General Physics 1
APHY 111
Dynamics
2.3 Newtons First Law
Every object continues in its state of rest,
or of uniform velocity in a straight line as
long as no net force acts on it
Newtons First Law describes what happens in the
absence of a force. Does not describe zero net force.
Also tells us that when no force acts on an object, the
acceleration of the object is zero.
2.4 Newtons Second Law
The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it
and inversely proportional to its mass
Force is the cause of change in motion, as
measured by the acceleration
v
v
F = ma
Algebraically,
F is the net force
This is the vector sum of all the forces acting
on the object
Newtons Second Law can be expressed
in terms of components (see later):
Fx = m ax
Fy = m ay
Example: A car of mass 1000 Kg is moving to the right with a velocity of 100
Km/h. When the breaks are used the force of friction stops the car over a distance
of 50m. Estimate the force of friction (direction and magnitude).
Gravitational Force
Weight = Fg= mg
The gravitational force, Fg , is the force that
the earth exerts on an object
This force is directed toward the center of
the earth
FromrNewtons
Second Law
r
Fg = mg
Its magnitude is called the weight of the
object
2.5 The Force of Friction
Friction is a result of surface
roughness.
The direction of friction is always
opposite to the force tending to give
motion.
Before motion takes place friction is
called static friction.
After motion takes place friction is
called kinetic friction
F = N
Direction: opposite to that
of motion or impending
motion
Static Friction, fs
fs Fmax
s = Coefficient of static friction
k = Coefficient of kinetic friction
Different combinations of
materials have a different
coefficients of static friction
Kinetic Friction, fk : constant
(no more contact points
available). Deviation only at
very high velocities
Aluminum
Steel
Aluminum
0.94
0.61
1.35-1.4
0.49
0.47
1.05
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The coefficient of friction, , depends entirely on the type of materials that
are in contact.
Aluminum
Glass
Type of materials in contact
Glass
Example 1: A 1000 kg car is moving horizontally with a velocity of 25 m/s.
The driver steps on the brake. Assuming that the road has a coefficient of
friction equal to 0.7 calculate the velocity of the car 3 s after the driver
applied the brakes.
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2.6 Newtons Third Law
AB
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If two objects interact, the force exerted by
object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction to the force
exerted
r
r by object 2 on object 1
F12 = F21 ( Note on notation: Fr is the force exerted on A by B)
Forces always occur in pairs
2.7 Solving Problems
Free-body Diagrams
In order to solve Dynamics Problems we need a
Free-Body diagram of our object:
Assume that the body is isolated
Assume that the body is a point particle
Draw all the forces acting on the body alone.
We can the apply Newtons 3rd law for each body
independent of the others
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Free-body diagram for connected objects
Two boxes and a pulley: Draw Free-Body diagrams
for each box, taking into account the force of friction.
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Calculate the common acceleration of the bodies if
the coefficient of friction is 0.1.
Free-body diagram on an incline
The normal force is always at right
Angle to the surface. The weight is
always downwards and friction to
the opposite direction of motion.
Example: Draw free-body diagrams for masses
m1 and m2. Take friction into account.
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m2
m1
F = 40 N
Example 2: Three masses, m1=5 kg, m2=7kg and m3=8kg are connected with
light inextensible strings as shown in the following diagram and are placed on a
smooth floor. On mass m1 acts a horizontal force of 40N.
m3
(a) Draw the free body force diagram for each mass.
(b) Calculate the normal reaction of the floor on each mass.
(c) Apply the Newtons second law for each mass in the horizontal
direction.
(d) Find the acceleration a of the system and the tensions T1 and T2 in
the strings.
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2.8 Solving Problems
Vector Components
A vector may be resolved
into components by the
appropriate choice of
axes.
Fx = F Cos
Fy = F Sin
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Example: A block of mass m=5kg is released
from rest from the top of an incline of height
1m and =30.
(a)Calculate the acceleration of the block when
there is no friction
(b)Calculate the acceleration of the block when
the coefficient of friction is 0.1
(c)What is the velocity of the block at the
bottom of the incline?
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Example: If m1=1kg and m2=2kg write down Newtons
second law in terms of components for each body:
Fx = m ax
Fy = m ay
Neglect friction. Use your equations in order to calculate
the common acceleration of the bodies
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2.9 General Problems
Elevator and counterweight (Atwood's machine):
Two bodies, an elevator with mass mE=1150 Kg and a
counterweight of mass mc=1000 kg are connected with a light
string as shown in the diagram. The string passes over the
neck of a smooth pulley, which is not allowed to rotate. The
system is left to move. Evaluate
(a) The common acceleration of the two bodies.
(b) The tension in the string.
(c) The speed each body acquires after they travel a distance
of 1m, starting from rest.
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A man whose mass is 80kg stands in an elevator. The elevator has a speed of
3m/s. Find the reaction of the floor of the elevator on the standing man in the
following cases:
(a) The elevator is moving upward with an acceleration of 2m/s2.
(b) The elevator is moving downward with an acceleration of 2m/s2.
(c) The elevator is moving upward with a deceleration of 2m/s2.
(d) The elevator is moving downward with a deceleration of 2m/s2.
(e) The elevator is moving upward with constant speed.
(f) The elevator is moving downward with constant speed.
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