o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

Miscellaneous Exercises (Integral Calculus)

(Solutions of * marked problems)
1. Let, I =

x + 1 dx = ( x + 2) x + 3

z z

( x + 1) dx 1 ( x + )( x + 3)( x + 2 )

dx ( x + 1)( x + 3)

dx ( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 3) = I1 I2 say. 2 z dz z z +2
2

Now, I1 =

dx = ( x + 1)( x + 3)

taking x + 1 = z2 or, , dx = 2z dz

= 2 log | z + I2 =

z2 + 2 | = 2log [ x + 1 + x + 3 ];

z z

dx taking x + 2 = 1 or, dx = 1 dt t ( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 3) t2

dt t2

1 t

e je j
11 1+1 t t

dt t 1 t2 t2

dt = sin1t = sin1 1 . 2 x+2 1 t

\ I = I1 I2 = 2 log I = log[x + 2 +
2.

1 x + 1 + x + 3 + sin1 x + 2
x2 + 4 x + 3 ] + sin1

1 + c. x+2

z
= =

dx (ax + b ) + ax + b

2 zdz taking z = a( z2 + z)

ax + b , we get 2 z dz = adx

2 dz 2 2 = log(z + 1) + c = log ax + b + 1 + c . a z +1 a a

3. Hints : I =

1 2

( x2 + 1) ( x2 1) 1+ x4

dx =

1 2

1 + 12
x

x2 + 12
x

dx

1 2

z
=

1 12
x

x2 12
x

dx.

1 2

ze

d x 1 x

2 x 1 +2 x

1 2

ze

d x+ 1 x

2 x + 1 2 x

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

8.

2 1 1 1 Let, I = etan x . 1 + x + x dx = etan x dx + etan x x 2 dx = I1 + I2. 1+ x 1 + x2

FG H

IJ K

1 1 I1 = etan x dx = etan x 1dx

z z LMN

d tan 1 x e . 1 dx dx + c dx

FG H

IJ z OP K Q
1 x

= xetan

1 x

etan

1 x

1 tan 1 x . xdx + c = x e I2 + c 1 + x2 + I2 I2 + c = x e tan

2

\ I = I1 + I2 = x e tan
9. Suppose, I =

1 x

+ c.
2 2

ze
2

( x 1) dx = 2 x + 3 x + 1 tan1 x x+1
4 2

e j

e xx1 j dx e x +x3x +1 j tan1e x x+1 j

4 2 2 2 2

1 1 j 1 1 e x x = dx = 2O 2 1 1 1 L 1 e x + 3 + x j tan e x + x j MN1 + e x + x j PQ tan1e x + 1 xj O = dt + c L MN let, tan1 e x + 1x j = z or,, 1 + e x1+ 1 j2 .e1 x1 j dx = dz PQ z x = log | z | + c = log tan1e x + 1 + c. xj

z z

10.

sin x dx = sin 4 x

sin x dx = 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

sin x dx 4 sin x cos x cos 2 x

= 1
4

cos xdx dz dz = 1 = 1 = 1 2 (2 2 z2)(1 2 z2 ) 4 cos2 x(1 2 sin2 x ) 4 (1 z2 )(1 2 z2 ) = 1 2 = 1 1 1 + 2z 1 1+ z dz dz log = log 2 2 2 2 2 1 z . 2 2 1 2z 1 2z 2 (1 z )

z z LM Nz

dx dx = 1 4 cos x(1 2 sin2 x) cos x cos 2 x

LM suppose, sin x = z or, cos x dx = dzOP Q N

OP Q

LM N

OP + c Q

1 log z 1 1 log 2 z 1 + c 8 z+1 4 2 2z + 1

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

= 1 log sin x 1 1 log 2 sin x 1 + c. 8 sin x + 1 4 2 2 sin x + 1

11. I=

z
= =

sec x dx = 2 sin( x + a ) cos x 1 2

1 2

sec2 x dx sin x cosa + cos x sina 1 2 cosa

sec2 x dx = cosa tan x + sina

d (cosa tan x + sina ) cosa tan x + sina

2 2 cosa

cosa tan x + sina =

2 tan x seca + tana seca . (Ans.)

