 gene. Mol Plant Breed 9:370–375. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=CN2012002147
Weyens G, Ritsema T, Van Dun K, Meyer D, Lommel M, Lathouwers J, Rosquin I, Denys P, Tossens A, Nijs M, Turk S, Gerrits N, Bink S, Walraven B, Lefèbvre M, Smeekens S (2004) Production of tailor-made fructans in sugar beet by expression of onion fructosyltransferase genes. Plant Biotechnol J 2:321–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-7652.2004.00074.X
Wozniak CA, Owens LD (1989) Transformation of sugarbeet cell suspension cultures mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Cell Biochem Suppl D 13:272
Wroblewski T, Tomczak A, Michelmore R (2005) Optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transient assays of gene expression in lettuce, tomato and Arabidopsis. Plant Biotechnol J 3:259–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-7652.2005.00123.X
Wu C, Ma C, Pan Y, Gong S, Zhao C, Chen S, Li H (2013) Sugar beet M14 glyoxalase I gene can enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. J Plant Res 126:415–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-012-0532-4
Wu GQ, Feng RJ, Wang SM, Wang CM, Bao AK, Wei L, Yuan HJ (2015) Co-expression of xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum ZxNHX and ZxVP1-1 confers enhanced salinity tolerance in chimeric sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Front Plant Sci 6:581. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2015.00581
Yamada N, Takahashi H, Kitou K, Sahashi K, Tamagake H, Tanaka Y, Takabe T (2015) Suppressed expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet on the accumulation of glycine betaine. Plant Physiol Biochem 96:217–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PLAPHY.2015.06.014
Yamamoto MP, Shinada H, Onodera Y, Komaki C, Mikami T, Kubo T (2008) A male sterility-associated mitochondrial protein in wild beets causes pollen disruption in transgenic plants. Plant J 54:1027–1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03473.x
Yang AF, Duan XG, Gu XF, Gao F, Zhang JR (2005) Efficient transformation of beet (Beta vulgaris) and production of plants with improved salt-tolerance. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 83:259–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11240-005-6670-9
Yang L, Zhang Y, Zhu N, Koh J, Ma C, Pan Y, Yu B, Chen S, Li H (2013) Proteomic analysis of salt tolerance in sugar beet monosomic addition line M14. J Proteome Res 12:4931–4950. https://doi.org/10.1021/PR400177M
Yu ZH, Han YN, Xiao XG (2015) A PPO promoter from betalain-producing red Swiss chard, directs petiole- and root-preferential expression of foreign gene in anthocyanins-producing plants. Int J Mol Sci 16:27032–27043. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJMS161126011
Zabed H, Faruq G, Sahu JN, Azirun MS, Hashim R,1 and Boyce AN (2014) Bioethanol production from fermentable sugar juice. Sci World J 2014:957102 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/957102
Zare B, Niazi A, Sattari R, Aghelpasand H, Zamani K, Sabet MS, Moshiri F, Darabie S, Daneshvar MH, Norouzi P, Kazemi-Tabar SK, Khoshnami M, Malboobi MA (2015) Resistance against rhizomania disease via RNA silencing in sugar beet. Plant Pathol 64:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12239
Zhang CL, Chen DF, Kubalakova M, Zhang J, Scott NW, Elliott MC, Slater A (2008a) Efficient somatic embryogenesis in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) breeding lines. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 93:209–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11240-008-9364-2
Zhang CL, Xu DC, Jiang XC, Zhou Y, Cui J, Zhang CX, Chen DF, Fowler MR, Elliott MC, Scott NW, Dewar AM, Slater A (2008b) Genetic approaches to sustainable pest management in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Ann Appl Biol 152:143–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1744-7348.2008.00228.X
Zhong X, Zhou Q, Cui N, Cai D, Tang G (2019) BvcZR3 and BvHs1pro-1 genes pyramiding enhanced beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii schm.) resistance in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Int J Mol Sci 20:1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071740
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mulet, J.M. (2022). Shaping the Sugar Beet of Tomorrow: Current Advances in Sugar Beet Biotechnology and New Breeding Techniques. In: Misra, V., Srivastava, S., Mall, A.K. (eds) Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2730-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2730-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-2729-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-2730-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)