Report
In
Physical
Science
Submitted by:
Jelyn Rose Anselmo
Zyra Joy Pantua
Leuna Charise Glor
Rea Reyes
Michaella Therese Inoy
Lhynadee Balino
Emelita Arizapa
Arlyne Basco
Submitted to:
Luzviminda A. Vallesteros
Chemical Reactions:
Rates and Energy Changes
Chemical Reactions - involve the formation of new substances whose properties differ from
those of the original materials.
Rate of a chemical reaction – refers to the speed at which reactants either decompose or
combine to form new substances.
Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction
Nature and Concentration of the Reactants
Temperature
Surface Area of Solid Reactants
The Presence of a Catalyst
Nature and Concentration of the Reactants
- The physical and chemical properties of reacting substances affect reaction rate.
Some of these properties include physical state, reactivity, and bond strength.
- The higher the level of concentration (or pressure in gases) the faster the reaction.
- This is due to increased collisions between reacting particles.
Concentration - refers to the amount of substance per unit volume.
Molarity (M) – is the most common way of expressing concentration.
Temperature
- The higher the temperature the faster the reaction.
Surface Area of Solid Reactants
- The larger the surface area of a solid the faster the reaction. Finely divided substances
have much larger surface areas than large chunks of a solid.
Surface area - refers to the sum of the exposed regions of a solid substance.
The Presence of a Catalyst
Catalyst – is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an
alternative pathway that has lower activation energy.
Stoichiometry Calculations in Chemical Reaction
Reaction stoichiometry
- Which come from the Greek words stoicheion (meaning “element”) and metren
(meaning “measure”)
- Involves the quantitative relationships among reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
- Allows us to determine the amount of substance that is consumed or produced by a
reaction.
Steps in Stoichiometry Calculations
1. Balance the equation.
2. Convert units of a given substance to moles.
3. Using the mole ratio, calculate the moles of substance yielded by the reaction.
4. Convert mole of wanted substance to desired units.
Mole
- Abbreviated mol.
- The amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities as there are atoms in
12 grams of pure Carbon – 12 isotope.
Molar Mass
- Defined as the mass of one mole of atoms, molecules, or formula units of a substance.
- Numerically equal to the atomic mass, molecular mass, or formula mass of a substance.
- Expressed in grams per mole, commonly written as g/mol
Avogadro’s number
- Equal to 6.022 x 1023
- In honor of Italian scientist Amadeo Avogadro
Amadeo Avogadro
- Was an Italian physicist noted for his contributions to molecular theory and molecular
weight. In 1811, he published his works on molecular theory, most commonly known as
Avogadro’s law: Equal volumes of all gases at a specified temperature and pressure
contain equal number of molecules.
Chemical equation - consists of chemical symbols and formulas that stand for identities,
reaction conditions, and relative molar amounts of reactants and products.
Law of conservation of mass – states that in chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor
destroyed.
Balanced equation – is one whose number of all distinct atoms on the reactant side and product
side is equal.
Calculation Based on Chemical Equations
Limiting reactant – the reactant that limits the amount of products formed. Also termed as
limiting reagent.
Excess reactant – or excess reagent. The reactant that is not completely used up.
Mole method approach – can determine the amount of products formed in a chemical reaction.
Molar ratios – the number of moles of the reactants and of the products that can be used as a
conversion factor to relate one substance to another.
Theoretical yield – the amount of products that will be formed based on the calculation using
the limiting reactants.
Percent Composition – is the percentage by mass of each element in a compound.
Definite Proportion
Law of definite proportion
- Sometimes called Proust’s law or the law of definite composition, or law of constant
composition.
- States that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed
ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation.
Qualitative Aspects of Energy in Chemical Changes
Chemical Thermodynamics – deals with the transformation of energy involved in chemical
reactions.
The System and its Surrounding
Endothermic reactions – reactions that absorb energy in the form of heat.
Exothermic reactions – release energy to the surrounding in the form of heat and light, resulting
in a temperature increase.
Harnessing Energy from Renewable and Nonrenewable Sources
Renewable energy sources – can be easily replenished because there are infinite sources.
Nonrenewable energy sources – they are not replenished easily since they are finite.
Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy
Fossil fuels
- Originate from the decomposition of organic matter on Earth.
- These resources are mostly found below the Earth and provide about 90% of the world’s
energy consumption.
Nuclear Energy
- the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, especially when used to generate
electricity.
Biogas from Biomass
Biomass
- The oldest known energy source.
- Can be converted directly into liquid and gaseous fuels, collectively called biomass.
Biogas
- Is primarily made up of methane and carbon dioxide.
- It is created when biomass is broken down into smaller molecules by chemicals and
microorganisms at conditions of low or no oxygen.
Solar Energy
- Energy obtained from the sun.
Geothermal Energy
- Offers an enormous and clean energy.
- It comes from the intense heat from the Earth’s interior where continental plates slide
beneath each other, and from radioactive decay of elements below the Earth’s surface.
Batteries
- Convert chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical discharge
reactions.
- Are composed of two or more electrochemical cells that contain a cathode (positive
electrode), an anode (negative electrode), an electrolyte, and a separator.
- Cathode is usually a metallic oxide that accepts electrons when the battery is discharging,
and gives up electrons when charging.
- Anode is generally a metal or an alloy that gives up electron upon discharging a battery,
and accepts electrons when charging.
- Electrolyte which can either be a liquid or a solid, serves as a medium of conduction and
transfer ions between anode and the cathode.
- Separator electrically isolates the cathode from the anode.
- Classified into two main types: primary battery and secondary battery.
- Primary batteries are not rechargeable and can therefore be used only once.
- Secondary batteries are rechargeable; they can be reused by passing a current through a
cell in opposite direction, producing electricity when the battery is discharging.