Key Book

A complete solution of the book

6
The Learning of

Sadiq Publications
1st Floor, Saif Plaza, 20- Main Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Pakistan. Tel:37232504 - 37227997
 Contents
1 Organization of Life 3
2 Our Senses and Sensory Organs 13
3 The Environment 20
4 Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants 31
5 Atoms, Molecules, Mixtures & Compounds 38
6 Solutions & Suspensions 50
7 Forces and Machines 60
8 Energy 74
9 Properties of Light 89
10 Sound 101
11 Air (Uses and Its Importance) 107
12 Satellite and Space 118

All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any
form or by any means (mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise) without prior written permission of the publisher.
Director: Kh. Abdul Jabbar
Project Head: Prof. Fawad Tahir Kakous(M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed)

Compiled by: Research & Development Cell

Computer Graphics: Qaisar Amin
Printed in Pakistan at: M.Z Printers. Lahore.

Published by:

Sadiq Publications®
1IJ Floor, Saif Plaza, 20- Main Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Pakistan.
Tel: 37232504 - 37227997 (email: [email protected])
 3
1. Organization of life
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define unicellular organisms with some examples.
Ans: Unicellular organisms are those which are comprises
on a single cell and are so tiny that we cannot see them
with naked eye. The examples of unicellular organisms
are amoeba and paramecium.

b. We cannot see a unicellular organism with naked eye.

Why?
Ans: Unicellular organisms are comprises on a single cell and
are so tiny that we cannot see them with naked eye.
c. What is a multi-cellular organism? Give some examples.
Ans: Multi-cellular are those organisms which are
composed of many cells. They are complex in structure
and are big in size. The examples of multi-cellular
organisms are humans, animal's, plants and fungi.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. How many levels of organization a multi-cellular
organism has?
Ans: Every multi-cellular organism has five basic levels of
organization and they are cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems and organism.
b. Which device is used to see the cells?
Ans: A device which is known as microscope is used to see
the cells.

c. What are the common features of a plant cell and an

animal cell?
Ans: Common features of plant cell and an animal cell are
 4
cell membrane , mitochondrion , cytoplasm ,
ribosome, and nucleus.
d. What is cellulose?
Ans: Cellulose is an important part of plant cell walls. Cell
wall is made up of cellulose. It is mostly made up of
carbohydrate.
e. Which part of the plant cell helps in preparing its food?
Ans: The part of the plant cell which helps in preparing its
food is chloroplast with the help of air, water and
sunlight. Without Chloroplast, plants cannot produce
food.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are specialized cells?
Ans: Specialized cells are of two types: Palisade cells and
Root hair cells.
Palisade cells: They have large surface area and regular
shapes. They absorb sunlight to carry out the process of
photosynthesis.
Root hair cells: have long finger like shape with a very
thin wall and large surface area. They absorb water and
mineral from the soil
b. Give some examples of plants, animals or human cells.
Ans: Plant cells: Xylem, Phloem and Mesophyl.
Animal or Human cells: Neuron, muscle and Epithelial.
c. Which cells carry electrical signals across the body?
Ans: Nerve cells have long connections at the end and can
carry electrical signals across the body.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define the function of phloem tissues in a plant.
Ans: The function of Phloem tissues is to carry dissolved
sugar to all parts of the plant.
 5
b. What is an organ?
Ans: Different types of tissues working together at the same
place form an organ, which is the next level in the
organization of life.
c. What are the main organs of a plant?
Ans: Main organs of a plant are: roots, leaves, stem, flower
etc.
d. How an organ system works?
Ans: Organ system is a complex mechanism which carries
out important functions of the body. A system is
composed of different organs, which work together to
do particular jobs. For example, The digestive system is
comprised of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine and anus.
e. What is an organism?
Ans: An organism is a complete life-form. All our cells,
tissues, organs and organ systems work as a team and
keep us alive. An organism cannot live without cells,
tissues, organ and organ system. From the smallest
cells to a complete organism, everyone has a job to do
and role to play for the existence of life.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. How skeletal system helps us?
Ans: Skeletal system helps us to provide support to our body
and give us a framework to do different jobs. It also
protects the inner delicate parts of our body. The
skeletal system works with muscular system and joints
to help the body to move.
b. Write the names of organs which comprise our
Ans: digestive system.
Our digestive system comprises of: mouth ,
oesophagus, liver, stomach, small and large intestine
 6
and anus.
c. What is the role of large intestine?
Ans: The role of large intestine is to sent out the food which
cannot be digested from the body through anus.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are the main organs of circulatory system?
Ans: The main organs of circulatory system are: heart, veins
and arteries.
b. Which is the smallest blood vessel?
Ans: Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body
tissues.
c. What is the function of respiratory system?
Ans: The main function of the respiratory system is the
exchange of gas between the blood and the
environment.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Which system controls almost every system of the body?
Ans: Nervous system.
b. What is the role of excretory system in a body?
Ans: Its role is to send out wastes, toxic and excess water or
nutrients which our body does not need.
Exercise
A Fill in the blanks by finding the words from the lesson.

1 Multi-cellular are those organisms which are

composed of many cells.
2 A device which is known as microscope is used to see
cells.
3 The parts of the cells are commonly known as
organelle .
 7

4 Nucleus is surrounded by a thin membrane, which is

known as nuclear membrane.
5 Cell wall is made of a hard substance called cellulose.
6 The function of chloroplast is to absorb the light energy
present in the sunlight.
7 Vacuole stores food and other nutrients which are
required for the survival of a cell.
8 Red Blood Cells are hemoglobin in carrying oxygen
throughout the body.
9 The phloem tissues have tube like structures which
carry dissolved sugar to all parts of the plant.
10 Skeletal system also protects the inner delicate parts of
our body.
11 The part of the food which cannot be digested passes to
Large intestine.
12 The circulatory system comprises of Heart, blood
vessels and blood.
13 Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels found in the
body.
14 Respiratory system comprises of nose or mouth,
Trachea and lungs
15 In 1665, a scientist named Robert Hooke, first
discovered the existence of cells.
B Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 The examples of multi-cellular organisms are
amoeba and paramecium. F
2 Humans are the best example of multi-cellular
organism. T
3 Every multi-cellular organism has five basic levels of
organization. T
 8
4 A cell cannot eat, move around and
reproduce. F
5 An animal cell has rather irregular shape but a plant
cell has regular shape. T
6 The light coloured jelly-like substance is called
cytoplasm. T
7 Cell membrane is the most important part of the
cell. T
8 Chloroplast contains the green pigment known as
chlorophyll. T
9 Palisade cells are found mostly in the leaf of a
plant. T
10 The main function of palisade cells is to absorb
water and minerals from the soil. F
11 White blood cells are specialized in fighting against
diseases. T
12 Stomach is the main part of circulatory
system. F
13 Modern microscopes are called compound
microscopes and use two lenses. T
14 Organ system work together to do particular jobs. T
Read the statements and choose the best answer from
C
the given options.
Which of the following is an example of unicellular organism?
1 dog amoeba plant
Which is the 3rd level of organization of life?
2 organ organism cell
The outer most covering of a plant cell is known as
3 cell membrane chloroplast cell wall
 9
The green pigment in the leaves is also known as
4 chlorophyll sunlight cellulose
White blood cells are the part of our
5 skeletal system defending system excretory system
It is a group of similar cells that work together to perform of a job.
6 organ system tissues organ
Heart, blood and blood vessels are the organs of which
7 body system?
digestive system skeletal system circulatory system
This system controls almost every function of the body
8 nervous system circulatory system digestive system
Which system of plants enables them to reproduce?
9 root system transport system shoot system
In which year Robert Hooke discovered the existence of cells?
10 1669 1667 1665
D Write short notes on the following topics.
1. Nucleus:
It is the control centre of the cell. It is a big dark spot
somewhere in the middle of the cell. It is the most
important part of the cell, and surrounded by a thin
membrane, which is known as nuclear membrane.
2. Chloroplast:
It is that part of plant cell which contains the green
pigment known as chlorophyll. In plants, its function is
to absorb the light energy present in the sunlight. It is
used to prepare food with the help of air, water and
sunlight. Plants cannot produce food without
chlorophyll.
3. Compound microscope:
Modern microscopes are called compound
microscopes and use two lenses for better
magnification. The upper lens is called ocular lens or
the eyepiece and the lower lens is called objective
lens. Multiple lenses are used because blurring often
occurs at the edge of the lens. The body tube holds
 10
lenses in place at the proper distance from each other
to produce the best possible image.
4. Specialized cells of a plant:
In multi-cellular organisms there are different kinds of
specialized cells, which carry out the processes in an
organism. The function of specialized cells is fixed and
the structures of these cells allow them to carry out
that specific function. Two types of specialized plant
cells are palisade cells, which are found in the leaf of a
plant and other are root hair cells.
5. Root and Shoot system of a plant:
Root System: It anchors the plant in the ground and
absorbs nutrients, water and minerals from the soil.
Shoot System: It enables flowering plant to reproduce
and obtain nutrients through photosynthesis.
E Give the definitions of the following.
1. Cell wall:
It is the outermost covering of a plant cell and is made
up of hard substance called cellulose.
2. Vacuole:
It is found in plant cell which is quite big in size and
covers most of the space in cell. It stores food and other
nutrients required for the survival of cell.
3. Nerve Cells:
These cells have long connections at the end and can
carry electrical signals across the body.
4. White Blood Cells:
White blood cells are the part of our defending system.
These cells are specialized in fighting against diseases.
5. Organisms:
An organism is a complete life-form. We all are
organisms. All our cells, tissues. Organs and organ
system work as a team and keep us alive. An organism
 11
Cannot live without cells, tissues, organ and organ
system.
Write the answers of the following questions in your
F
notebook.
1 Briefly describe the organizational levels of life.
Ans: Every multi-cellular organism has five basic levels of
organization and sequentially they are cells, tissues,
organs, organ systems and organism.
CELL: Cell is considered the basic unit of life. In other
words, it is known as building blocks of life. Cells are so
tiny that we cannot see them with naked eyes. A device
which is known as microscope is used to see these cells.
TISSUES: A tissue is a group of similar cells which work
together to perform a job. Tissues in our lungs are
made of millions of similar cells working together to
transport oxygen in the blood. The examples of tissues
are nerve tissues, muscle tissues, connective tissues
and epithelial tissues.
ORGANS: Organ is the next level in the organization of
life. Different types of tissues working together at the
same place form an organ. The different organs of an
animal and human are heart, lungs, brain, etc… and
roots, leaves, stem, flower etc… are the organs of a
plant.
ORGAN SYSTEM: The next level of organization of life is
organ system. It is a complex mechanism which carries
out important functions of the body. A system is
composed of different organs, which work together to
do particular jobs.
ORGANISM: The 5th basic level of the organization of
living things is organism. An organism is a complete life-
form. We all are organisms. An organism cannot live
without cells, tissues, organ and organ system.
2 What is an organ system? Explain it with examples.
Ans: ORGAN SYSTEM: The next level of organization of life is
organ system. It is a complex mechanism which carries
 12
out important functions of the body. A system is
composed of different organs, which work together to
do particular jobs. Some examples of major organ
systems are respiratory system, digestive system,
reproduction system, nervous system and excretory
system in humans and animals.
3 How blood transports in our body?
Ans: In our circulatory system, heart pumps the blood and
arteries, veins and capillaries transport it throughout
the body.
4 Why Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek has its name in the
history of a discovery?
Ans: In 1670's, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek used his single lens
microscope to study many different subjects: leaves,
small creatures, and human blood, and skin and hair.
He is also known as “The father of microscopy”.
5 Which instrument is used to see tiny things that
cannot be seen with naked eye?
Ans: Microscope is the instrument which is used to see the
things that are too small and cannot be seen through
naked eye. The word microscope is derived from Greek
word “micron” meaning small and “scopos” meaning
aim. A simple microscope uses only one lens to magnify
the objects.
6 Describe the working of a compound microscope.
Ans: Modern microscopes are called compound
microscopes and use two lenses for better
magnification. The upper lens is called ocular lens or
the eyepiece and the lower lens is called objective lens.
Multiple lenses are used because blurring often occurs
at the edge of the lens. The body tube holds lenses in
place at the proper distance from each other to roduce
the best possible image.
The ocular lens is located at the top of the microscope.
This lens usually has magnification of 10X. The
objective lenses are at the bottom of the body tube on
 13
the revolving nosepiece. By revolving the nosepiece,
any of the objective lens can be used to look at the
object on the stage. The shorter object lens has low
power magnification of 10X. The longer objective lens
has high power magnification of 40X. Magnification is
always marked on the objective lens. To determine the
total magnification of microscope, always multiply the
magnifying power of the eyepiece by the magnifying
power of the objective lens.
Draw the pictures of an animal and a plant cell in your
G notebook and label them.
Animal Cell Plant Cell
cell membrane mitochondrion cell wall vacuole
cell membrane mitochondrion
cytoplasm

nucleus
ribosome nucleus cytoplasm ribosome
chloroplast
Animals and Plant Cells
H Label the following diagrams of digestive system and skeletal system.

