16 Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume -2, Issue- 1, Feb. 2015, ISS! 394 - 8124 (Online) Website: wwww.jmeit.com | E-mail: [email protected] | [email protected] Design and Analysis of Universal Active Filter using Current Conveyor Vijaylaxmi Kalyani, Aayushi Arya Vijaylaxml Kalyan Electonics and Communication Ensinring, Government Women Enginosrag College, Ajmer, nd, 9382870886 (Gijylaxmibalyania yahoo.com) Aaya Arga Electronics and Communisaton Engineering, Government Wonten Engiesring Collegs, Ajmer, Ini, 7023127261 (Gavushiaryal99¥ Abstract: - Today due to the increased demand of higher bandwidth and speed in analog communication, continuous efforts are being made in the area of analog circuitry to meet the requirements. One such innovation are the current conveyors Which provides high bandwidth and very fast signal response with excellent de performance. In this paper an effort has been made to design universal active filter using current conveyor. Firstly the design principles of universal active filters are being discussed. Based on that its specific relations are “observed and using these relations such component values are selected that can provide maximum performance hile at the same time provides stability by matching the current conveyor IC configuration. The designing follows the usual approach as with the conventional ones but the selection of component values depends on the characteristics of current conveyors. Results satisfy this new way to incorporate the conventional eire ith now emerging architectures Keywords: Current conveyors, state variable filter, universal active filter, AD 844 IC, NI Mltisim 1. INTRODUCTION ‘An integrated circuit forms an important base for an electronic system. Although today digital ICs ate rapidly being used ut stil the importance and role of analog ICs ‘cannot be declined as these ICs will always remain a natal base to an electronic circuitry since all natural signals are ‘analog in nature. Analog creuits ae used in many erucal ‘opplications ike digital communication, disk drive clectronies, processing of signals obtained from optical and acoustical tamsducers, optical and wireless receivers. But due to the increased requirement of high bandwidth and speed constant development are being done in this field. One such prominent development is the introduction of current conveyors. Due tothe their current feeback architecture they sives much better ae performance, high linearity, and an ‘exceptionally clean pulse response. They are essentially free from slew rate limitations. In this paper we have used the second generation current conveyor CCII+ to design universal active filters. Active filters Finds extensive use in the field of communication and signal processing and are required in almost all types of sophisticated electronics systems for example in radio, television, telephone, radar, space satellites, and biomedical equipment, Universal active filter can be configured for a wide range of low pass hgh pass and band pass filters. In this paper an attempt has been malcom) done to utilize the inherent advantages of current conveyors to increase the frequency range of the filter Firstly the state Variable principle of the universal active filter and its designing equations are found. The relations between the eu off frequeney, Quality factor and the components ofthe fll ‘were observed. Then such values of the component are selected that can give maximum fequency range while ‘maintaining stability. The designing follows the usual approach as with the conventional ones but the selection of ‘component values depends on the characteristics of current conveyors, The various parameters ofthe filter are calculated theoretically and then are compared with the simulation results, For simulation we have used National Instruments ‘Maltsim software A. Current Conveyor A Curent Feedback Op-amp is essentially a translinear Current Conveyor (CCIT+) followed by atranslinear voltage Dulfer, One of the most popular CFOA namely, the ADS44 widely used. The ADS44 from Analog Devices is a high speed monolithic (cuent feedback) op-amyp Which has bees fabricated using junction- isolated complementary bipolar (CBy process. IChas high bandwidth (around 60 MIEEz at gain oof -I and around 33 MHz at gain of -10) and provides very fast large signal response with excellent DC performanee. It has very high slew rate, typically, 2,000 Vis. Although itis ‘optimized for use in current to voltage conversion applications and as inverting amplifier, i is also suitable for use in many non-inverting and other applications. Tt is used in many applications such as Flash ADC input ampliiers, High speed current DAC interfaces, Video butters and cable drivers and pulse amplifiers, Now a days current conveyors are designed using MOS.transistors, Since MOS transistors ‘re more suitable for processing current rather than voltage a the output is current in both the common source and the ‘common gate amplifier. Also MOS eurrent-mirrors are more ‘accurate and less sensitive to process variation, The threshold cflect of MOSFET, charging and