13.

z
= =

dx ( x + 1) x2 + 6 x + 7

z z

dx ( x + 1) ( x + 3)2 2 12 dz
z 1 z

LM Suppose, x + 1 = 1 , then dx = 12 dz. OP z Q z N

1 2

e 1z + 2j

= 2

dz ( z + 1)2

FH 1 IK 2 2

2 = 1 log z + 1 + (z + 1)2 1 +c 2 2

e j

= 1 log 1 + 1 + x +1 2

e x1+1 j2 + ( x2+1) + 1 2

+c

2 = 1 log | x + 1 | 1 log x + 2 + x + 6 x + 7 + c. 2 2 2

14.

z
=

x2dx = ( x sin x + cosx )2

x cos x

x cosx . x dx 2 cos x ( x sin x + cos x)

d ( x sin x + cos x ) ( x sin x + cos x )2

x . 1 + cosx ( x sin x + cos x)

z LMN z

d x dx cos x

FH

IK

d ( x sin x + cosx ) dx + c ( x sin x + cosx )2

OP Q

1 x sin x) dx . (cosx + 2 +c ( x sin x + cos x) cos x

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

x = cosx ( x sin x + cos x) + sec2 x dx + c

x x + tanx + c = + sin x + c cosx ( x sin x + cos x) cosx ( x sin x + cos x) cosx

2 2 = x + x sin x + sin x cos x + c = sin x cosx x cos x + c cos x( x sin x + cosx ) cosx ( x sin x + cos x)

=
15.

cosx (sin x x cos x) + c = sin x x cos x + c. cosx ( x sin x + cos x) x sin x + cos x

Hints : I = (x3 m1 + x2 m1 + xm1 ) ( 2 x 3m + 3 x 2 m + 6 xm ) m dx. Put 2x3 m + 3x2 m + 6xm = z, then dz = 6m (x3 m1 + x2 m1 + xm1 )dx 1 \ I= 6m

m+ 1 1 z m 1 3m 2m m m z dz = = ( 2 x + 3 x + 6 x ) . 6 m m+1 6 ( m + 1) 1 m

m +1

16.

z
=

dx = x +3 x

dx 1 x + x3
1 2

LM suppose,, x N

1 6

= z or, x = z6 or, dx = 6z5 dz

OP Q

3 z5dz 6 z5dz = 6 = 6 z + 1 1 dz 3 2 2 z +1 z +z z ( z + 1)

LM ( z + 1)(z2 z + 1) dz dz OP = 6 z (z2 z + 1)dz log | z + 1 | z + 1Q N (z + 1) L z3 z2 O = 6 M + z log | z + 1|P + c = 6 L 1 x 1 x + x log x + 1 O + c MN 3 2 PQ N3 2 Q

=6

1 2

1 3

1 6

1 6

= 2 x 3 3 x + 6 6 x 6log 6 x + 1 + c. 17.

z
=

dx = x +1 3 x +1

zb

dx x +1 x +1
1 6

g b g

1 2

1 3

6 z5dz z3 z2

=6

LM suppose,, b x + 1g = z or, (x + 1) = z6 or, dx = 6z5 dz OP Q N z5 dz = 6 L z3 1 dx + dz O + c MN z 1 z 1P z2 ( z 1) Q

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

=6

z3 + z2 + z + log | z 1| + c ( z2 + z + 1)dz + log | z 1| + c = 6 3 2

1

LM N

OP Q

= 2 x + 1 2 + 3 x + 1 3 + 6 x + 1 6 + 6 log x + 1 6 1 + c.

b g

b g

b g

b g

18.

1 1 x dx = x 1+ x

1 cos2 2q

1 cos2q (4 cos 2q sin 2q ) dq 1 + cos2q

LM suppose,, N
=4

, x = cos2 2 q or, dx = 4 cos 2q sin 2q d q x = cos 2q or,

OP Q

z
z

2 1 . tan q . sin 2q d q = 4 2 sin q d q = 4 1 cos 2q d q cos 2q cos 2q cos2q

= 4[ sec 2q d q d q ] = 2 log | sec 2q + tan 2q | + 4q + c

= 2 log

1 + sin 2q + 2 cos1 x + c = 2 cos1 x 2 log 1 + 1 x + c. cos2q x

x 2 + 1 = z or, 1 +

19.

Suppose, x +

F GH

1.2 x dx = dz 2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1

I JK

or, x + x2 + 1 dx =

FH

IK

, dx = x 2 + 1 dz or,

FH x +

x2 + 1

IK dz.

Again, x +

x 2 + 1 = z x2 + 1 = (z x)2

2 x2 + 1 = z2 2 zx + x2 or, x = z 1 . 2z

Then,

x + x2 + 1 dx =

x2 + 1 x + x2 + 1

dz

2 1 z z2 z dz = z

3 2 z2 z2 + 1 dz = 1 z2 + 1 dz = 1 z1 2 dz + 1 z 2 dz 3 2 2 2 2z z z2

1 2 3 1 = z2 + z 2 + c = 1 . x + x2 + 1 3 2. 3 2. 1 2

e j

FH

IK

3 2

1 x + x2 + 1

+ c.

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

20.

x e x + 1j x 2. x 3 . F 1 + 1 I H xK LM suppose,, 1 + 14 = z, then 45 dx = dz or,, dx = x5 dz. OP 4 Q x x N F IJ + c = 1 e1 + x4 j + c. = 1 dz = 11 z + c = G1 + 1 x 4 z H x4 K 4. 4

2 4
4

dx
3 4

1
3 4

dx

3 4

1 4

1 4

1 4

21.