mouth
rib
humerus
oesophagus vertebra
radius
ulna

liver femur
stomach
small intestine
tibia
large intestine
rectum

2. Our Senses and Sensory Organs

TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Which ancient philosopher classified the five senses?
Ans: Ancient philosopher Aristotle for the first time
classified the five senses.
 14
b. What are the functions of rod and cone in an eye?
Ans: Rods and Cones are the two sensitive cells which
covered Retina. Rods are more sensitive to light and
help us to see and cone helps us to see colours.
c. Which part connects the eye with the brain?
Ans: The Optic nerve takes the signal to the brain and
connects the eye with the brain.
d. Which part protects the eyes from dryness?
Ans: The tear glands in our eyes produce tears which wash
the surface of our eyes and prevent it from drying.
e. What are the common problems of eyesight?
Ans: Following are the common problems of eyesight: Lazy
eyes, far-sighted, near-sighted, colour blindness and
complete blindness.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. How do we hear sound?
Ans: In order to hear sound, our ears detect sound waves
which pass through the air, process them and send the
signals to brain.
b. What are ossicles?
Ans: Ossicles are the tinniest and most delicate bones in the
body and they are hammer, anvil and stirrup.
c. Which nerve in the ear sends signals to brain?
Ans: It is Auditory nerve which sends signals to brain.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Which sense organ helps us in respiratory system?
Ans: Nose plays very important role in respiratory system.
b. What is the function of cilia?
Ans: It filters everything that tries to get in your nose.
 15
c. What is septum?
Ans: Septum is a wall made up of very thin piece of bone
that separates nasal passage and nostrils.
d. How many tastes can be detected by a tongue?
Ans: Four basic tastes can be detected by a tongue and these
are sweet, salty, bitter and sour.
e. What are taste buds?
Ans: Taste buds are the receptors located on the tongue and
are able to sense the basic tastes.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Which is the largest organ of our body?
Ans: Skin is the largest organ of our body which covers the
area of approximately 1.8meters.
b. What is the function of hairs on our skin?
Ans: Hairs amplify the sensitivity and act as an early
alarming system for the body.
c. What are the three layers of skin?
Ans: Our skin is composed of three layers. The first layer is
known as Epidermis. The second layer is dermis and the
third layer is composed of fat and connective tissues
which helps to maintain the body temperature.
d. What is melanin?
Ans: Melanin protects the skin against the harmful rays of
the sun and also gives the skin its colours.
Exercise
A Fill in the blanks by finding the words from the lesson.
1 The pupil can change its size with the help of iris.
2 The retina changes the light rays into signals
understandable by the brain.
3 Our eyes have lens that focuses the light onto the
retina.
 16
4 Our ears detect sound waves which pass through the
air.
5 Ossicles are the tiniest and most delicate bones in the
body.
6 The vibrations in the cochlea make the hair to move
and send signals to brain via auditory nerves.
7 The nose also plays a very important role in respiratory
system.
8 When you breathe in, the tiny hairs in the nose called
cilia, filter everything.
9 The nasal passage and nostrils are separated by a wall
called septum.
10 The receptors of the tastes called taste buds and they
are located on the tongue.
11 Hairs on our skin amplify the sensitivity and act as an
early alarming system for the body.
12 Most of us do not know that skin is the largest organ of
our body.
13 The bottom layer of skin is composed of fat and
connective tissues.
14 An average person's skin approximately covers the area
of 1.8m.
15 In the mouth behind the nose there is nasal cavity.
B Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 Skin is the largest organ of our body. T
2 At the base of each taste bud there is a nerve that
sends the signal to tongue. F
3 In the mouth behind the nose there is nasal cavity. T
4 Ears also maintain our balance. T
 17
5 When sound waves reach the eardrum, they make
it vibrate. T
6 Hammer, anvil and stirrup are the hardest bones. F
7 Our eyes have lens that focuses the light onto the
pupil. F
8 Iris controls the amount of light. F
9 The cones are more sensitive to light. T
10 The rods are more sensitive to colour. F
Match the word in column A with the definition in
C
column B .
A B
Cilia a thin membrane
Ossicles sweet, salty, sour and bitter
Pinna the second layer of the skin
Pupil the tiniest and most delicate bones
Sensory organs two holes of the nose
Retina tiny hairs in the nose
Eardrum a black spot in the middle of the eye
Nostrils eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin
Taste buds changes the light rays into signals
Dermis the outer part of the ear
D Read the following information carefully and answer the questions.
Ears do another very important job for us. They maintain our
balance. In the inner ear there are three small loops called
semicircular canals. They are filled with some fluid and
thousands of microscopic hairs. These loops monitor the
direction of our motion. This includes turning, backward,
forward, side to side, up and down motion. The fluid in the
semicircular canals moves with our motion and make the hairs
 18
move. These hairs send signals to brain and less than one
second, the brain send the messages back which keep our
balance.
Questions:
a. We hear with our ears, what is another important job
of our ears?
Ans: They maintain our balance.
b. How many loops are there in the inner ear and what
are they filled with?
Ans: There are three small loops called semicircular canals
filled with some fluid and thousands of microscopic
hairs.
c. What is the function of semicircular canals?
Ans: Semicircular canals monitor the direction of our
motion. This includes backward, forward, turning, side
to side, up and down motion.
d. How ears help us in maintaining our balance?
Ans: The movement of microscopic hairs sends signals to
brain and less than one second, the brain send the
messages back which keep our balance.
E Write the answers of the following questions in your notebook.
1 How an organism knows about the world around him?
Ans: All living organisms have a certain structure and they
collect information from their environment. Living
things collect this information with the help of some
special organs. ALLAH Almighty has blessed us with five
senses and each of these senses is associated with an
organ which has special receptor cells. These cells are
designed to interpret different stimuli. These organs
are called sensory organs and they are eyes, ears, nose,
tongue and skin. These senses are essential for the
survival of any living organism.
 19
2 Light rays bounce off the object and enter into our
eyes and make image. Explain it.
Ans: Eyes are small but have complex structure. When we
see, light rays enter our eyes through cornea and pass
through a black spot in the middle of the eye called
pupil. The pupil can change its size with the help of iris.
This part of the eye controls the amount of light. If the
light is too bright the pupil will shrink to let in less light
and protect the eye. When it is dark, iris will open the
pupil so more light can enter the eye. After it light
passes through the fluids and lands on retina at the
back of the eye. The retina changes the light rays into
signals understandable by the brain through optic
nerve.
3 Cochlea is the part of our ear, how does it work?
Ans: When sound waves reach the eardrum, they make it
vibrate. These vibrations are transmitted via ossicles to
cochlea in the inner ear. It is a small tube filled with
liquid. The cochlea is covered with very small hairs and
is very important. The vibrations in the cochlea make
the hair to move and send signals to brain via auditory
nerves. The brain understands these signals as sounds.
4 How different smells are recognized by the nose?
Ans: The nose has two holes called nostrils. The nasal
passage and nostrils are separated by a wall called
septum. In the mouth behind the nose there is nasal
cavity, it connects with the back of the throat. When air
passes through the nasal cavity, it goes through a thick
layer of mucous membrane to olfactory bulb. The
smells are recognized here and the olfactory nerve cells
send signals to brain. The brain interprets the signals
and thus we recognize the smell.
5 Explain the function of the receptors in the tongue.
Ans: The receptors of the tastes are called taste buds and
they are located on the tongue. They are able to sense
 20
four basic tastes and they are sweet, salty, bitter and
sour. Generally, the taste buds close to the tip of the
tongue are sensitive to sweet tastes. Whereas, the
taste buds at the back of the tongue are sensitive to
bitter tastes. The taste buds on the top and on the side
of the tongue are salty and sour tastes. At the base of
each taste bud there is a nerve that sends the signal to
brain.
6 Which layer of the skin helps to maintain the
temperature of the body?
Ans: The bottom layer of skin is composed of fat and
connective tissues. This layer helps the body to
maintain its temperature.
F Label the following picture of the eye.

retina
pornea
fovea pupil
iris

lens
optic nerve

3. The Environment
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Write the definition of the environment.
Ans: The environment can be defined as “The natural
surroundings of a certain organism that directly or
indirectly influence the growth and development of
that organism”.
 21
b. What are the abiotic elements of an ecosystem?
Ans: Abiotic elements of an ecosystem include sunlight, air,
temperature, precipitation, water and soil. These
elements help to make an ecosystem work.
c. What are biotic elements of an ecosystem?
Ans: Biotic elements of an ecosystem include the plants,
animals and micro organisms like fungi and bacteria.
Biotic organisms can be classified as producers,
consumers (herbivores, omnivores, carnivores and
decomposers).
d. Describe ecosystem in your own words.
Ans: In an ecosystem animals and plants are linked together
because of their feeding relationship. Food gives us the
energy we need to live. It helps you in fighting against
illness and helps you to think. It makes you grow and
keeps your heart beating and regulates the blood
circulation through your body. Without energy you
could not live.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Why plants are called producers?
Ans: Plants are the only living organisms which can prepare
their food in the presence of sunlight, air and water
through a process called photosynthesis. That is why
they are called producers.
b. Define the term consumers.
Ans: Consumers are those that depend on plants for their
food. All the animals and humans depend on plants for
their food. Therefore, they are called consumers.
c. What is primary consumer? Give some examples.
Ans: Animals which eat only plants are called primary
consumers. These are also known as herbivores.
Examples of primary consumers or herbivores are
horse, goat, giraffe, sheep, rabbit etc.
 22
d. What are secondary consumers? Give some examples.
Ans: Animals which eat flesh of other animals are called
secondary producers. These are also known as
carnivores. Examples of secondary producers or
carnivores are lion, tiger, leopard, fox, dog, cat, hawk
etc.
e. Write down some examples of omnivores.
Ans: Examples of omnivores are crow, chickens, bear and
human beings.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. How plants help other organisms?
Ans: Plants help other organisms by providing food, shelter
and nesting sites.
b. In which process some insects help plants?
Ans: Pollination.
c. Define food chain and food web.
Ans: A food chain shows how living organisms are linked to
each other for their food. How nutrients and energy
passes from one organism to another.
A food web consists of all the food chains in a single
ecosystem.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define predator and prey.
Ans: Predator: A predator is an animal which kills and eats
other animals for food.
Prey: A prey is an animal that is hunted and killed by
another for food.
b. Search your locality and write at least two examples of
predator and prey.
Ans: Examples of Predator: Tiger, crocodile and cat.
Examples of Prey: Mice, goat and deer.
 23
c. What do you know about mutualism?
Ans: Mutualism is used to describe the relationship
between two or more species where the species derive
a mutual benefit from their interaction with one
another.
d. Write down some examples of parasites.
Ans: Examples of Parasites: Lice, round worms, tapeworms
and hookworms.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are abiotic factors?
Ans: Abiotic factors contribute the physical parts of an
ecosystem. These factors are water, soil, air, light and
temperature. These factors never remain same for a
long period of time.
b. How abiotic factors affect the life of an organism?
Ans: Changes in the physical environment usually alter the
feeding habits, population size, and rates of growth.
Abiotic factors directly or indirectly and continually
influence the way that life develops. All the abiotic
factors cannot remain same for a longer period of time.
In this way these factors affect the life of an organism.
c. Describe the role of temperature as a part of an
ecosystem.
Ans: Many of the life processes depend on the temperature,
too much heat or too much cold can affect the life
processes. Most of the plants and animals have
minimum or maximum temperatures and cannot
survive beyond their limitations. On the Earth, different
places have different kinds of temperature. Warm-
blooded animals are not affected by the temperature
because their bodies keep a constant body
temperature whereas; cold-blooded animals need the
heat of the Sun to keep their bodies warm.
 24
d. How soil plays an important role in land ecosystem?
Ans: Soil plays a very important role for land ecosystems.
Plants grow in it and without soil most of the plants
would die. Many animals make their homes in the soil.
It is made from rocks by weathering action of wind and
water. In soil there are many minerals which are
necessary for life like calcium, zinc, phosphorous and
iron. The best type of soil contains humus. Humus is not
only rich in nutrients but it also supports plants to grow
well. Soils are of different types like sandy soil and clay
soil.
Exercise
A Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct words given in the boxes.
1 Environment is a scientific word used for surrounding.
biotic surrounding
2 Biotic and abiotic factors combine to create an
ecosystem.
abiotic surrounding
3 In an ecosystem animals and plants are linked because
of their feeding relationship.
habitat ecosystem
4 Plants can prepare their food which is why they are
called producers.
consumers producers
5 All animals and humans depend on plants for their
food, so they are called consumers.
decomposer consumers
6 There are scavengers who feed on dead animals.
scanvengers omnivores
7 The fungi and bacteria are known as decomposers.
herbivores decomposers
 25
8 Plants provide food, shelter, and nesting sites for other
organisms.
pollination shelter
9 Plants use sunlight, water and air to prepare their food
in a process called photosynthesis.
pollination photosynthesis
10 Food chains always begin with a producer and end up
with a consumer.
biotic surrounding

B Match the column A with the column B .

