CONTENTS Preview Connecting ideas with and Connecting ideas with but and or Connecting ideas with so Using
auxiliary verbs after but and and Using and + too, so, either, neither Connecting ideas with because Connecting ideas with even though/although
8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7
PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION: CORRECT OR INCORRECT
Elephants eat leaves and brush.
PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
Flounder are fish all fish live in water.
CORRECT
Flounder are fish. All fish live in water.
PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.
CORRECT
Carrots, onions, and celery are vegetables.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
We had salmon, asparagus, and salad for dinner.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana. (b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana. (b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear. and connects two words and connects three or more
NO COMMA COMMAS
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
and connects two sentences
COMMA
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear. (e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear. (e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear. period two complete sentences no and no comma
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8-1 LETS PRACTICE
COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.
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8-1 LETS PRACTICE
COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
? ,
I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.
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8-1 LETS PRACTICE
COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.
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8-1 LETS PRACTICE
COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I studied for the test, but I failed.
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
(a) The team played well but didnt win.
(b) Is it going to rain or snow?
(c) Would you like peas, carrots, or squash? and, but and or commas conjunctions connect items series of three or more
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I had the flu. = a sentence I didnt feel sick. = a sentence
(d) I had the flu, but I didnt feel sick.
(e) Did you have the flu, or was it just a cold? two complete sentences with but or or
comma
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
I love to eat ice cream ____
it gives me a stomachache.
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
I love to eat ice cream ____ but
it gives me a stomachache.
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
She goes to school, studies hard ____ and gets good grades.
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
Would you like an apple ____ or a banana.
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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
Rajiv got a new bike, so he went for a ride.
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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
so
two independent clauses
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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
So results: cause: She was tired. result: She took a nap.
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8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap. (b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she didnt take a nap.
but
unexpected result
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8-3 LETS PRACTICE
so but He was frightened, but ___ he didnt cry.
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8-3 LETS PRACTICE
so but
She was lonely, ___ so she hugged her stuffed monkey.
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8-3 LETS PRACTICE
His mother told him not to play in the mud, ___ but he didnt listen.
so but
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
He likes pizza, but I dont.
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
(a) I dont play tennis, but Jim does.
does = play tennis
(b) I like racketball, but Jim doesnt. (c) I wont be leaving, but Nazan will.
(d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasnt.
(e) She isnt at school, but he is.
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
(f) I dont play tennis, and Jim doesnt either. (g) I like racketball, and Jim does too.
(h) I wont be leaving, and Nazan wont either.
(i) Yi-When has been to Rome, and Jen has too. (j) She isnt at school, and he isnt either.
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
I dont play tennis, but Jim does.
negative + but + affirmative
I like racketball, but Jim doesnt. affirmative + but + negative
I wont be leaving, and Nazan wont either. negative + and + negative
I dont play tennis, and Jim doesnt either.
negative + and + negative
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8-4 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
I love to ski, but my sister does too.
CORRECT
I love to ski, and my sister does too.
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8-4 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
The man is cooking, but the woman isnt.
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8-4 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
Lee hasnt been to Tokyo, but Boram does.
CORRECT
Lee hasnt been to Tokyo, but Boram has.
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
Ms. Poulos plays the violin, and her daughter does too.
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
subj + aux + TOO
(a) Hyun likes dogs, and Sun Hee does too.
SO + aux + subj
(b) Hyun likes dogs, and so does Sun Hee.
same meaning
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
subj + aux + EITHER (c) Bob doesnt like dogs, and Jay doesnt either.
NEITHER + aux + subj
(d) Bill doesnt like dogs, and neither does Jay.
same meaning
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(e) Im happy that we are cooking together.
(f) Im happy that we are cooking together. I am too. So am I.
same meaning
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(g) I dont like bread.
(h) I dont like bread. Neither do I.
I dont either.
same meaning
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8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(i) I like fruit. Me too.
(j) I dont like bread. Me neither.
informal English
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8-5 LETS PRACTICE
too
Amy is wearing high Emma heels, and _______ is too ________________.
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8-5 LETS PRACTICE
so
Amy wears high so does heels, and _______ Emma ________________.
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8-5 LETS PRACTICE
neither
Jay doesnt have long hair, and neither does Amy ________________.
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
They are happy because they bought a new house.
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(a) She is smiling because she is happy.
because
cause reason
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.
complete sentence
(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy.
complete sentence
because + subject + verb = an adverb clause
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
main clause + no comma + adverb clause
ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
adverb clause + comma + main clause
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
ADVERB CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
same meaning
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING: She is smiling. Because she is happy.
Written?
must be connected to a main clause
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8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING: Why is he laughing? Because I told him a joke.
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8-6 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.
CORRECT
Her eyes are watering ________________. because she is sick
OR
Because she is sick, __________________ her eyes are watering.
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8-6 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
The woman is happy because she loves her English class.
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8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
Even though we were tired, we didnt rest.
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8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
(a) Even though I was very sad, I didnt cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad.
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8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
(a) Even though I was very sad, I didnt cry. I did not cry even though I was very sad. (b) Although I was very sad, I didnt cry. I did not cry although I was very sad. same even though adverb clause + meaning although
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8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH / ALTHOUGH
COMPARE:
(c) Because I was very sad, I cried.
(d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry.
because expected result unexpected result
even though although
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8-7 LETS PRACTICE
even though because ___________ I wanted to become a doctor, I Because went to medical school.
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8-7 LETS PRACTICE
even though because
___________ Even though it was difficult
to become a doctor, I did it anyway.
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