Hints : I =

x3 x3 + 1 + 2x6

F H

I K

F I x 1+ x H K
1 3

dx =

1 3

dx + 2

z
x

5 6

FG 1 + x IJ H K
1 3

dx

and then in the 2nd integral put

z = x6 .

22.

zd

dx = 1 + x x x2

zb

2 sin q cosq d q 1 + sinq

sin 2 q sin4 q

LM suppose, x = sin2 q . \ dx = 2sin q cos q dq OP Q N

=2

=2

zb z
z

sinq cosq d q 1 + sinq

sin 2 q (1 sin2 q )

=2

zb

sin q cosq d q 1 + sin q sin q cosq

1 sin q 1 sin 2q dq dq = 2 dq =2 2 1 + sin q cos2 q 1 sin q

= 2 sec2 q dq secq tanq dq = 2(tan q sec q ) + c

=2

FH sinq 1 IK + c = 2 FH sin q 1 IK + c = 2 FG cosq cosq cos q H F I = 2 G x 1 J + c. H 1 x K

I +c J 1 sin q K
sinq 1
2

23.

cos1 1 x 3 dx =
2

cos1 1 sin2 q . 3 sin2 q cosq d q

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

LM suppose, x = sin3q ; then, dx = 3 sin2 q cos q dq OP Q N

= cos1(cosq ). 3 sin2q cosq dq

d Ud q OP zR S T dq (q )z sin q cos q dq V W Q LF I O L O = 3 Mq G sin q J z sin q dq P = 3 Mq sin q 1 z (3 sin q sin 3q )d q P N H 3 K 3 Q N 3 12 Q

= 3[q

z sin

q cosq d q
3

= q sin3 q 3 ( cos q ) 1 cos 3q + c 12 4 = q sin3 q + 3 cos q 1 (4cos3 q 3 cos q ) + c 4 12 = q sin3 q + cos q 1 cos3 q + c
3

= x sin1 x 3 + 1 x 3 1 1 x 3 3 24.

FH

IK

3 2

+ c.

z
= =

x2 + 1 {log(x2 + 1) 2 log x} dx x4

z z

x 2 +1 x2 3

{log(x2 + 1) log x2}dx =

1 + 12
x

2 + 1 dx log x 2 x

FG H

IJ K

1 + 12
x

log 1 + 1 dx = 1 2 x2

FG H

IJ K

z log z dz

LM suppose,, FG1 + 1 IJ = z; then 23 dx = dz or, dx3 = dz OP 2Q H x2 K x x N O 1 L2 1 2 log zO = 1 Llog z. 2 z 2 z dzO = M z log z.z P + c = z L M M 3 3 QP 3 N 3 3 3 2N N QP + c Q 1F F 1 IO 1 I L2 = G 1 + 2 J M logG 1 + 2 J P + c. 3H H x KQ x K N3
3 2

1 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

3 2

8 25.

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

log

x + 1 + 1 x dx

= log

x + 1 + 1 x dx

= x log

d d d d d d

x +1 + 1 x

= x log

x +1 + 1 x 1

z LMN o zd zd
2

d log dx

x +1 + 1 x

it dxOPQ dx

x x +1 + 1 x

F iH2 d i

1 1 dx x +1 2 1 x
1 x x +1 1 x2

I K

x . x +1 + 1 x

i dx

= x log

1 x +1 + 1 x + 2

i i

z z

1+ x 1 x x +11+ x

j2 .

x 1 x2

dx

= x log

x +1 + 1 x + 1 2

FH x + 1 + 1 x 2
2 x. 1 x2

1 x2

IK . x dx

= x log

x + 1 + 1 x + 2 .1 2 2

FH1

1 x2 1 x2
2

IK dx O dx q dx P x Q

= x log 26.

x + 1 + 1 x + 1 sin1x x + c.

dx log(1 x) dx = log(1 x) 2 2 x x

z z LMN
x

d log(1 x ) dx

= 1 log (1 x) x = 1 log(1 x) + x 27.

z z FH

(1) . 1 dx = 1 log (1 x) + (1 x) x x 1 x 1 x

F I 1 1 . dx H K x 1 x x 1 + c. 1 I dx = 1 log (1 x) + log K x

cos2q log cosq + sin q d q cosq sin q

FH

IK

= log

F cosq + sinq I H cosq sinq K

cos2q d q

z LMN

cos q + sin q d log cos q sin q dq

R F S T H

IU KV W

cos 2q dq d q

OP Q

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

sin 2q log cosq + sinq 2 cosq sinq

F H

I K

z FH

cosq sin q cosq + sin q

I K

dq

R (cosq sinq )(cosq sin q ) (cosq + sin q )( cosq sin q ) U sin 2q . S V | | (cosq sin q ) T W 2 sin 2q logF cosq + sinq I cosq sin q I {2 cos q + 2 sin q } sin 2q F = H cosq sinq K z H cosq + sinq K . (cosq sinq ) . 2 dq 2 sin 2q . 2 sin 2q logF cosq + sin 2q I = dq H Kz
2 2 2 2

cosq sin q

2(cos2 q sin2 q )