A B
Producers eat flesh of other animals
Consumers eat dead animals
Herbivores depend on producers for their food
Omnivores bacteria and fungi
Carnivores eat only plants
Scavengers make their own food
Decomposers eat plants and meat of other animals
Read the paragraph carefully and give the answer to the
C
questions given at the end.
Living things exist in most places. The term habitat refers to
the surroundings where organisms live. Every habitat is
home for a certain living creature. Habitat includes both
living and non-living components. Plants and animals have
different features which help them to survive in their own
habitat. Trees are the most common examples of a habitat.
They are homes for several birds, insects and worms. Habitat
can be terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial habitat refers to land
where all plants and animals survive. It includes deserts,
forests and grasslands, as well as coastal and mountain
regions. For example, camels and cactus plants live in deserts
 26
only. Aquatic habitat refers to water, where plants and
animals survive. Aquatic habitat includes rivers, ponds,
lakes, ocean and swamps. For example, fish lives in water.
Questions:
a. Which living organism is the most common example
of habitat?
Ans: Trees are the most common examples of a habitat.
b. How trees are helpful to some animals?
Ans: Trees provide homes for several birds, insects and
worms.
c. What is habitat?
Ans: Habitat means the surroundings where organisms live.
It includes both living things and non-living things.
d. In which ways a habitat is useful for living organisms?
Ans: Habitat includes both terrestrial and aquatic
environments for both plants and animals. These
environments include deserts, forests, grasslands,
mountain regions, rivers, ponds, lakes, oceans etc.
D Write the answers of the following questions in your notebooks.
1 What are the components of an environment?
Ans: Environment consists of all living and non-living things
which surround us. Its basic components include
abiotic and biotic elements. Abiotic elements include
sunlight, air, water, soil and temperature. Biotic
elements include animals , plants and micro-
organisms . Both abiotic and biotic elements
collectively create a system known as ecosystem.
2 What are producers and why they are called
producers?
Ans: Producers are those that can produce their own food.
Plants are the only living organisms which can prepare
their food in the presence of sunlight, water and air
 27
through a process of photosynthesis.
3 How scavengers and decomposers help the
environment?
Ans: Scavengers are those who feed on dead animals. They
break down the dead animals into smaller pieces.
These small pieces are further decomposed by the
fungi and bacteria. This decomposition continues until
nothing is left and turned into humus. This humus is
used by the plants to prepare their own food and grow.
In this way scavengers and decomposers help the
environment.
4 Animals are classified according to their eating habits.
Explain it.
Ans: All animals are divided into three categories according
to their eating habits namely herbivores, carnivores
and omnivores.
HERBIVORES: Animals which eat only plants are called
herbivores or primary consumers. Examples of
herbivores are horse, goat, giraffe, sheep, rabbit etc…
CARNIVORES: Animals which eat flesh of other
animals are called carnivores or secondary producers.
Examples of carnivores are lion, tiger, leopard, fox, dog,
cat, hawk etc…
OMNIVORES: Animals which eat plants and flesh of
other animals are called omnivores. Examples of
omnivores are crow, chickens, bear and we as human
beings are also omnivores because we eat different
parts of plants and meat as well.
5 Tiger and a bull have a relation. Explain this relation in
your own words.
Ans: The relation between tiger and bull is like the relation
between predator and prey. Predator is that which kills
and eats other animals for food just like tiger whereas
the animal which was eaten by a predator is called prey
 28
just like a bull. We can say that tiger is a predator and
bull is a prey.
6 Explain the relation of a parasite and a host.
Ans: Parasitism is a term which describes the relationship
between organisms of different species where one
type of organism is benefited and other is harmed. The
organism benefiting from the relationship is called the
parasite, while the organism suffering from the
relationship is called the host. Round worm is an
example of parasite living inside a human's small
intestine and drawing nutrition. Lice is also a parasite
but it lives outside the human body i.e. commonly in
the hairs of head. The parasite usually doesn't kill the
host, but instead only takes some nourishment.
Therefore, the parasite must be smaller than the host.
7 How abiotic factors help plants during photosynthesis?
Ans: All the abiotic factors take part in the process of
photosynthesis. These factors include water, air, soil,
light and temperature.
Water: It is an essential component of life and basic
medium in which most of the life processes take place.
Plants make their food with water which comprises of
oxygen and hydrogen, and atoms of both play vital role
in the process of photosynthesis.
Air: It s a mixture of several gases and it comprises of
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapors and
some traces of other gases. Plants need carbon dioxide
too make their food during photosynthesis.
Soil: Soil plays very important role in photosynthesis
process. Plant grows in it and without soil most of the
plants would die. Humus in the soil which is rich in
nutrients helps plants to prepare their food during the
process and grow.
Light: Light also plays a vital role in the process of
photosynthesis. All plants need light to prepare their
 29
food. Plants cannot grow in dark places or in deep
water where light cannot reach. Light is a form of
energy and the biggest source of this energy is the Sun.
light is essential for the process.
Temperature: Most of the heat energy is produced by
the Sun. This heat energy directly affects the
temperature of a place. Most of the plants have
minimum or maximum temperatures and cannot
survive beyond their limitations. Many trees shed their
leaves in cold months. So temperature is also an
essential element of this process.
8 What are the differences between deserts and
tropical rainforests?
Ans: DESERT:
i. In desert, there are no rains and resources of water
are sparse.
ii. Resources of water if found, are hundreds of miles
apart.
iii. In desert there are a few verities of plants because
of extreme weather conditions.
iv. In deserts normally large animals are not found
because of extreme conditions and limitations of
food and water. Small animals like rodent, lizards,
snake and scorpion are found easily.
v. Due to lack of rain, plants evolve their ways to cope
with the dry climate.
vi. Desert plants do not have leaves; instead they have
smooth green surface or thorns which produce
energy.
TROPICAL RAINFOREST:
i. In tropical rainforest precipitation is regular almost
throughout the year.
ii. Due to heavy rainfalls rivers and streams are found
more often.
iii. There is more plant life found in the tropical
rainforest than scientists have discovered till now.
 30
iv. There is an abundance of animal life, from large
animals to microbes are found in tropical rainforest.
v. In a tropical rainforest, there are many species of
plants as the climate there suits the plants.
In tropical rainforest, plants have large leaves and
flowers, which attract pollinators for pollination.
Read the given paragraph carefully and rewrite it in your
E
notebook after correcting the mistakes.
Parasitism is a term which describes the relationship
between organisms of similar species where many type of
organism is benefited and other is harmed. The organism
benefiting from the relationship is called the host, while the
organism suffering from the relationship is called the
parasite. An example of parasitism is the relationship
between mosquitoes and their hosts. A louse is an example
of parasite living inside the human small intestine and draw
nutrition.
Corrected:
Parasitism is a term which describes the relationship
between organisms of different species where one type of
organism is benefited and other is harmed. The organism
benefiting from the relationship is called the parasite, while
the organism suffering from the relationship is called the
host. An example of parasitism is the relationship between
mosquitoes and their hosts. A roundworm is an example of
parasite living inside the humans small intestine and draw
nutrition.
From the following grid of letters find the words given at
F
the bottom.
omnivores photosynthesis producers
abiotic biotic ecosystems
decomposers habitat tropical
plants deserts consumers
vultures humus animals
 31
o r p j l k r y i c b s a l o
b n j o m n i v o r e s b f e
n t y d s a t h j n c z v m q
m w p c o n s u m e r s c r d
g r h x r y u j m b f d s t e
p r o d u c e r s b t r e e s
l n t n m h f e f n x e w m e
a b o g r e w q g b b n d p r
n h s t n z e x v s i d b e t
t b y r d e c o m p o s e r s
s d n c v c o a q n t g m a t
x v t z h n s q t n i u i t g
a j h r u o y a r v c u h u v
n g e t m k s s o u s b a r u
i d s u u l t g p i w v b e l
m r i h s t e r i o e d i g t
a h s c q z m a c w d e t j u
l n v d g d s a a a v e a o r
s b m v i u q z l c t t t c e
z h a b i o t i c e u y v d s

4. Photosynthesis and Respiration

in Plants
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Why leaves are important in a plant’s life?
Ans: Leaves are the significant and important part of a plant.
They are the food factory of a plant. Leaves are adopted
 32
to perform their functions, e.g. they have a large
surface area to absorb sunlight.
b. Define the role of chlorophyll.
Ans: Chlorophyll is the green pigment in the leaves which
absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals.
c. Which substance is contained by the palisade cells?
Ans: Palisade cells contain chloroplasts at the top of the leaf
which absorb more light.
d. What are stomata?
Ans: Stomata diffuse carbon dioxide into the leaf. It is
present at the lower surface of the leaf.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define photosynthesis in the light of science.
Ans: Photo means light and synthesis means putting
together. In science, photosynthesis is defined as, “ a
process by which plants, some bacteria and algae,
convert carbon dioxide and water into their food with
the help of light energy from the sun”.
b. What are essential components of photosynthesis
other than sunlight?
Ans: Essential components of photosynthesis other than
sunlight are: water, carbon dioxide and a green
pigment called chlorophyll.
c. What is the by product of photosynthesis?
Ans: The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen.

Exercise
A Fill in the blanks by using the given word bank.
synthesized paraffin lamps carbon dioxide
glucose chlorophyll stomata
palisade epidermis bacteria
 33
hydrogen oxygen respiration
1 Leaves recycle carbon dioxide of the world in the air.
2 There are many stomata at the lower surface of the
leaf.
3 The epidermis of the leaf is transparent and thin, which
allows more light to reach the palisade cells.
4 Plants, some species of bacteria and algae can produce
their own food.
5 The hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide in order to
produce food for the plant in the form of glucose.
6 Plants help in maintaining a balanced level of oxygen
and carbon dioxide on Earth.
7 The use of paraffin lamps inside a greenhouse
increases the rate of photosynthesis because burning
of paraffin produces carbon dioxide.
8 Respiration process in plants is the intake of carbon-
dioxide and exhale of oxygen during the day.
9 Photosynthesis is the process in which food is
synthesized and energy is stored.
10 Only chlorophyll containing cells can carry out the
process of photosynthesis.