discharging ofthe parasitic capacitances with the fll voltage swing restricts the use of Voltage Mode circuits for wide operating ranges. The integrated current mode realizations which ate more close to the transistor level and having local nodes with less parasitic capacitances provides higher speed and lower dynamic power consumption than the conventional op-amp[1]. Today three generations of current conveyors are avilable. In this paper, we have used the commercial current-feedback ‘operational amplifier ADS44 which is a positive second ‘generation current conveyor CCI+ with an additional ‘voltage butter atthe output. Fig, | shows the principle ofthe second generation current conveyors, All rights reserved © wwuwimeit.camJournal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume 2 Isue- 1, Feb, 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 8124 (Online) Website: www.jmeit.com | E-mail: [email protected] | [email protected] colle | “p> coe Fig. 2: The principle of second generation current conveyors B. Universal Active Filter Universal active filters are sed on the state variable active filter principe. The state variable realization is describe by ‘Tow [2] This configuration offers the most precise implementation ofthe filter function, atthe expense of many ‘more circuit elements All the three major paramoters (gin, Quality fictor, peak frequeney) can be adjusted independently and low pass, high pass and band pass outputs are available simultaneously. The gain ofeach ofthe outputs of the state variable filter is also independently variable. Since all parameters of the tate variable filter can be adjusted independently, component spread can be minimized, In ‘addition variance due to temperature and component tolerances can be minimized. Also as the parameters ofa state variable filters ure independent and tunable, its easy to add clectronic control of frequency, Q, and the peak frequency. Although being similar in appearance to biquad filter, they provide a much useful circuit. This eiruit can achieve very high Quiactors but with the added advantage of a high pass ‘output C. Design of Universal Active Filter ‘The state variable filter design method is based on the block diagram representation used in the so called phase-variable description of linear systems that uses the outputs ofa hin of cascaded integrators as state variables, The filter circuitry implements second order low pass, high pass and band pass ‘output functions. ‘Consider a second order filter block witha transfer function Hts) = TOS) = Pettitte ay Spliting Hs) into two sub blocks representing the denominator and numerator by introducing. intermediate variable x and rewrite oe ©) H8) = @ ‘The differential equation corresponding to (2) and (3) are 24a) Stayr=u a aed 6) Rewrite (5) explicitly in terms of the highest derivative ig, 3: Full second order state variable realization Equation (6) gives an explicit expression forthe input to the first block in terms of the output of the two integrators and the system input, Equation (5) shows thatthe output y(1)is a Weighted sum of x (t) and its derivative, leading to the complete second order state variable filter block as shown in| Fig. 3 rpm th bce Fig. 4: A thrwe op amp implementation of a second-order sate variable filter Fig. 4 shows a common implementation ofthe second order state-variable filter using three op-amps. Amplifiers 1 and) ‘A2 are integrators with transfer functons:- Hi o 11263) yb @) (On solving the circuit for v we get the transfer function “which corresponds to a Tow-pass transfer function His)= (104) Similarly for solving for vy we get the transfer function ‘which corresponds to high pass filter 9 = (0) ‘And for band pass filter we get Ho Fee (10 Where All rights reserved © wauwimeit.comJournal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume -2, Issue- 1, Feb. 2015, ISS! 394 - 8124 (Online) Website: wuww.imeit.com | E-mail: [email protected] | [email protected] 0G an a os ws ws ‘Second order filter transform functions ure of the following form: ccaypaanedna Hi9)= Ho Bra a the overall amplitude-wy the break (or peak) Frequency, and 8 is the damping factor. B is relate to the quality factor Q by: es ay ‘The 3 dP, bandwidth of an under damped 2" order filter is approx. 14Q times the peak frequency The coefficients A, B,C determine the function ofthe filter “Table: Funtion Low pase Tigh Pass Bane Pass “Transfer function forthe low pass filter is a a7) ‘Transfer fimetion for band pass filter is Hi) = as) D.. Design Equations of the Universal Aetive Filter On comparing (10-2), (10-6), (10-<) with (16), (17), (18) respectively and using (11), (12) and (13-a),(13-b), (13-¢) we ‘get for low pass filter an as) Low pass gain «9 y= Se 20) ‘Band pass gain Hts en E. Component value seleetion erieria Here Ryis the feedback resistor forthe summing amplifier ry The feedback resistor between A3 and A2 amplifiers is Ry , Rp ave the inverting resistances for the integrators and C.. Gy are the feedback capacitances Now selection of the component values depend on the Following extern Unlike @ conventional amplifier, the transient response