1 sin 2q cosq + sin q = 2 sin 2q log cosq sin q cos2q

F H

I K

FH cosq + sinq IK z tan 2q dq cosq sinq = 1 sin 2q log F cosq + sinq I 1 log | sec 2q | + c 2 H K 2
= 1 sin 2q log
2

cosq sinq
2

= 1 log | cos 2q | + 1 sin 2q log

2

FH cosq + sinq IK + c. cosq sinq

28.

dx = secx + cosecx

1 cos x

dx = 1 + sin x

sin x cos xdx = 1 1 + sin 2 x 1 dx 2 sin x + cos x sin x + cos x

LM b OP g2 MN PQ L OP 1 1 dx = M (sin x + cos x)dx 2M 2 sine p + x j P 4 N Q 1 1 cosecF x + x I = b cosx + sin xg H 4 K dx 2 2 2

1 sin x + cos x dx = 2 (sin x + cos x ) dx sin x + cos x

= 1 (sin x cos x)
2

1 2 2

log tan

FH x + p IK 2 8

+ c.

10 29.

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

z
= = =

dx = sin x + sec x

dx = 1 sin x + cos x

cos xdx = sin x cos x + 1

2 cos xdx 2 + 2 sin x cos x

z z z zd z z z

(cos x + sin x ) + (cos x sin x) dx 2 + 2 sin x cos x

cos x + sin x dx + 2 + 2 sin x cos x

z
2

cos x sin x dx 2 + 2 sin x cos x

sin x + cosx dx + 3 (sin x cos x)2 d (sin x cosx ) 3 (sin x cos x )

2

z
+

cos x sin x dx 1 + (sin x + cosx )2

d (sin x + cos x ) 1 + (sin x + cos x )2

1 log 3 + sin x cosx + tan1 (sinx + cos x) + c. 2 3 3 sin x + cosx

30.

In = = = =

sin nx dx = sin x

sin( n 2 + 2 ) x dx sin x

sin( n 2 ) x cos2 x + cos(n 2) x sin 2 x dx sin x sin(n 2) x(1 2 sin2 x) dx + sin x

cos(n 2) x sin 2 x dx sin x

sin( n 2 ) x 2 sin(n 2)x sin x dx + 2 cos(n 2)x cos x dx sin x

= In2 + 2 [cos(n 2)x cosx sin(n 2)x sin x]dx = In2

n2

z + 2 z cos(n 2 + 1)x dx = I z

2 sin (n 1)x + c n1

or, In In2 = 31.

2 sin(n 1)x + c or, (n 1)(In In2) = 2 sin (n 1)x + c. n1

In = secn x dx = secn2 x. sec2 x dx = secn2 x

z sec

x dx

z LMN
z

d secn2 x dx

sec2 x dx dx

OP Q

= secn2 x tan x (n 2)

z sec

n3

x sec x tan x. tan x dx

= secn2 x tan x (n 2) secn2 x (sec2 x 1)dx

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

11

= secn2 x tan x (n 2)

z sec

x dx + (n 2)

z sec

n2

x dx

or, In + (n 2) In = secn2 x tan x + (n 2) In2 + c

n 2 or, In = sec x tan x + n 2 In2 + c. n 1 n 1

32.

Suppose, I2 = 1 sin x 1 dx = t sin 1 t . 1 dx = dt dt let 1 = t; then, 1 2 t x x x t x2 1

2 1 2

FH

IK

1 2

FH IK FG JI LM H K N

OP Q

z
2
p

1 sin 1 t dt = t t

FH IK

z
1 2

1 sin 1 t dt = t t

FH IK
LM MN

z
1 2

1 1 sin t t t

F I dt = I. H K
OP PQ

\ 2I = 0.
33. I=

\ I = 0.

p b b p x cos2 ( x ) cos2 x dx = a cos2 x dx. dx by f ( x ) dx = f ( a + b x ) dx = x x 1 + a x p 1 + a a a p 1 + a p

\ 2I =

(1 + a x ) cos2 x 1 + ax

dx =

cos2 x dx =

1 2

(1 + cos 2x) dx

1 2

LM x + sin 2x OPp N 2 Qp
np + v

1 .2p = p . 2

\ I = p (Ans.) 2

34.