Match the word in column A with the definition in

B
column B .
A B
Chlorophyll means light and putting together
Cuticle tiny microscopic holes
Photosynthesis green pigment in leaves
Stomata food is broken down and energy is
Respiration released
made of wax and does not block light
 34
C Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 Leaves do not have large surface area to absorb
more sunlight. F
2 The cuticle, which is made of wax, protects the leaf
without blocking the light. T
3 Green plants provide food and energy to all humans
and animals. T
4 Plants cannot photosynthesize under extreme
temperature. T
5 The by-product of this process, oxygen is released
through stomata. T
D Read the passage below and then answer the questions.
The word photosynthesis is made of a prefix (photo) and a
root word (synthesis). Photo means light and synthesis
means putting together. Photosynthesis is the conversion of
light energy in to the chemical energy by living organisms. In
science, photosynthesis is defined as a process by which
plants, some bacteria and algae, convert carbon dioxide and
water into their food with the help of light energy from the
sun. The most essential components of this process are
sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and a green pigment called
chlorophyll.
Questions:
a. What is the meaning of photosynthesis?
Ans: It is a process by which plants, some bacteria and algae,
convert carbon dioxide and water into their food with
the help of light energy from the sun.
 35
b. What are the main components involved in the
process of photosynthesis?
Ans: The main components are: sunlight, water, carbon
dioxide and chlorophyll.
c. What is the role of Sun in photosynthesis?
Ans: The role of sun is to convert carbon dioxide and water
into the food for plants.
d. What is chlorophyll?
Ans: It is the green pigment in the leaves which absorbs
sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals.

Write the answers of the following questions in your

E
notebook.

1 Explain the structure of a leaf.

Ans: Structure of a leaf is described below:
i. Leaves have large surface area to absorb more
sunlight.
ii. Leaves have flat and thin shape so they are able to
diffuse carbon dioxide easily into their cells.
iii. The green pigment in the leaves known as
chlorophyll absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into
chemicals.
iv. In leaves, the network of veins supports the transfer
of water and carbohydrates.
v. There are many stomata at the lower surface of the
leaf, which allows carbon dioxide to diffuse in the
leaf.
2 What is the importance of plants on Earth?
Ans: Leaves are the main source of food on Earth. They
recycle carbon dioxide of the world present in the air
and contain the most abundant enzymes of the world.
 36
3 How plants prepare their food in the presence of
sunlight, water and carbon dioxide?
Ans: The leaves and the stem of the plants have tiny
microscopic holes which are known as stomata.
Carbon dioxide enters the plants from these tiny holes
of stomata. At the same time water absorbed by the
roots of plants reaches the leaves. When the sunlight
falls on the leaves, the green pigment (chlorophyll) in
them absorbs the light and captures the light energy in
it. This energy is used to convert water into hydrogen
and oxygen. The hydrogen combines with carbon
dioxide in order to produce food for the plant in the
form of glucose.
4 Explain the importance of photosynthesis.
Ans: The process of photosynthesis is important in following
ways:
i. Green plants provide food and energy to all humans
and animals.
ii. Photosynthesis helps in providing oxygen in the
atmosphere, which is required by all living things.
iii. The process of photosynthesis decreases carbon
dioxide and other harmful industrial material
wastes which causes many respiratory problems for
living organisms.
iv. Plants help in maintaining a balanced level of
oxygen and carbon dioxide on Earth.
v. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas
are formed through the degradation of dead plants
and animal parts, which were originally formed by
photosynthesis.
5 What are the artificial ways to enhance the rate of
photosynthesis?
Ans: Following are the ways to enhance the process of
photosynthesis:
i. LIGHT: In low light or insufficient light, a plant
 37
cannot speed up the process of photosynthesis. As
more photons of light fall on the leaf the process of
photosynthesis is faster. The use of paraffin lamps
inside a greenhouse increases the rate of
photosynthesis.
ii. C A R B O N D I OX I D E : S o m e t i m e s r a t e o f
photosynthesis may be limited due to the lack of
carbon dioxide in the air, even if there is enough
light. By increasing carbon dioxide concentration
the rate of photosynthesis can be increased. In a
greenhouse the amount of carbon dioxide
increases for better growth of plants and to
enhance the speed of photosynthesis.
iii. TEMPERATURE: Plants cannot photosynthesize
under extreme temperature. So temperature
should be suitable for the process.
iv. WATER: Less water also decreases the rate of
photosynthesis in plants. So in order to enhance the
process water should provide properly.
6 Briefly describe respiration in plants.
Ans: Respiration is the chemical and physical process by
which animals and plants take in oxygen and use it to
release energy from the food.
Respiration process in plants is the intake of carbon
dioxide and exhale of oxygen during the day as the
plants get energy through the photosynthesis process
in which carbon dioxide is converted into sugars using
the sun light, as this process uses carbon dioxide and
water, the resulting gas oxygen is given out as a waste
product. Plants release carbon dioxide during night.
That is why, it is said that do not sit or lie under a tree at
night.
7 What is the difference between respiration and
photosynthesis?
Ans: The differences between respiration and
 38
photosynthesis are:
RESPIRATION:
i. It is a process in which food material is broken down
and energy is released.
ii. Carbohydrates, like glucose, act as raw materials.
Oxygen is required in respiration.
iii. The process of respiration goes on 24 hours a day.
iv. Every living cell of the organism respires.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
i. It is the process in which food material is
synthesized and energy is stored.
ii. Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and light act as
raw materials.
iii. In natural conditions it takes place in daytime,
because light is essential for this process.
iv. Only chlorophyll containing cells can carry out the
process of photosynthesis.

5. Atoms, Molecules, Mixtures

and Compounds
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are the building blocks of all types of matter?
Ans: All the materials or matter is composed of atoms. As
cells are the building blocks of life, considering the
same, we can say that atoms are the building blocks of
all types of matter.
b. Define atoms and its sub particles.
Ans: The smallest unit of an element is called an atom. The
subatomic particles of an atom are electron, proton
and neutron.
c. What is a molecule?
Ans: Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds to
form a molecule. Molecule can split into atoms.
 39
d. What is triplet O!?
Ans: Triple O! is a molecule of oxygen atoms known as
ozone.
e. Define elements with examples.
Ans: An element is a substance consists of one type of
atoms. Each element has a special name like gold,
silver, carbon, oxygen etc. Some other examples are
copper (Cu), nitrogen (N), sodium (Na), silicon (Si) etc.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Write any three examples of metals and non-metals.
Ans: METALS: Iron, magnesium and gold.
NON-METALS: Oxygen, carbon and sulphur.
b. Write any two differences between metals and non-
metals
Ans: METALS:
i. They are shiny and are good reflectors of light.
ii. They have high density so they look heavy.
NON-METALS:
i. Non-metals are dull and do not reflect light well.
ii. They have low density and have less weight.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are the common uses of gold and silver?
Ans: GOLD: Gold is used in coinage and is the standard for
many monetary systems. Gold is used for jewellery,
dental work, plating, etc.
SILVER: Silver is used for silverware and jewellery. It is
also used in photography, dental compounds, solder,
electrical contacts, batteries and mirrors. Another
usage of silver is to make coins in many countries.
b. Which term is used to express the amount of gold?
Ans: When gold is mixed with other metals the term karat is
used to express the amount of gold.
 40
c. Write down the properties of copper.
Ans: Copper is reddish and gives a bright metallic shine. It is
malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of electricity
and heat. It is the best conductor of electricity after
silver.
d. Which metal is used as sound absorber?
Ans: Lead is used as a sound absorber.
e. Which metal is known as abundant metal in the crust
of the Earth?
Ans: Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's
crust.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What is the proportion of nitrogen in the air?
Ans: The proportion of nitrogen in the air is almost 78%.
b. Write some usage of oxygen.
Ans: Oxygen is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas.
Oxygen supports combustion and is used as rocket fuel.
It combines with most elements, and is a component of
hundreds of thousands of organic compounds. We
breathe in oxygen so that it can react with energy
stored in our bodies to provide the heat and motion
that keeps us alive.
c. What are the properties of hydrogen?
Ans: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the
universe. Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless,
combustible gas. Hydrogen gas is very light and is used
in producing rocket fuel, filling hot air balloons, making
fuel cells and in producing hydrochloric acid.
d. Graphite and diamonds are pure forms of carbon;
write down some of their uses.
Ans: Pure carbon exists in two very different forms and they
are Diamond and Graphite. Diamond is transparent
 41
and recognized as a gemstone. It is used for cutting,
drilling, and as bearings. In the form of graphite, it is
opaque and black. It is used for melting metals, in
pencils and for rust protection.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define mixtures with examples.
Ans: A mixture is defined as a substance which is made by
two or more elements, combined together without any
chemical reaction and in any proportion. The common
examples of mixtures are salad, salty water, air, etc.
b. Write the names of techniques we use to separate
mixtures.
Ans: Following are the techniques used to separate
mixtures.
i. Filtration
ii. Evaporation
iii. Distillation
iv. Sublimation
v. Paper chromatography
c. What is evaporation? Explain with examples.
Ans: Evaporation is a technique by which dissolved
substance can be separated from a liquid (water). For
example, to separate dissolved salt from water, the
solute (mixture of water and salt) is poured into a pan
and heated gently. All the liquid evaporates after some
time and the crystals of salt will remain in the pan. The
salt from the sea water is obtained in this way. The sea
water is stored in large shallow pots and heat of the Sun
evaporates the water and salt remains back in the pots.
d. What is fractional distillation?
Ans: Distillation is a technique to separate the mixtures.
Fractional distillation is used for mixtures containing
chemicals which have almost same boiling points and is
done in at least two cycles. Fractional distillation is
 42
normally used in oil refineries. Crude oil is also a
mixture and to make it useable it has to go through the
process of fractional distillation.
e. Which is the most common example of sublimation?
Ans: Sublimation is the term that describes the change of
state of a material from a frozen form to a gas or gas to
frozen form. In sublimation, there is no liquid phase. A
well-known example of sublimation occurs with dry
ice, the frozen form of carbon dioxide is exposed to air,
it changes directly to vapours.
f. Which technique is used to separate ink or coloured
chemical?
Ans: Paper chromatography technique is used for this
purpose.

Exercise
A Fill in the blanks with the help of the words from the lesson.
1 Atoms are the building blocks of all types of matter.
2 Atoms are composed of very tiny particles known as
electron, proton and neutron.
3 Electrons, neutrons and protons of an atom are also
known as sub-atomic particles.
4 Molecules are made of two or more atoms which are
held together by chemical bonds.
5 In some certain conditions atoms of oxygen are bonded
into triplet O! and this molecule is known as ozone.
6 Chemical reactions can join or split the elements but
they cannot change elements in to other elements.
7 Non-metals are not sonorous and do not make sound
when hit.
8 Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal
conductivity of all metals.
 43
9 Gold is used in coinage and is the standard for many
monetary systems.
10 Brass and bronze are two important copper alloys.
11 Lead is used at nuclear power plants as a shield that
provides safety against nuclear radiations.
12 As compared to copper, aluminium has only 60% of
electrical conductivity.
13 Sulphur is a component of gunpowder.
14 Carbon is also used as a fuel in the form of coal and
charcoal.
15 The liquid and solid forms of oxygen have pale blue
colour.
16 A mixture is usually separated back into its original
components.
17 Crude oil is a mixture of petrol, kerosene oil, diesel and
some other hydrocarbons.
18 During respiration food eaten by living organisms is
broken down and they release carbon dioxide.

Read the following statements and choose the correct

B
option.

A water molecule is made of two atoms of hydrogen and

1 one atom of which element?
Helium Nitrogen Oxygen
How many elements have been discovered till now?
2 116 217 117
The element symbol N belongs to
3 Helium Nitrogen Oxygen
The element silver is slightly harder than
4 Copper Zinc Gold
 44
The term karat is used to express the amount of which
5 metal?
Gold Copper Silver
Brass and bronze are important alloys of which metal?
6 Lead Zinc Copper
Sodium chloride is commonly known as
7 Glucose Sugar Salt
Most abundant metal in the universe is
8 Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen
The tiny particles of atoms are electron, proton and
9 neutron. They are also called
chemical bond subatomic particles Ozone
Some examples of non-metals are
8 Gold, silver and Carbon, sulphur Oxygen, carbon
sulphur and gold and sulphur

C Write T for true statements and F for false statements.