and the small signal bandwidth are determined primarily by the value of the external feedback resistor. ‘When the feedback resistor Rris fanly large (ahove $ KO) ‘but stil much less than the transresistance Rt (about 3 MQ), the closed loop HF response is dominated by the time constant RFCs where Ct (transcapacitance) is about 45 pf ‘Under such conditions, the AD 8H is over damped and provides only a fraction of its bandwidth potential, Because ‘ofthe absence of slew rae imitations under these conditions, the circuit exhibits a simple single-pole response even under large signal conditions [3], ‘As the feedback resistance is lowered, the signal bandwidth inereases, bul the time eonstant RC; hecomes comparable to higher order poles in the closed loop response. Therefore, the closed loop response becomes complex, and the pulse response overshoot. When the resistance at the inverting input is much larger than the input resistance, Re(S0O), at in2, most ofthe feedback current is delivered to this input, ‘but as the inverting resistance becomes comparable to Ri less of the feedback is absorbed at Pin2, resulting in a more heavily damped response, Thus for lower values of feedback resistance it is possible to lower the feedback resistance ‘without causing instability in the closed-loop response ‘Similarly for the minimum time constant that can be provided by the integrator, we se the results of [4]. For the selection ofthe resistor values RR this fact is taken | info account that the non-inverting input of the current Conveyor is at high input impedance. Also based on the relation (17), (18), (19) it ccan be observed that the peak frequency increases with, All rights reserved © wwuwimeit.camJournal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume 2, Isue- 1, Feb, 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 8124 (Online) Website: wwwimeit.com | E-mail: [email protected] | [email protected] increase in R,and a decrease in values of Rand the R:-1500 time constant of the integrator, ee Based on th above criteria, following values have been ¢, 66.67 selected that can give maximum frequeney range and at the same time full above eriteria:~ Re2ska Ae-s000, Ry=200k0 Reakse A150, F. Simulation Toe 5 Le 1 Bode Pte XBP3 (Rese) aes ie) Cag a Fig, 6: (a) bode plot for low pass output (b) bode plot for high @ pass output (¢) bode plot for band pass ade Pte X02 G. Theoretical Calewlation Based on the design equations and component value selection theoretical calculation gives the Following results wolPeak frequeney)=50 Miz (quality factor) =3.6 3 dBBeut off frequency for low pass and high pass and the cer frequency forthe band pass="* = 14 MHz He 2.95 dB (for low pass) All rights reserved © wwuwimeit.cam %20 Journal of Management Engineering and Information Technology (JMEIT) Volume -2, Issue- 1, Feb, 2015, IS 394 - 8124 (Online) Website: vnww.jmet.com | E-mail: [email protected] | [email protected] 915 dB (lor high pass) ‘The band pass is wide band pass as <0 1Hy=18.06 dB (for band pass) H, Comparison ‘Table: Theoretical | Praetieal( Simulation) Tow Pass | 14 MHz 6.969 ME cut ft frequency 12958 TsaB Gaintin dB) High Pass: | 14 Miz 313 Miz cut lt frequency osaB asa Gaintin a8) Band Pass | 14 Miz 7767 MZ centre frequency Teosan | 30a Gaindin aB) I. Coxeuesion In this a new approach to design conventional op-amp circuitry using the emerging technology of current conveyor has been adopted. The design equation analysis follows the usual procedure but the component selection requires the ‘consideration of eurrent conveyor architecture requirements Here also, such values were selected that could give ‘maximum frequeney range and at the same time fulfils the requirement of the current conveyors. Based on the ‘comparison between the simulation result and the theoretical ‘ange obtained certain diferences can be observed. But still ‘we obtain the satisfactory result that the frequency range of the filter can be markedly increasod using this approach, The result will certainly motivate the present engineers to think bout this approach so that its utilization can benefit the clectronie system development ane research at institutional level where students already being known to existing VFA technology can exploit the advantages of current conveyors by incorporating both in their circuits REFERENCES {1} ida Pras Singh Kagan Singh wd 8% Shkla"Cunent conveyor (2) Tom, “Aaive RC Fier Ste Spice Relation, Pas. IEEE, 168 Vol $5 gp. 1137119, [5] ADS cuca feedbck op rp datasheet ase devin Ine. Norwood MA, 190, [s] Vy Kalyan, Ans Arya Dasan and Simlation of VE a (CEA tu iegrtor and lifeentaor ang NI Mm and hei omparton”, UARECE, Vol su, aut 204 [s)Ramakan A. Gayskns,Op,Op-ampsndlincriepated diets, uth (son, 2008 pp 3976, ‘lrst Author ijaylaxmiKalyani, McTechAssistnt Professor in ECE epanment Gost, Mail Engineering, Colle, Ajmer, TAENG rmembrshipattonded various seminars and conferences STC and [FDP'spublished many papers in conferences and journals. Second Author Aayushi Arya B:Tech ECE 4th year Govt, Maia Engineering College, Ajmer, member of ISTE. All rights reserved © wwuwimeit.cam