Suppose, I =

| sin x | dx =

np

| sin x | dx +

np + v np

| sin x | dx.

Since, | sin(p + x) | = | sin x | = | sin x |,

p

I=n
p

z | sin x | dx + I , where I
1 1

np + v 1

np

| sin x | dx

=n

z sin x dx + I

= n [ cos x ]p + I1 = n [1 + 1] + I1 = 2n + I1. 0

Let, x = n p + q or, dx = d q . when, x = n p , q = 0; when x = n p + v, q = v.

12

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS np + v v 0

Then, I1 =

np

| sin x | dx =

z sinq dq = b cosq g
loge x loge e
e

v 0

= 1 cos v.

\ I = 2n + I1 = 2n + (1 cos v) = 2n + 1 cos v.
35.

loge x2

loge x x dx =

xlog e x

dx = x

xloge x .

loge x dx x

LM suppose,, y = xlog x N

or, log g e y = loge x2 loge x or, loge y = 2loge x loge x or, loge y = 2(loge x)2 or, 1 dy = 2.2(log g e x). 1 y dx x
x

2 \ dy = y.4(loge x). 1 dx = xloge x . 4 loge x dx. x

OP Q

= 37.

2 1 dy = 1 y + c = 1 xloge x + c. 4 4 4

1 0

dx = 2 ( x 2 x + 2)2

1 0

dx = [( x 1)2 + 1]2

dx [( x 1)2 + 1]2

LM suppose, x 1 = tan q; then, dx = sec2 q dq OP Q N

=

z
z

sec2q d q = cos2 q d q = 1 (1 + cos 2q ) d q 4 2 sec q

LM tan1( x 1) + x 1 OP . OP = 1 2 Q N 1 + ( x 1)2 Q 1 1 1 L tan1( x 1) + x 1 O dx \ = 2M P 2 1 + ( x 1)2 Q0 N 2 x + 2 )2 ( x 0 1 0 + 0 tan1(1) 1 O 1 L 1 1 O 1 Lp 1O p +2 = L 2M 1+ 1P N Q = 2 MNtan 1 + 2 PQ = 2 MN 4 + 2 PQ = 8 .

= 1 q + sin 2q 2 2

LM N

39.

z
=

sin 2 x dx = cos2 x + 8 cos x + 7

2 sin x cos x dx 2 cos2 x 1 + 8 cos x + 7

2 sin x cos x dx = 2(cos 2 x + 4 cos x + 3)

sin x cosx dx (cos x + 3)(cos x + 1)

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

13

z z
p 2

( sin x) cos xdx (cos x + 3)(cos x + 1) (z 1) dz = z(z + 2)

2

LM suppose, cos x + 1 = z, then, sin x dx = dzOP Q N

z z

dz + 3 dz = z z( z + 2)
2

z z z
2

dz + 3 dz 3 dz z 2 z 2 z+2

= log | z | + 3 log | z | 3 log | z + 2| = 1 log | z | 3 log | z + 2 | = 1 log | cos x + 1| 3 log | cos x + 3 |

2 2 2

z
0

p sin 2 x dx = 1 log cos x + 1 3 log cos x + 3 2 cos2 x + 8 cosx + 7 2 0

= 1 [log1 3 log3 log2 + 3 log4]

2

4 = 1 log2 + 3 log . 2 2 3
p

40.

Let, I =
p

z x sin 2x. sin( p2 cos) dx

2

= (p x) sin(2p 2 x) sin[ p cos(p x)] dx

z z z

p = (p x) ( sin 2x) sin[ p cos x] dx

0

= p sin 2x sin( p cos x)dx x sin 2x sin( p cos x) dx

0

=p

z 2 sin x cos x sin ( p2 cos x) dx I.

p
0

So, 2I = p

z 2 sin x cos x sin( p2 cos x) dx

... (1)

z 2 sin x cos x sin( p2 cos x) dx = 2 z z sin( p z) dz suppose, cos x = z or, sin dx = dz 2

or, sin x dx = dz

14

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

LM FH IK LM d ( z) sinFH p zIK dzOP dzOP 2 N N dz Q Q L 2z F p I 2 F p I O = 2 M p cos H 2 zK + p z cos H 2 z K dz P N Q L pz pz O = 2 M 2 z cosF I + 4 sin F I P . N p H 2 K p H 2 KQ

= 2 z. 2 cos p z 2 p

z z

\ from (1) we get

p L O 2 cos x p 4 p F I F I cos cos sin cos x x 2I = 2p M N p H 2 K + p 2 H 2 K PQ0 L = 2p M 2 cosp cosF p cosp I + 42 sin F p cosp I N p H2 K p H2 K