Statements T/F
1 Molecules are made of two or more atoms which
are held together by chemical bonds. T
2 Metals are opaque, it means they allow light to pass
through. F
3 The dissolved substances can be separated with the
technique of filtration. F
4 The proportion of nitrogen in the air is almost 78%. T
5 During distillation insoluble solid remains on the
filter paper and the liquid goes to its container. F
6 A compound is a chemical substance which is
formed when two or more elements combine in a
varied ratio. F
 45
7 A mixture can be separated back into its original
components. T
8 During respiration food eaten by the living
organisms is broken down and they release oxygen,
water and energy. T
9 Copper is widely used in the electrical industry. T
10 Crude oil is a mixture of sand, soda ash and
limestone. F
Match the word in column A with the definition in
D
column B .
A B
Lemonade mixture of different gases, water
vapours and dust
Glass mixture of petrol, diesel and
kerosene oil
Vinegar
Latin word for sodium
Air made of two elements hydrogen
and oxygen
Salt mixture of water and acetic acid
mixture of sugar, salt, water and
Water lemon juice
made of two elements carbon
Crude oil and oxygen
made of two elements sodium
Sonorous
and chloride
Natrium when metal makes sound by
hitting
Carbon dioxide Mixture of sand, soda ash and
limestone
 46
Read the following paragraph and give the answers of
E
the questions.
A compound is a chemical substance that is formed when two
or more elements combine in a fixed ratio. Compounds may
be solids, liquids and gases. For example, Water (H O) is a
compound which is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a compound made up
of one sodium atom for every chlorine atom. It is the salt we
use to eat and to make our food delicious. Carbon dioxide
(CO ) is an example of gaseous compound. An important
characteristic of a compound is that it has a chemical formula,
which describes the ratio in which the atoms of each element
in the compound occur.
Questions:
a. What is a compound?
Ans: A compound is a chemical substance that is formed
when two or more elements combine in a fixed ratio.
Compounds may be solids, liquids and gases. For
example, Water (H O) is a compound which is made up
of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
b. How a chemical formula helps us? Give examples of
chemical formulae.
Ans: Chemical formula describes the ratio in which the
atoms of each element in the compound occur. Water
(H O) and Sodium chloride (NaCl) are examples of
chemical formulae.
c. What is the chemical formula of salt?
Ans: Chemical formula for salt is Sodium chloride (NaCl).
 47
Write the answers of the following question in your
F
notebook.
1 Briefly describe atoms and molecules.
Ans: ATOMS:
All the materials or matter is composed of atoms. As
cells are the building blocks of life, considering the
same, we can say that atoms are the building blocks of
all types of matter. Atoms are composed of very tiny
particles known as electron, proton and neutron. These
three particles of an atom are also known as subatomic
particles. A particular atom has the same number of
protons and electrons.
MOLECULES:
Molecules are made of two or more atoms which are
held together by chemical bonds. These bonds are
formed by sharing of electrons amongst atoms.
Molecules can vary in their sizes and complexity.
Helium gas is a single atom molecule. Some molecules
are formed with two or more atoms either same or of
different kinds. For example, one molecule of oxygen is
formed with two same kinds of atoms O . Oxygen is the
most common molecule in the atmosphere of the
Earth.
2 How a symbol is given to an element? Explain with
examples.
Ans: Chemical symbol starts with a capital letter and the
second one is written in small letter. Sometimes it is
easy to tell a particular symbol stands for which
element. For example symbol of iodine is 'I' and 'O'
stands for oxygen but sometimes the symbol of an
element is not an English word e.g. the symbol of
Sodium is 'Na', which comes from a Latin word
'natrium'. The reason is that all over the world same
symbols are used no matter which language is being
spoken. This makes them more useful.
 48
3 How a metal and non-metal can be defined. Explain
their differences.
Ans: Elements can be divided into metals and non-metals on
the basis of their properties.
METALS: About 75% of elements are classified as
metals. Common examples of metals are iron,
magnesium, gold, silver etc… and examples of non-
metals are oxygen, carbon, sulphur, chlorine etc…
Some common differences between metals and non-
metals are listed below:
METALS:
i. They are shiny and are good reflectors of light.
ii. Metals are hard and strong.
iii. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
iv. They are malleable, means; they can be beaten to
form sheets.
v. Metals are opaque, it means they do not allow light
to pass through.
vi. They have high density so they look heavy.
vii. Metals make sound when they are hit by anything.
They are sonorous.
viii.Metals have high melting and boiling points.
NON-METALS:
i. Non-metals are dull and do not reflect light well.
ii. They are weak and brittle.
iii. Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and
electricity.
iv. They are weak and cannot be hammered.
v. Non-metals are transparent and allow light to pass
through.
vi. They have low density and have less weight.
vii. They are not sonorous and do not make sound
when hit.
viii.They have moderate boiling and melting points.
 49
4 What are gaseous elements? Explain with at least two
examples with their usage.
Ans: Gaseous elements are those that are found in gaseous
form like oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
Oxygen is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas. It is
the third most abundant element found in the Sun and
the Earth. Plants and animals require oxygen for
respiration. Approximately two third of the human
body and nine tenth of the mass of water is oxygen.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the
universe. Hydrogen gas is very light and is used in
producing rocket fuel, filling hot air balloons, making
fuel cells and in producing hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen
gas is extremely flammable and is used as a fuel for
space shuttles.
5 What is the difference between mixtures and
compounds?
Ans: The differences between mixture and compound are
listed below:
i. A compound is a pure substance, whereas, mixture
is an impure substance.
ii. Compounds are made of two or more elements
combined chemically and mixtures are made up of
two or more substances mixed physically.
iii. Compound is mixed with a fixed ratio and mixtures
vary in their ratio.
6 Make two columns of 'mixtures' and 'compounds' in
your notebook and sort the followings in their
respective columns.
milk, salt, ice-cream, air, water, crude oil, chalk,
vinegar, lemonade, carbon dioxide, glass
Ans: Mixtures are: milk, ice-cream, air, crude oil, vinegar,
lemonade, glass.
 50
Compounds are: salt, water, chalk, carbon dioxide.
7 Define and explain compound with examples.
Ans: A compound is a chemical substance that is formed
when two or more elements combine in a fixed ratio.
Compounds may be solids, liquids and gases. For
example, Water (H O) is a compound which is made up
of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Sodium
chloride (NaCl) is a compound made up of one sodium
atom for every chlorine atom. It is the salt we use to eat
and to make our food delicious. Carbon dioxide (CO ) is
an example of gaseous compound. An important
characteristic of a compound is that it has a chemical
formula, which describes the ratio in which the atoms
of each element in the compound occur.

6. Solutions and Suspensions

TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define solutions.
Ans: Solutions are composed of substances which are mixed
completely and cannot be identified as separate
substances easily.
b. What is an alloy?
Ans: Alloy is a substance which is formed by mixing of two
solids together completely. For example, copper and
zinc mixed together to form brass. This is an alloy.
c. What is insoluble?
Ans: When a solute is not dissolved in a solvent we say that
solute is insoluble.
d. Define the role of solvent and solute in a solution.
Ans: Solutions are composed of two components known as
solvent and solute. Solid or liquid particles dissolved in
 51
a solution are called solute. It is the component present
in small amount. The solvent is that part of a solution
which dissolves the solute. Usually solvent is the
component present in greater amount.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Why water is known as universal solvent?
Ans: The most remarkable property of water is its ability to
dissolve a large number of substances. For this reason,
it is called the universal solvent. However, there are
some substances like grease, paint and fats which do
not dissolve in it.
b. Describe briefly the importance of water in human
body.
Ans: In our body many harmful substances are produced,
water dissolves these substances and then they are
excreted from our body in the form of urine and
perspiration.
c. What is concentrated solution?
Ans: Concentrated solution is the ratio of the amount of
solute to the amount of solvent.
d. Why sea water is salty and more concentrated?
Ans: Water is found everywhere on our Earth. It covers
three-quarters of the Earth's surface. Large bodies of
water like seas and oceans are salty water. For
uncountable centuries rain has been filling the water
bodies like rivers and lakes all over the world. This
water eventually falls in the sea along with minerals
and salts which have been dissolved in it. At first it is not
as salty as the sea water but over the centuries it
becomes more and more concentrated.
 52
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What is meant by model in science?
Ans: In science, a model is a way to represent a scientific
structure and process.
b. Define the particle model of matter.
Ans: Scientists use a particle model of matter to explain the
properties of solids, liquids and gases.
According to the particle model of matter, solids,
liquids and gases are made of tiny particles. These
particles are too small that we cannot see them
without a microscope.
Exercise
Identify each term described in the right column of the
A
table and write the term in the left column.
Term Definition
1 Solubility The maximum amount of a solute
that can be dissolved by a solvent at a
particular temperature.
2 Solute The part of the solution which
dissolves.
3 Mixtures Composed of two or more substances
which are mixed together and can be
separated easily.
4 Alloy Two or more solid metals which are
completely mixed.
5 Solvent The part of solution which dissolves
the solute.
6 Solutions Composed of two or more substances
which are mixed completely and
cannot be identified as separate
substances.
7 Dilute A low concentration.
 53
8 Saturation It is the maximum amount of solute
that can be dissolved in a solution.
9 Suspension It is cloudy and not clear.
10 Sea water This solution has higher percentage of
salt and minerals than any other
natural source of water.
B Fill in the blanks by finding the words from the lesson.
A saturation point is one of the most important properties of
solutions. Saturation point is the maximum amount of solute
that can be dissolved in a solution. For example, when you
add sugar in a glass of water it will dissolve in it but when you
keep on adding sugar in water, at a certain point no more
sugar will dissolve it. This point is known as saturation point
and the solution is called saturated solution. In a saturated
solution no more solute can be dissolved. The excess amount
of the solute will settle down at the bottom of its container.
An unsaturated solution has the ability to dissolve more
solute until it reaches its saturation point.
C Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 Solution is a mixture of solid that dissolves
completely in a liquid. T
2 Solid or liquid particles dissolved in a solution are
called solvent. F
3 In a sugar and water solution, sugar is solvent and
water is solute. F
4 When a solute is not dissolved in a solvent we say
that the solute is insoluble. T
 54
5 The food we eat changes into suspension during
digestion. T
6 Our Earth is composed of 70 90% water. T
7 Dilute has small amount of solute in a large amount
of solvent. T
8 Saturation point is a common property of solutions. F
9 In liquids particles are able to move around and
pass each other. T
10 In suspensions particles can be seen with naked
eye. T
Read the following information carefully and answer the
D
questions.
In science, a model is a way to represent a scientific structure
and process. Scientists use a particle model of matter to
explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases. You know
that everything in this world is made of matter and it is found
in three states; solid, liquid and gas. The particles in solids are
held tightly together in a fixed and regular pattern. The spaces
between the particles are very small and they vibrate in a fixed
position. In solids particles cannot move place to place. In
liquids particles are able to move around and pass each other.
The spaces are bit larger than in solids. Liquids flow and take
the shape of the container and they cannot be compressed or
squashed. The particles of gases can move freely in all
directions. The spaces between these particles are large. They
move quickly in a straight line. The particles in gases flow and
completely fill the available space. According to the particle
model of matter, solids, liquids and gases are made of tiny
particles. These particles are too small that we cannot see
them without a microscope.
 55
Questions:
a. Define the word 'Model' in the light of science.
Ans: In science, model is a way to represent a scientific
structure and process.
b. What are three states of matter?
Ans: The three states of matter are solids, liquids and gases.
c. Define solid, liquid and gas.
Ans: SOLID: Solids are those in which particles are held
tightly together in a fixed and regular pattern. The
spaces between the particles are very small and they
vibrate in a fixed position. In solids particles cannot
move place to place.
LIQUID: In liquids particles are able to move around
and pass each other. The spaces are bit larger than in
solids. Liquids flow and take the shape of the container
and they cannot be compressed or squashed.
GAS: The particles of gases can move freely in all
directions. The spaces between these particles are
large. They move quickly in a straight line. The particles
in gases flow and completely fill the available space.
d. Why we cannot see the particles of matter?
Ans: According to the particle model of matter, solids,
liquids and gases are made of tiny particles. These
particles are too small that we cannot see them
without a microscope.

