8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
We had salmon, asparagus, and salad for dinner.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana. (b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana. (b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear. and connects two words and connects three or more
NO COMMA COMMAS
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
and connects two sentences
COMMA
8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear. (e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
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8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear. (e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear. period two complete sentences no and no comma
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8-1 LETS PRACTICE
COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.
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8-1 LETS PRACTICE
COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
? ,
I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.
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8-1 LETS PRACTICE
COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
I like lettuce tomato and cheese on my hamburger.
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8-1 LETS PRACTICE
COMMA NO COMMA COMMAS
? , ,
I like lettuce tomato and cheese on my hamburger.
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I studied for the test, but I failed.
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
(a) The team played well but didnt win. (b) Is it going to rain or snow? (c) Would you like peas, carrots, or squash? and, but and or commas conjunctions connect items series of three or more
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8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I had the flu. = a sentence I didnt feel sick. = a sentence (d) I had the flu, but I didnt feel sick. (e) Did you have the flu, or was it just a cold? two complete sentences with but or or
comma
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
I love to eat ice cream ____ it gives me a stomachache.
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
I love to eat ice cream ____ but it gives me a stomachache.
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
She goes to school, studies hard ____ and gets good grades.
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.
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8-2 LETS PRACTICE
and but or
COMMA NO COMMA
Would you like an apple ____ or a banana.
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
He likes pizza, but I dont.
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
(a) I dont play tennis, but Jim does. does = play tennis (b) I like racketball, but Jim doesnt. (c) I wont be leaving, but Nazan will. (d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasnt. (e) She isnt at school, but he is.
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
(f) I dont play tennis, and Jim doesnt either. (g) I like racketball, and Jim does too. (h) I wont be leaving, and Nazan wont either. (i) Yi-When has been to Rome, and Jen has too. (j) She isnt at school, and he isnt either.
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8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
I dont play tennis, but Jim does. negative + but + affirmative I like racketball, but Jim doesnt. affirmative + but + negative I wont be leaving, and Nazan wont either. negative + and + negative I dont play tennis, and Jim doesnt either. negative + and + negative
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8-4 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
I love to ski, but my sister does too.
CORRECT
I love to ski, and my sister does too.
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8-4 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
The man is cooking, but the woman isnt.
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8-4 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
Lee hasnt been to Tokyo, but Boram does.
CORRECT
Lee hasnt been to Tokyo, but Boram has.
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9-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
A feather is lighter than a brick.
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9-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
(a) A feather is lighter than a brick. (b) Feathers and bricks are lighter than horses and trucks. (c) Horses are more beautiful than trucks.
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9-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
(a) A feather is lighter than a brick. (b) Feathers and bricks are lighter than horses and trucks. (c) A horse is more beautiful than a truck.
comparative + than
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9-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
(d) The purple box is the longest of all the boxes. (e) The brown box is the biggest box in the group.
superlative
one of a group
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9-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
(d) The purple box is the longest of all the boxes. (e) The brown box is the biggest box in the group. (f) Everest is the most massive mountain in the world.
superlative
-est or most
the + superlative Everest - 8,848 m.
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9-2 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
YES NO
most Jazz is the more beautiful music in New Orleans.
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9-2 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
YES NO
The most famous jazz in the world is from New Orleans.
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9-2 LETS PRACTICE
CORRECT
YES NO
I like jazz more better than rap or salsa.
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Our company is doing better than all of our competition. We are the best!
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
old wise
older wiser add er
the oldest the wisest add est
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE the most famous the most pleasant
famous pleasant
more famous more pleasant
use more
use the most
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
busy pretty
busier prettier
the busiest the prettiest add est
end in -y add er change -y to -i
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
clever gentle friendly
cleverer more clever gentler more gentle friendlier more friendly can use either
the cleverest the most clever the gentlest the most gentle the friendliest the most friendly
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
ADJECTIVES WITH 3 OR MORE SYLLABLES COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE the most important
important
more important
fascinating more fascinating the most fascinating use more use the most
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
good bad
better worse irregular
the best the worst irregular
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
-LY ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
carefully slowly
more carefully more slowly use more
the most carefully the most slowly use the most
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
ONE-SYLLABLE ADVERBS COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
fast hard
faster harder use -er
the fastest the hardest use -est
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9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
IRREGULAR ADVERBS COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
well badly far
better worse farther/further irregular
the best the worst the farthest/furthest irregular
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9-3 LETS PRACTICE
Greta
Greta is messy, but Oscar is even _______. messier
Oscar
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9-3 LETS PRACTICE
The market is four miles from Rosas house and five miles farther (or further) from my house. I live _______________ from the market than Rosa does.
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9-3 LETS PRACTICE
I have many pleasant memories from childhood. pleasant most _________ The _____ memory is going to the zoo with my grandfather.
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9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES
Mr. Poulos is very strong.
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9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES
(a) My car is very old. (b) They walk very slowly on icy sidewalks.
very very
adjectives adverbs
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9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES
(c) INCORRECT: My car is very older than yours.
INCORRECT: They walk very more slowly
on icy sidewalks at night. very very comparative adjectives comparative adverbs
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9-5 MODIFYING COMPARATIVES
(d) Erina is much smarter than I am. Erina is a lot smarter than I am. Erina is far smarter than I am. (e) Dan reads much faster than he used to. Dan reads a lot faster than he used to. Dan reads far faster than he used to. much, a lot, far comparative adjectives comparative adverbs
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9-5 LETS PRACTICE
Trees are _____ much more colorful in the spring than in the winter.
very much
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9-5 LETS PRACTICE
The weather is ____ a lot warmer in the spring than in the winter.
very a lot
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9-5 LETS PRACTICE
very The weather can be ____ warm in the spring.
very far
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9-6 COMPARISONS WITH LESSTHAN AND NOT AS AS
Miko is not as happy as Amanda.
Miko
Amanda
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9-6 COMPARISONS WITH LESSTHAN AND NOT AS AS
(a) A toy is less educational than a book. (b) A toy is not as educational as a book.
(a) & (b) = same meaning
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9-6 COMPARISONS WITH LESSTHAN AND NOT AS AS
(c) A child is not as wise as an adult. (d) INCORRECT: A child is less wise than an adult. one-syllable adjectives or adverbs
only not as as
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9-6 LETS PRACTICE
as a mama lion. A lion cub is ______ not as old ____
lessthan not asas
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9-6 LETS PRACTICE
as a mama lion. A lion cub is _____ not as strong ____
lessthan not asas
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10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
The chair is being made by the carpenter.
10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
(a) ACTIVE: The carpenter sanded the wood.
same meaning
(b) PASSIVE: The wood was sanded by the carpenter.
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10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
ACTIVE:
S O (c) Carol sold the house.
PASSIVE:
by + O S (d) The house was sold by Carol. object of active subject of active subject of passive object of by
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10-1, 10-2 LETS PRACTICE
ACTIVE
The squirrel gathered the nuts.
PASSIVE
The nuts were gathered by the squirrel.
10-1, 10-2 LETS PRACTICE
ACTIVE
Matthew painted the wall.
PASSIVE
The wall was painted by Matthew.
10-1, 10-2 LETS PRACTICE
ACTIVE
The voters will determine the election results.
PASSIVE
The election results will be determined by the voters.
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