IK L 2 p I + 4 sinF p I + 2 cos0 cos p 4 sin p O \ I = p M cosF 2 p2 2P Np H 2 K p 2 H 2 K p Q = p L0 4 + 0 4 O MN p 2 p 2 PQ F I = 8. = p G 82 J = 8p H p K p2 p

41. Let, I = = tan1 = x tan1

+ 2 cos0 cos p cos0 42 sin p cos0 2 2 p p

FH

FH

IK OP . Q

tan1

x 1 dx

x 1 dx

z LMN

d tan1 dx

x 1

} dxOPQdx

x 1

= x tan1

x 1

1 4

zd z

1 . 1+ x 1 2

1 . 1 x dx x 1 2 x

1 x 1

dx ... (1)

dx x 1

LM suppose, N

x = z, x = z2; then dx = 2z dz

OP Q

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

15

2 z dz = 2 z 1 + 1 dz = 2 z 1 z 1

z
4 3

z 1 dz + 2

z
d

1 dz z1

= 2. 2 z 1

b g 3

3 2

+ 2. 2 z 1

b g

1 2

d i

x 1
3 2

i
1

3 2

+4

x 1 2.

\ I = x tan1
= x tan1

x 1 1 .4 4 3

d
3

x 1

14 4

x 1

1 2

x 1 1 3

x 1 2

i d

x 1 2.

16

tan1

x 1 dx = x tan1

LM N

x 1

1 3

x 1 2

i d

x 1

i OPQ
1 2

16 1

= 16 tan1
p 2

3 1 1 1 p 3 1 .32 32 = 16 p 3 2 32 = 16 2 3 . 3 3 3 p 2

42.

I=

z
0

sec x dx (1 + tan2 x )sec2 x = dx. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (a + b tan x ) 0 ( a + b tan x )

4 2

Put b 2 tan2 x = a 2 tan2 q. When x = 0; then q = 0. When x = p ; then q = p . 2 2

FH 1 + a b \ I= z
p 2

2 2

tan2 q

0
p 2

a4 sec4 q

IK a sec2 q b dq =

1 1 (b 2 cos2 q + a 2 sin 2q ) d q = 3 3 I1 , 3 3 a b 0 a b

p 2

where I1 =

z
0
p 2

(b 2 cos2 q + a 2 sin2 q ) d q
p 2

=
p 2

z RST
0

b2 cos2 p q + a2 sin2 p q 2 2

FH

IK

FH

IK U 2 2 2 2 V W dq = z0 (b sin q + a cos q ) dq.

p 2

\ 2I1 =

z
0

(a 2 + b 2 ) (sin2 q + cos2 q )d q = (a 2 + b 2 )

z
0

d q = (a 2 + b 2 ) p . 2

\ I=

( a 2 + b2 ) p . (Proved.) .) 4 a3b 3

16

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

43.

log t Here f F 1 I = z H x K (1 + t ) dt
1

1 x

Put, t =

1 1 , then dt = 2 dz. z z

t z

1 1

1/x x

\ f 1

x x log z log t F I = zx log 11 z F 1 I dz = dz = H x K 1 1 + z GH z2 JK z1 z(1 + z) z1 (1 + t )t

dt .

\ f(x) + f 1
x 1

F I = zx LM 1 + 1 OP log t dt = zx logt dt. H x K 1 N 1 + t t (1 + t) Q t 1

log t x dt = log t log t 1 t

Now I =

x 1

log t dt = (log g x)2 I t

\ 2I = (log x)2 \ f(x) + f 1

or, I =

(log x ) 2 . 2 (Proved.) .) x q 1 p 1 0

F I = (log x )2 H xK 2
sin2 q dq = a cosq
p

44. Put x = cos q, then

So I =

(1 a 2 ) + ( a2 cos2 q ) dq a cos q
p

= (1 a 2 )

0
p

dq + a cosq

(a + cos q )d q

= (1 a 2 )

= (1 a 2 )

ze z
0

dq

2q 2q 2q 2q 0 a sin 2 + cos 2 cos 2 sin 2

j e

+ aq + sinq 0

( a 1 ) + ( a + 1) tan2 q 2 dq =

sec2 q 2 dq

+ ap .

Now,

( a 1) + (a + 1) tan2 q 2

sec2 q dq 2

2 a +1

ze

dz
a1 a+1

+ z2

(putting z = tan

q so that dz = 1 sec2 q d q ) 2 2 2

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

17

2 ( a2 1)

. tan1

FG H

a + 1z a 1

IJ = K
2

2 a 1
1 2

tan1

FG H

a + 1 tan q . a 1 2

IJ K

\ I = a p (a 2 1)

q p

lim

LM MN

a2 1
2 a 1
2

tan

FG H

a + 1 tan q a 1 2

IJ OPq K PQ0 IJ K

= a p (a 2 1) lim

q p

tan1

2 = ap 2 a 1 p = p a 2

FH

FG H a2 1 I K

a + 1 tan q a 1 2

[Q a > 1]. (Proved.) ed.)