From the following word search find all the words given
E
at the bottom of the grid.
alloy dilute solute
solvent mixture insoluble
solubility saturated suspension
unsaturated concentration
 56
d f y m u n s a t u r a t e d
c o d q s x z u i o f e n m q
o v i s r s h j u i d k l p x
n b l z s o l u b i l i t y s
c w u m k l i c s q n g k l o
e v t s d v v g t r y u k m l
n b e g r e s f g h d e g b u
t p l j f n d s b n h f r x t
r m h s a t u r a t e d s f i
a l l o y a s c r h j u j m o
t j u l d s u s p e n s i o n
i d b u f s n y j w q v c v m
o i k t f i n s o l u b l e t
n j h e f d e e t r w q g n v
a v c f r t h n m i x t u r e
Write the answers of the following question in your
F
notebook.
1 What is solution? Give examples.
Ans: Solutions are composed of substances which are mixed
completely and cannot be identified as separate
substances easily. However, they can easily be
separated back into their original substances. A
solution is a mixture of solid dissolved completely in a
liquid, for example salt or sugar in water. If you take
some drops of sugar solution they will always have the
same composition. Seawater is a solution having higher
percentage of salt and minerals. Rainwater is also a
solution of different gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide
and many others.
 57
2 Explain the difference between the solute and the
solvent in a solution and give a good example of each.
Ans: Solutions are composed of two components known as
solvent and solute. Solid or liquid particles dissolved in
a solution are called solute. It is the component present
in small amount. The solvent is that part of a solution
which dissolves the solute. Usually solvent is the
component present in greater amount. Nitrogen is the
solvent in atmospheric air because it is present in the
largest amount. Oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and
other gases, then, are the solutes.
3 How solutions are useful? Illustrate your answer with
an example.
Ans: In our body many harmful substances are produced,
water dissolves these substances and then they are
excreted from our body in the form of urine and
perspiration. Water has the ability to dissolve many
gases, oxygen is one of them, and this helps the aquatic
life forms in breathing and respiration under water. At
home we use salt, sugar, spices while we are cooking;
all these things dissolve in water and make our meals
tasty. Moreover, in agriculture, farmers and gardeners
spread fertilizers on the soil and when it rains or they
water the plants and crops these fertilizers are
dissolved in water and roots absorb this water through
the soil and plants get their necessary nutrients.
4 Explain dilute and concentrated solution with an
example.
Ans: Concentrated solution has a large amount of solute in
the solvent. The concentration of a solution depends
on the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of
solvent.
Dilute solution has a small amount of solute in
the solvent. Dilute refers to low concentration.
In the given picture, each solution is a mixture of sugar
 58
and water. Sugar is the solute and water the solvent.
Solution A has twice as much sugar added to the same
amount of water as solution B. Thus, solution A is more
concentrated than solution B or solution B is more
diluted.
Solute + Solvent = Solution

A B

(sugar cube) Water (sugar cube) Water

Solute Solute
Solvent Solvent

Concentration = solute/solvent
5 How can you differentiate an unsaturated solution
and a saturated solution?
Ans: A saturation point is one of the most important
properties of solutions. Saturation point is the
maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a
solution. For example, when you add sugar in a glass of
water it will dissolve in it but when you keep on adding
sugar in water, at a certain point no more sugar will
dissolve in it. This point is known as saturation point
and the solution is called saturated solution. In a
saturated solution no more solute can be dissolved.
The excess amount of the solute will settle down at the
bottom of its container. An unsaturated solution has
the ability to dissolve more solute until it reaches its
saturation point.
6 What does solubility means? Give an example.
Ans: The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved
by a solvent at a particular temperature is defined as
solubility of the solute. Increase in temperature of a
solution will increase the solubility of a solid solute,
meaning more solute will dissolve in the solution.
 59
For Example: Salt, for instance, is soluble in water, but it
isn't soluble in oil.
It is possible to add both cream and sugar to coffee
because both are soluble in the drink.
7 What do you know about suspension?
Ans: Some liquid mixtures are cloudy and are not clear. Add
some starch to a beaker of water and Stir it. You will see
that the mixture is not clear, instead, it is cloudy. The
starch mixes with water, but it does not make a liquid
solution. Remember that a liquid solution is clear. This
new, cloudy kind of mixture is called a suspension. All
parts of a suspension are not evenly mixed and can be
separated easily. Mix some clay with water. It will be
cloudy. Leave it for some time. You will notice that the
clay will settle to the bottom. When a suspension is
kept still the solid pieces fall and settle at the bottom of
the suspension.
8 Point out the differences between solutions and
suspensions.
Ans: SOLUTIONS:
i. The particle size of a solution is small.
ii. Particle cannot be seen with low power
microscope.
iii. Particles in a solution do not settle down.
iv. Solution is clear and transparent.
v. Components of a solution cannot be separated by
filtration.
vi. A solution contains dissolved substances.
SUSPENSIONS:
i. The particle size of a suspension is larger.
ii. Particle can be seen with naked eye.
iii. Particles in suspension settle down at the bottom.
iv. It is neither clear nor transparent.
v. Components of a suspension can be separated by
filtration.
vi. A suspension contains insoluble substances.
 60

7. Forces and Machines

TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define force with the help of some examples.
Ans: Force is defined as “a push or pull on an object”. Forces
can change the shape of an object and can change the
way it is moving. You cannot see the force but you can
see what it does.
For example, when you push or pull to open the door of
a car you apply force. In a similar way when you write or
draw something in your notebook you apply push or
pull force on your pencil or pen.

b. What is the difference between mass and weight?

Ans: Mass is defined as “the quantity of a matter in an
object”. For example a truck has more mass than a car.
Weight is defined as “a force with which the gravity of
the Earth pulls something towards its centre”. For
example when you jump from a height let say 8 feet in
the swimming pool, it is the force of gravity that pulls
you down.
c. What is a force meter?
Ans: Force meter is a meter used to measure forces. Force
meters contain a spring connected to a metal hook. The
spring stretches when a force is applied to the hook.
The greater the force applied, the longer the spring
stretches.
d. Which unit is used to measure force?
Ans: The quantity of force can be measured in the units of
Newton and it is represented by the symbol N.
 61
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What is a machine? Explain in the light of science.
Ans: In science, a machine is a device or tool which makes
our work easier by applying force, changes the
direction of force and increases the speed with which
work is done. Sometimes simple machines are used to
decrease the applied force to perform delicate jobs.
b. What d you know about simple machines? How they
help us?
Ans: Simple machines are the devices that help us in doing
work. When people think about machines, they
probably think about airplanes, cars, power saws, or
any other machine that has a motor. Tennis racquets,
bottle openers, nails, and scissors are all also
considered machines and the only thing needed to
make these machines work is a human with some force.
For example, a tab is used to open the can of
soft drink or juice and with the help of the hammer we
can place a nail in the wall or in a piece of wood.
c. Explain lever with the help of examples.
Ans: A lever is a straight and strong bar. This allows the
transfer of force from the point of effort to the point of
load. A fulcrum is a point of support. The lever is
composed of two parts, the load arm and the effort
arm. The load arm is the part of the lever that extends
from the fulcrum to the point of load (where the load is
located on the lever). The load is the object to be
moved or pushed. The effort arm is the part of the lever
that extends from the fulcrum to the point of effort (the
position where force or effort is applied to move the
load). If you place the fulcrum near the load arm it will
make the effort arm longer and make your work easier.
Examples of lever are scissor, seesaw, cutter,
bottle opener and wheelbarrow.
 62
d. How many types a lever has?
Ans: There are three types of lever.
LEVER OF TYPE 1: In this type of lever the fulcrum is in
the middle of the load and effort.
LEVER OF TYPE 2: In this type of lever the fulcrum is at
one end, the applied force is at the other end and the
load is in the middle.
LEVER OF TYPE 3: In this type of lever fulcrum is at one
end, the load is at the other end and the effort is in the
middle.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. How pulleys help us?
Ans: Pulleys are used to raise curtains in theatres, offices
and at homes. In some places water is drawn from
wells, which uses pulley at the top of it. Motor
mechanics use pulley system to lift or to place heavy
parts in cars.
b. How a fixed pulley works?
Ans: A fixed pulley makes work easier by changing the
direction of the applied force. With a fixed pulley, the
force required to lift the load remains the same as
lifting it by hand, but realize how easier it is to raise a
flag or sail from the ground, as compared to climbing up
the pole or mast of a ship.
c. Explain the working of a moveable pulley.
Ans: In the moveable pulley string or rope is fixed with some
support and both the load and the pulley are
moveable; the load moves in the same direction as the
applied force. Moveable pulleys allow you to use less
force to lift an object. The required amount of force
depends on the number of supporting ropes and the
pulleys. When the load is supported with more number
of supported ropes and pulleys, the required force will
be less to move the load.
 63
d. Give some examples of pulleys from daily life.
Ans: Some common examples of pulleys are:
i. On construction sites cranes are used to lift
different construction materials.
ii. In a car engine, there is a belt which moves around
and helps the car to move.
iii. In a gym many exercising machines use pulleys like
treadmills and stationary bikes.
iv. On the docks, machines similar to cranes help in
lifting and lowering large shipping containers onto
and off the ships.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Name the thing which is not a machine but the most
important invention in the human history.
Ans: WHEEL is the thing which is not a machine but the most
important invention in the human history.
b. What are the two ways in which we use wheel and
axle?
Ans: A wheel and an axle can be used in two ways: when we
apply force on the wheel to turn the axle it increases
the speed. On the other hand, when we need to lift the
heavy load we apply force on the wheel to move the
axle.
c. Give some examples of wheel and axle from daily life.
Ans: Examples from daily life are: door knobs, bike pedals,
water faucets, car wheels, wind turbine. Wind mill,
windlass, screwdriver and steering wheel.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define inclined planes with the help of some
examples.
Ans: An Inclined plane or a ramp is one of the basic
machines. It reduces the force necessary to move a load
 64
to a certain height by providing a path for the load to
move at a low angle to the ground.
The most common example of an inclined plane is a
slopped surface; for example a roadway bridge due to a
height difference. The inclined plane is used to reduce
the force necessary to overcome the force of gravity
when elevating or lowering a heavy object. The ramp
makes it easier to move an object up and down by
extending the distance.
b. What is a wedge? Give examples.
Ans: A wedge consists of two back-to-back inclined planes. A
wedge looks like an inclined plane but it works
differently and is very useful. A plough is a kind of
wedge. A knife is a kind of wedge, and a fork is made of
four little wedges. Razors and scissors are wedges too.
c. Nose of an airplane is a kind of wedge, explain it.
Ans: Nose of an airplane is known as nail, which is a kind of a
wedge. So nail, the pointed nose of an airplane helps in
cutting through the air more efficiently.
d. What is a screw and how it works?
Ans: A screw is a simple device which is used to attach two
things together. Screws have a round central shaft
around an inclined plane, wrapped and a wedge-
shaped point. A screw works by twisting it into a piece
of wood or metal. As the screw turns, the inclined plane
pulls out or pushes the screw into the wood. The design
of a screw differs depending on the materials it will use
on and the size and weight of the work piece. A screw
has two parts, the inclined plane and the centre post.
The force and the load move in the same direction.
 65
e. Define gears. Explain their type with some examples.
Ans: A gear is actually a modified form of wheel and axle. It
has teeth around it. Gears are used to change the
direction of force. It is also used to increase or decrease
the force or the distance over which a force is applied.
Idler gear: The gear to which force is applied first is
called the driver and the other gear which start moving
due to the movement of the first gear is called the
driven gear. Any other gear between the driver and the
driven gear is called idler. In idler gear two gears move
in opposite directions, however if they are needed to
move in the same direction either clockwise or
anticlockwise then another gear is used in between the
driver and the driven gear.
f. Explain gear system in a wind up clock.
Ans: A wind-up clock uses a complex gear system and there
are many gears which work in coordination. The gear
system inside the clock moves the hands of the clock
and shows us time. The smaller gear has few teeth and
moves the hand of minute, while the hand of hour is
moved by the larger gear and it has many teeth.

TEST YOUR MEMORY

a. Explain that bicycle is a combination of simple
machines.
Ans: A bicycle is a compound machine and it is a
combination of different simple machines. A bicycle is
based upon the wheel and axle system. Pedals are
attached with a lever that turns a pulley. The gear shaft
and break handles are levers and screws are used to
join different parts of the bicycle.
 66
b. Write in your own words the system of gears, pedals
and chain in a bicycle.
Ans: GEARS: On some bicycles, there is only one gear and
some cycles have multiple gears. Bicycles with multiple
gears make easier to go up hills, and so you can go faster
on level ground. On shifting the gears by shift up or shift
down we can increase or decrease the speed. Gears can
shift by sliding the shifter on the handlebars.
PEDAL: It is that part of a bicycle on which the rider
pushes with their foot to move the bicycle. It provides
the connection between the cyclist's foot and the
crankset through a lever allowing the leg to turn the
bottom bracket spindle and move the bicycle's wheels.
Pedals usually consist of a spindle that threads into the
end of the crank and a body, on which the foot is
attached, that is free to rotate on bearings with respect
to the spindle.
CHAIN: The chain of the bicycle goes in a continues
circle around one big sprocket wheel and anyone of the
five small sprocket wheels of different sizes. When the
cyclist changes gears, the selected mechanism moves
the chain to the correct sprocket wheel. The smaller
sprocket wheel turns quicker than the big sprocket
wheel but needs more force.
c. Which part of the cycle helps in maintaining the
balance?
Ans: Handlebar is that part of cycle which helps in
maintaining the balance.
d. Define work in the terms of science.
Ans: It is defined as, “The force acting upon an object in
order to move it across a distance”.
 67
e. How can you relate work with simple machines?
Ans: We can relate work with simple machines because a
machine is a tool that makes our easier. For example,
when we open a can of paint with a screwdriver, use a
spade to pull out weeds, slide boxes down a ramp, or go
up and down on a see-saw. In all these examples we are
using a simple machine.

Exercise
A Fill in the blanks using words from the lesson.
1 Forces can change the shape of an object and can
change the way it is moving.
2 Mass is used to represent the quantity of a matter in an
object.
3 Weight is a force with which the gravity of the Earth
pulls something towards its centre.
4 A machine is a device or tool which makes our work
easier by applying force.
5 A lever is a straight and strong bar.
6 In the type of lever 1 the fulcrum is in the middle of the
load and effort.
7 The most common example of type 2 lever is a wheel
barrow.
8 There are two parts of a pulley, the wheel and the rope.
9 Combination of pulleys is known as block and tackle or
pulley system.
10 The invention of machines makes our work a lot easier.
 68
B Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 The unit of force is called Newton, and it has the
symbol W. F
2 There are two families of simple machines, lever
and wedges. T
3 The type 2 levers are force magnifiers. T
4 Most common example of type 1 lever is human
forearm. F
5 A fixed pulley can change its position. F
6 An Inclined plane reduces the force necessary to
move a load. T
7 A screw is a simple device that is used to attach two
things. T
8 A wind-up clock uses a simple gear system. F
9 In a low gear wheel turns more times as compared
to pedalling. F
10 The hand of hour is moved by the larger gear. T
C Write the answers of the questions in the given spaces.
1 Which simple machine is found on
the head of an axe? Wedge
2 Seesaw is an example of which
simple machine? Lever of type 1
3 Bottle opener is an example of which
simple machine? Lever of type 2
4 Door knob and rod make up which
simple machine? Lever
5 Wheel and rope make up which
simple machine? Pulley
 69
What types of simple machines do you see in the
D
pictures?
1 The slide is inclined plane.
2 The shovel is wedge.
3 The broom is lever.
4 The screwdriver is wheel and axle.
Read the given paragraph and answer the questions
E
given at the bottom.
We all do work in our daily lives and we all use simple
machines every day. Work as defined by science is force acting
upon an object in order to move it across a distance. So
scientifically, whenever we push, pull, or cause something to
move by using a force, we are doing work. A machine is
basically a tool used to make this work easier, and a simple
machine is among the simplest tools we can use. Therefore,
from a scientific point of view, we are doing work when we
open a can of paint with a screwdriver, use a spade to pull out
weeds, slide boxes down a ramp, or go up and down on a see-
saw. In each of these examples we are using a simple machine
that allows us to achieve our goal with less muscle effort or in
a shorter amount of time.
Questions:
a. Define work according to the scientific point of view.
Ans: Force acting upon an object in order to move it across a
distance. So scientifically, whenever we push, pull, or
cause something to move by using a force, we are doing
work.
b. Write the names of simple machines you found in the
given paragraph.
Ans: screwdriver, spade, ramp and see-saw.
 70
c. What is push and pull?
Ans: A push or a pull is a force in order to move something or
to do work.
d. How simple machines make our work easier?
Ans: When we open a can of paint with a screwdriver, use a
spade to pull out weeds, slide boxes down a ramp, or go
up and down on a see-saw. In each of these examples
we are using a simple machine that allows us to achieve
our goal with less muscle effort or in a shorter amount
of time.
From the following grid search all the words given in the
F
boxes.
s e f f o r t o n f d l o a d
u o q a w z v e t i h t d b x
i w v g d s r s c i s s o r s
g e a r s c e q a b n l y x c
m d c r s w k h y f s d b v r
b g i n c l i n e d p l a n e
f e n s r e v c f d s l o h w
f p v q z v b t r e s j l u t
u o e n y e d r t y o p j h p
l l n f o r c e x e r d g j u
c d t l o u g v c s s z x v l
r d i v h y a e w h e e l a l
u r o t y i x k j s d r f b e
m y n b r e l d h j k l k i y
c h z w h e e l b a r r o w q
Axle Load Force
 71
Wheel Lever Wedge
Gears Screw Effort
Pulley Fulcrum Scissors
Invention Wheelbarrow inclined plane
Write the answers of the following questions in your
G
notebooks.
1 How can we measure force?
Ans: The quantity of force can be measured in the units of
Newton and it is represented by the symbol N. Forces
can be measured by using a force meter. Force meters
contain a spring connected to a metal hook. The spring
stretches when a force is applied to the hook. The
greater the force applied, the longer the spring
stretches.
2 Explain three types of lever with the help of some
examples.
Ans: There are three types of lever and each type depends
on the position of fulcrum, load and the force or effort
applied. Each class of lever affects force in a different
way, and each class has different works. Let us learn
about these types in details.
LEVER OF TYPE 1: In this type of
lever the fulcrum is in the middle of
the load and effort. The most fulcrum
common example of this type of
lever is see-saw. When two children
of same weight use see-saw and
they are at the same distance from load effort
the fulcrum this means they are seesaw
balanced. When a heavier child sits at one end he
usually move towards the centre, which gives an
advantage to the other kid having lesser weight.
LEVER OF TYPE 2: In this type of lever the fulcrum is at
one end, the applied force is at the other end and the
 72
load is in the middle. The most effort
load
common example of this type is a
wheelbarrow. The wheel is the
fulcrum, the load is within the box
and the force is the lift applied by
the man. These types of levers are
force magnifiers; they enhance a fulcrum
smaller force into a larger force. The wheelbarrow
fulcrum is near the force which increases the turning
effect of the effort.
LEVER OF TYPE 3: In this type of
lever fulcrum is at one end, the load effort
is at the other end and the effort is
in the middle. Most common
example of this type of lever is
human forearm. This class of lever load fulcrum
uses a large effort to move a small
load and load travels a larger Human arm
distance than the force. These types of levers are useful
for increasing the speed at which a load moves.
3 How pulleys help us in our daily life?
Ans: A pulley is a device designed to help people to pull
down or lift up heavy objects. A pulley is a wheel with a
rope around it. The rope fits into the groove on the
wheel. There are two parts of a pulley, the wheel and
the rope. The load and the force move in opposite
directions.
The use of pulleys is very common in our daily life.
Some of the examples from our daily life are as under.
i. Pulleys are used to raise curtains in theatres, offices
and at homes.
ii. Motor mechanics use pulley system to lift or to
place heavy parts in cars.
iii. On construction sites cranes are used to lift
different construction materials.
iv. In a car engine, there is a belt which moves around
 73
and helps the car to move.
v. In some places water is drawn from wells, which
uses pulley at the top of it.
vi. In a gym many exercising machines use pulleys like
treadmills and stationary bikes.
4 Define pulley system and draw its diagram.
Ans: Instead of using a single pulley we can use multiple
pulleys with a rope passing around them. Combination
of these pulleys is known as block and tackle or pulley
system. This system makes our work easier. In this
system each block contains more than one pulley
either fixed or moveable. There is a lock in this system
which holds the load by slipping back. The pulley
system helps us to lift heavy loads. In the figure you can
see that a block contains more than one pulley and a
load is supported by each rope equally.

Fixed Pulleys
Moveable Pulley

load

5 Explain that a bicycle is a combination of different

simple machines.
Ans: A bicycle is a compound machine and it is a
combination of different simple machines. A bicycle is
based upon the wheel and axle system. Pedals are
attached with a lever that turns a pulley. The gear shaft
and break handles are levers and screws are used to
join different parts of the bicycle.
 74
Handle Bars
Seat
Levers
Seatpost
Brake Cable
Brake Pad (shoe)
Brake
Spoke
Sprocket
Hub
Wheel
Pedal
Chain
Rim
Tyre Crankset
A bicycle frame is an important part and it supports and
distributes the weight of the cyclist. It also holds the
other parts of the bicycle together. The frame of the
bicycle is made of aluminum, steel or carbon fiber. The
pedals and chain makes a pulley system. Pedals, gears
and chain make a system that is used for cycling. When
the cyclist changes gears, the selected mechanism
moves the chain to the correct sprocket wheel. The
smaller sprocket wheel turns quicker than the big
sprocket wheel but needs more force.