51.

lim 1 + 1 + + 1 4n n n n + 1 = lim 1 + lim

n n n

LM N

OP Q

LM 1 + 1 + 1 OP + lim LM 1 + 1 + + 1 OP N n + 1 n + 2 n + n Q n N 2n + 1 2n + 2 2n + n Q + lim L 1 + 1 + + 1 O 3n + n P N 3n + 1 3n + 2 Q n M

n n 1 1 + lim 1 n 1 + lim 1 = 0 + lim 1 r r n 3+ r 1 + n n n 2+ n n n n n r =1 r =1 r=1

1 1 1 1 dx dx dx + = + x + 3 = log( x + 1) 0 + log( x + 2 ) 0 + log( x + 3) 0 1+ x 2+ x 0 0 0

z z
1 2

= log 4.
1

53.

z f(x) dx = z f(x)dx + z f(x)dx

0
1 2 1 2

1 2

0
1 2

I dz [in the second integral, putting z = x 1 we get] z f(x)dx + z f FH z + 1 2K 2

0
1 2 1 2 1 2

x + 1 I dx = z {f(x) + f F x + 1 I }dx = z dx = 1 . = z f(x)dx + z f F H H 2K 2K 2 0 0 0 0

1 54. I = 2
p 2

z
0

sin2 x dx = 1 2 1+ x

LM 1 cos2 x OP N x + 1 2 Q0

p 2

1 4

p 2

cos 2 x dx 2 0 ( x + 1)

18

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

1 1 1 1 cos 2 x 1 = + dx = 4 ( x + 1) 2 2 2 p +1 2 2 0 2
(Putting 2 x = z so that dx =

LM MMN e LM N

OP j PPQ OP Q

p 2

LM 1 + 1 OP 1 pz N p + 2 2Q 8 0
IK

cos z

e + 1j
z 2

dz

1 dz, and when x = 0, z = 0, and when x = p , z = p ) 2 2

1 1 +1 1 cos z 1 1 1 dz = + A . (Proved.) oved.) 2 p +2 2 2 ( z + 2) 2 2 2 p +2

FH

55.

2 2 Here, for 0 x 2 we have, f (x) = cos x + 2 x + 1 = cos ( x + 1) . 5 5 2 \ f (x) = sin ( x + 1) . 2 ( x + 1) . 5 5

FG H

IJ K

At a point a , in the interval 0 < x < 2, the function f(x) has a maximum value, if f (a ) = 0 and f (a ) < 0. Now, f (a ) = cos
(a + 1)2 (a + 1)2 = p =0 2 a 2 + 4a = 5p 2. 5 5 2

Clearly, at that point a , f (a ) = 2 sin p . 5p = 2 5p < 0 . 5 2 2 5 2 So, at x = a , f(x) has maximum value, when 2a 2 + 4a = 5p 2. 56.
p x sin 2 x .sin 2 cos x I= 1 dx = 1 p 2 20 x

ep
2

p 2

z+ p sin(p + 2 z).sine p cose p + z jj e 2j 2 2 dz z

p 2

1 = 2 1 = . 2

p 2

z+ p sin 2 z.sine p sin zj e 2j 2 dz z

p 2

p 2

p
p

sin 2 z sine p sin zj p F I p dz 2 sin z .sin sin z dz + z z H2 K 4 z

p 2

p 2

1 2 p = .2 sin 2 z sin sin z 2 2

FH

IK

dz

[Q f(z) = sin 2z sin p sin z is an even function and 2 sin 2 z. sin p sin z 2 g(z) = is an odd function] z

FH

IK

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

p 2 p 2

19

= 2 z sin z.cosz.sin F p sin zI dz = 2 z 2 p sin p . 2 dp H 2 K 0p p 0

p 2 8 2 = 8 . = 82 p sin p dp = 2 p cos p + sin p 0 p2 p 0 p
p

Let, p sin z = p, then

2 p cos z dz = dp 2

x p

0 0

p 2 p 2

57.

sin 2 x = lim 2 sin x (1 cos x) Here, lim f (x) = lim 2 sin x 3 x 0 x 0 x0 x x3 sin sin x = lim x . xlim x 2 x 0 0
2

F GH

I JK

= 1. (1)2 = 1.

58.

Let f (t) be a primitive of f(t) in 0 t x, then f (t) = f(t) for all t in 0 t x.

x

z
Now g (x) = 0 x g (x) =

f ( t )dt x f (t)dt = f (x) f (0). [by fundamental theorem of integral calculus]

x g ( x) + g ( x) = f (x) = f(x) lim x g (x) + lim g (x) = lim f (x )

x0 x0 x0

lim g (x) = f (0)

x0

[Q g (x) exists and f is continuous at t x = 0].

59.

I = 41 3 = 42

4 3 + x + 3 dx
z z 4 3 dz =

let, 4 3 + x + 3 = z. \ dx = 2(z 4 3 )dz

z
3

3 4 z5 2 16 3 z2 + c 54 3 34 3

z2 = 4 4

[ 3 z 20] + c = 44 4 3 + x + 3 5 27 5 27

3 2

3 x + 9 8 + c.
dq

60.

Hint : I =

z z

(sin2 q cos2 q ) (sinq + cos q )2 ( 4 sin2 q . cos2 q + 4 sinq .cos q + 1 1) 4 cos 2 q d q (1 + sin 2q ) (1 + sin 2q )2 1 .

Now put 1 + sin 2q = t.

20

RUDIMENTS OF MATHEMATICS

61.

I=

x 2 1 dx x2

x+ +a x + +b
1 x 1 x

let, x + 1 + a = z2
x

2 z dz z z + b a
2

= 2

dz z + b a
2

then 2z dz = 1 1 dx x2 x2 + ax + 1 + x2 + bx + 1 +c x
2

FG H

IJ K

= 2 log z + z2 + b a + c = 2 log

62.

I=

z FH

dx x+ x2 + 1

IK 99 [let, x = tan q ; so, dx = sec

=

q dq ]

= 1
2

sec q (sec q + tan q ) q )dq = 1 d q + 1 secq (secq + tan101 99 2 2 sec q + tan q secq + tanq

zb zb zb
LM MN

sec2 q d q

secq + tan q
sec q

99

1 secq [(secq + tan q ) + (secq tanq )]dq 99 2 secq + tanq

sec q + tan q

98

dq + 1 2

zb

secq d q secq + tan q

g100 g

[since, sec q tan q = 1 1 1 + 2 98 y98 100 y100

1 ] secq + tanq

OP + c where y = sec q + tan q = x + PQ

x2 + 1 ,

and so, dy = sec q (sec q + tan q )d q

63.

z tan
=

1 (1 + 2x + 4x2 ) dx = 1

z LNM

p cot1 (1 + 2 x + 4 x2 ) dx 2

OP Q

z tan p = x z tan 2
\

p x 2

1 1+ 2 x + 4 x
2

dx =

px 2

z tan

1 + 2 x 2 x dx 1 + 2 x (1 + 2 x )

1 (1 + 2x) dx +

z tan

1 2 x dx

[Now, let us put tan1 2 x = q .

z tan

1 2 x dx =

q sec2 q d q = q tan q 1 2 2 2

log (sec q ) z tan q dq = q2 tan q 1 2

o SOLUTIONS OF * MARKED PROBLEMS (INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

21

= x tan1 2 x log (1 + 4x2 )] p x 2x +1 = tan1 (2x + 1) + log {1 + (1 + 2x)2 } + x tan1 2 x log(1 + 4 x2 ). (Ans.) 2 2
p 4

65.

tann+1

q dq +
p 2

p 4

tann1 sinn

q dq =

p 4

tann1

q . sec2 q

L n O d q = M tan q P = 1 ... (1) N n Q0 n

q dq q dq q dq
p 2

p 4

Again, In = n q

q d q (n 1)

p 2

z q sin
p 2

n2

=n

p 2

q sinn2 q (1 sin2 q ) d q +
(sinn2
p 2

z q sin
p 2

n2

=n

p 2

z q cos q

q . cos q ) d q +
p 2

z q sin

n2

n1 O n1 L = n Mq cosq sin q P + n z (cos q q sin q ) sin q dq + z sinn2 q d q n 1 Q n1 N 0 0 0 L n O = n M sin q P n z q sinn q d q + z q sinn2 q d q n 1N n Q n1 0 0 0 L O = 1 1 Mn z q sinn q d q (n 1) z q sinn2 q dq P n1 n1M PQ 0 N0 1 = 1 1 . In F In = 1 ... (2) H1 + n 1IK In = n 1 n1 n1 1 n
p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2

\ Thus, from (1) and (2), tann+1 q d q + tann1 q dq

0 0 n2

p 4

p 4

=n q

p 2

sinn

q d q (n 1)

p 2

z q sin
sin x cos x

q dq .
dx +

67.

dx = tan x + cot x + sec x + cosec x = =

z z

sin x cos x dx = 1 + sin x + cos x

cos x sin x

1 cos x

sin x dx = sec x + tan x + 1

1 sin x

sin x {sec x (tan x + 1)}dx (sec x + tan x + 1)(sec x tan x 1)

sin x (sec x tan 1) dx 1 1 = dx + 2 tan x 2 2

sec x dx z sinx dx + 1 2z

x 1 1 cos x + log | sec x + tan x |. (Ans.) 2 2 2