8. Energy
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Give a brief introduction of energy.
Ans: The word energy was first used by an English Scientist
named Thomas Young in the year 1807. Energy is one of
the most fundamental parts of our universe. It is in our
body, in our homes, it lights our cities. It gives power to
our vehicles, trains, planes and rockets. The energy in
the sunlight make plants grow and dry our clothes.
Energy enables us to move and helps to keep us warm.
b. Define energy with few examples.
Ans: Energy is defined as the capacity to do work and work
 75
is the transfer of energy from one form to another.
When we eat, our bodies transform energy stored in
the food into energy to do work. When we think, read
or write, we are also doing work. Many times our
bodies really work hard. Cars, planes, light bulbs, boats
and machinery also transform energy.
c. What is potential energy? Explain your answer with
examples.
Ans: Potential energy is the energy that is stored in an object
due to change of its position. An object can store
energy because of its position. Potential energy is the
stored energy of the position possessed by an object.
For example, a stretched bow is able to store energy as
the result of its position. This stored energy of position
is referred to as potential energy.
d. Explain elastic potential energy with the help of a
spring.
Ans: Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic
materials as the result of stretching or compressing.
Elastic potential energy can be stored in rubber bands,
bungee cords, trampolines, springs, an arrow drawn
into a bow, etc.
For example, springs are a special instance of a device
which can store elastic potential energy due to
compressing or stretching. A force is required to
compress a spring; when there is more compression,
we need more force to compress it further. This applied
force which stretches or compresses the spring is
known as elastic potential energy.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What is electrical potential energy?
Ans: This type of energy is a flow of tiny particles in a circuit.
These tiny particles are called electrons and their
movement through a wire is known as electric current.
 76
Electricity is the most widely used source of energy.
Lightning is another example of electrical potential
energy in nature. This is commonly known as static
electricity. Static means still, not moving. It stays at one
place.
b. Define different usage of electricity in our daily life.
Ans: In our daily life we mostly depend upon electricity. We
use it to illuminate our homes, schools, offices,
hospitals, markets and many other places. We give
power to our mills and factories with electrical energy.
Most of our home appliances run on electricity like,
television, sound system, computer, and refrigerator.
c. Give an example of static electricity.
Ans: Lightning is another example of electrical potential
energy in nature. This is commonly known as static
electricity. Static means still, not moving.
d. Explain gravitational potential energy with an
example.
Ans: Anything which is placed or lifted above the ground has
more potential energy. This energy is called
Gravitational Potential Energy. A snowdrift on top of a
mountain has a huge amount of potential energy. This
is also a form of gravitational potential energy because
it is gravity of the Earth that is constantly trying to pull
the snow down the mountain to the bottom.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Write the definition of chemical energy.
Ans: It is another form of potential energy. It is stored in
matter such as food, batteries, and fossil fuels like coal,
petroleum and natural gas. Chemical energy is
converted into light and heat energy when we burn fuel
in a fireplace or in car's engine.
 77
b. Explain that our food is a form of chemical energy.
Ans: Food we eat also has stored chemical potential energy.
When humans and animals eat food, they use it to store
energy to keep warm, maintain and repair their bodies
and move. Different types of food store different
amounts of energy. This energy is released when eaten
food chemically reacts with oxygen during the
digestion process. We use this energy to do different
works.
c. How does uranium atom produce nuclear energy?
Ans: When atoms of uranium split apart, a tremendous
amount of energy is released in the form of heat and
light. This splitting of atoms is known as nuclear energy.
The word fission means to split apart. When atoms are
combined through a process it is known as nuclear
fusion.
d. How does Sun produce energy?
Ans: The Sun uses nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into
helium atoms and this gives off great amount of heat,
radiation and light.
e. Explain that light is a form of energy.
Ans: Another form of energy is light and it makes things
visible. We see in the presence of light. Sun is the
biggest source of energy. Plants prepare their food in
the presence of sunlight and need light to grow well.
Light is a transparent form of energy and travels in
straight lines and cannot go around corners. Nothing
can travel faster than light and the speed of light is
186,000 miles per second. We can produce light by
burning fuels like oil, wood and gas. Light energy can
also be converted into heat energy.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. How heat energy is produced?
Ans: Heat energy is produced due to movement of
 78
molecules in an object. When molecules of an object
move faster they produce heat energy. It is transferred
when particles bounce and collide with each other. We
use heat for different purposes like cooking food, to
keep our houses and bodies warm.
b. Describe some ways in which we use heat energy.
Ans: We use energy in homes to keep rooms at comfortable
temperatures. It is also used to keep our body warm.
Heat is also used to cook.
c. What do you know about sound energy?
Ans: Sound is also a form of energy like heat and light. Sound
energy is produced by vibrations and requires a
medium to travel from one place to another. This
energy makes the molecules of matter to vibrate, as
they vibrate, they produce a wave which carries or
transmits energy. For example, we produce sounds
through vocal cords in our neck. When a guitarist
plucks the string of a guitar it vibrates and produces
sound.
d. What is kinetic energy? Explain your answer with the
help of some examples.
Ans: It is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion
or movement. Anything that is in motion has kinetic
energy. Large objects like planets and atoms (the
tiniest part of the matter) have kinetic energy because
they are in motion. The heavier an object and the faster
it moves the more kinetic energy it has. Examples of
kinetic energy are a moving car, moving water, moving
air, an air plane flying and all other moving things.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Define the concept of energy conversion?
Ans: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can
be changed from one form to another. Changes of
 79
energy into another form are known as energy
conversions. All devices and machines are energy
converters.
b. Give any five examples of energy conversions.
Ans: Following are the five examples of energy conversions:
i. ELECTRIC BULB: Converts electrical energy into
heat and light.
ii. BATTERY CELL: Converts chemical energy into
electrical energy.
iii. GENERATOR: Converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
iv. ELECTRIC MOTOR: Converts electric energy into
mechanical energy.
v. TELEVISION: Converts electrical energy into sound
and light energy.
c. What are two types of energy resources?
Ans: There are two types of energy sources and they are:
i. Renewable Energy Sources:
In nature energy exists freely, the energy that never
runs out is called renewable energy source. Common
renewable energy resources are:
a. Solar energy
b. Wind energy
c. Biomass energy
d. Geothermal and hydropower
ii. Non Renewable Energy Sources:
Non-renewable energy is that energy which we get
from coal, gas, uranium, oil and petroleum products.
Common non-renewable energy resources are:
a. Coal
b. Natural gas
c. Crude oil
d. Uranium
d. What is the source of solar energy?
Ans: The main source of solar energy is Sun and it is the most
 80
powerful source of this energy.
e. Describe some usage of solar energy.
Ans: Solar energy can be converted directly or indirectly into
other forms of energy such as electrical energy and
heat energy. When solar energy is converted into
thermal or heat energy it can be used to heat water for
use in homes, swimming pools, buildings, drying
agricultural products and generating electrical energy.
Solar panels which generate electricity contain solar
cells.
f. What are disadvantages of solar system?
Ans: There are some disadvantages of solar system:
i. It is an expensive alternate source of energy
ii. It needs high investments for productive use.
iii. Solar panels require a large area for installation to
achieve a good level of efficiency.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Explain that wind is a form of energy?
Ans: The surface of the Earth is made of different types of
land and water; therefore, it absorbs heat of the Sun at
different rates. Wind is called a renewable source of
energy because winds will continually be produced as
the Sun shines on Earth.
b. What is the common use of wind energy?
Ans: Today wind energy is mainly used to generate
electricity. Wind energy is transferred into electrical
energy by using wind turbines. Wind turbine of three
blades is the most common and modern design. These
blades are made of fiberglass or other tough materials.
c. How tidal energy is used to generate electricity?
Ans: In oceans, tides are caused by the gravitational pull of
the moon and the Sun. These tidal changes can be used
 81
to generate electricity by building dams across coastal
line. It is another source of clean energy. When winds
blow they also cause tides on the surface of the sea.
There are only a few tidal power stations in the world.
They are quite similar to hydroelectric dams.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Describe the word geothermal.
Ans: The word geothermal comes from the Greek word geo
(Earth) and thermal (heat). It means heat from the
Earth.
b. Why geothermal energy is called a renewable source
of energy.
Ans: Geothermal energy is called renewable source of
energy because rainfalls refill the surface of the earth
by water and the earth continuously produces heat.
c. What are non-renewable energy sources?
Ans: Non Renewable Energy Sources: Non-renewable
energy is that energy which we get from coal, gas,
uranium, oil and petroleum products. Common non-
renewable energy resources are:
a. Coal
b. Natural gas
c. Crude oil
d. Uranium
d. What are fossil fuels?
Ans: Fossil fuels are formed from the buried sea organisms,
plants and animals which lived millions of years ago.
The big advantage of fossil fuels is that they contain a
lot of stored energy. Coal, petroleum and natural
gas are considered fossil fuels.
e. Why uranium is not considered as fossil fuel?
Ans: Uranium is a solid and is converted to a fuel to be used
at nuclear power plants. It is a non-renewable energy
source and cannot be categorized as fossil fuel.
 82

Exercise
A Fill in the blanks with the help of the given words.
capacity transform machinery
energy possible greek
food scientists derived
Everything we do is only possible due to energy in one form or
another. Energy is something that makes it possible to do
work and work is something which requires effort. Scientists
defined energy as the capacity to do work and work is the
transfer of energy from one form to another. Thomas young
derived the word 'energy' from a Greek expression which
means “work inside”. Energy is something that has 'work
inside it' and one can use that energy and get work out of it.
When we eat, our bodies transform energy stored in the food
into the energy to do work. When we think, read or write, we
are also doing work. Many times our bodies really work hard!
Cars, planes, light bulbs, boats and machinery also transform
energy.
B Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 The Sun produces energy by nuclear fusion. T
2 The word geothermal comes from the Latin word
geo (Earth) and thermal (heat). T
3 Biomass is a clean non-renewable energy source
from the waste of various human and natural
activities. F
4 Solar energy can be converted directly or indirectly
into other forms of energy. T
5 Atoms, which are the tiniest part of the matter, do
not have kinetic energy. T
 83
6 When atoms of uranium split apart, a very weak
amount of energy is released. F
7 We cannot produce sounds through vocal cords in
our neck. F
8 Explosives like fireworks also have stored chemical
energy and produce light. T
9 All devices and machines are energy converters. T
10 Nothing can travel faster than light and the speed of
light is 186,000 miles per second. T
C Choose the best answer from the following.
Catapult is an example of
1 elastic potential electrical potential Gravitational
energy energy potential energy
An object has gravitational potential energy due to
2 heat of the sun pull of gravity atomic energy
Sound energy is produced by
3 vibrations molecules light
Any object which is in motion has
4 potential energy elastic potential kinetic energy
energy
Lightning is commonly known as
5 static electricity dynamic electricity nuclear energy
The examples of fossil fuels are
6 coal crude oil natural gas
The speed of light is
7 193,000 miles 186,000 miles 185,000 miles
per second per second per second
Solar energy is a renewable source of energy.
8 true false
Crude oil is an example of
9 Renewable energy Non-renewable
source energy source
Solar is originally a word of which language?
10 Greek Latin Arabic
 84
Read the following paragraph carefully as some
D information is wrong. Find out the wrong information
and correct it.
The word geothermal comes from the Latin word geo (Earth)
and thermal (water). It means heat from the Sun. We can get
this heat as steam or hot water and use it to heat buildings and
generate electricity. Geothermal energy is called non-
renewable source of energy because rainfalls refill the surface
of the sun by water and the earth continuously produces heat.
There are many places where the over ground rocks are hot.
Deep seas can be drilled and cold water can be pumped up.
The water runs through the spaces between the heated rocks.
It returns to bottom of the Earth in the form of steam or hot
water. Its energy can be used to run turbines and electric
generators.
Corrected:
The word geothermal comes from the Greek word geo (Earth)
and thermal (heat). It means heat from the Earth. We can get
this heat as steam or hot water and use it to heat buildings and
generate electricity. Geothermal energy is called renewable
source of energy because rainfalls refill the surface of the
Earth by water and the earth continuously produces heat.
There are many places where the under ground rocks are hot.
Deep seas can be drilled and cold water can be pumped down.
The water runs through the spaces between the heated rocks.
It comes out to surface of the Earth in the form of steam or
hot water. Its energy can be used to run turbines and electric
generators.
 85
E Match the column A with the column B .
A B
Water tap stored in food, batteries and
Heat energy fossil fuels
anything in motion
Nuclear fusion capacity to do work
Chemical energy converts potential energy
into kinetic energy
Electricity
nuclear energy
Potential energy converts electrical energy
Kinetic energy into heat energy
movement of electrons
Toaster
stored energy in an object
Energy when atoms are combined
Uranium produced due to movement
of molecules
F Write the answers of the following questions in your notebook.
1 How light energy helps plants?
Ans: Sunlight is the biggest source of light energy. Plants
prepare their food in the presence of sunlight and need
light to grow well.
2 Define the term 'Fission' and 'Fusion'.
Ans: NUCLEAR FISSION: When atoms of uranium split apart,
a tremendous amount of energy is released in the form
of heat and light. This splitting of atoms is known as
nuclear energy. The word fission means to split apart.
NUCLEAR FUSION: When atoms are combined through
a process it is known as nuclear fusion. The Sun uses
nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms
and this gives off great amount of heat, radiation and
light.
 86
3 Define energy and name different forms of energy.
Ans: Energy is defined as “the capacity to do work”. This
work is the transfer of energy from one form to
another. There are many forms of energy, but they can
all be put into following categories:
i. Potential energy
ii. Kinetic energy
iii. Elastic potential energy
iv. Electric potential energy
v. Gravitational potential energy
vi. Chemical energy
vii. Nuclear energy
viii.Light energy
ix. Heat energy
x. Geothermal energy
4 Write short notes on the following.
a. Kinetic energy b. Electrical potential energy
c. Sound energy
d. Gravitational potential energy
e. Heat energy
Ans: a. KINETIC ENERGY:
It is the energy possessed by an object due to its
motion or movement. Anything that is in motion has
kinetic energy. The more the mass, more kinetic energy
it has. Large objects like planets and atoms, which are
the tiniest part of the matter, have kinetic energy
because they are in motion. The heavier an object and
the faster it moves the more kinetic energy it has.
Examples of kinetic energy are a moving car, moving
water, moving air, an air plane flying and all other
moving things.
b. ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY:
This type of energy is a flow of tiny particles in a
circuit. These tiny particles are called electrons
and their movement through a wire is known as electric
 87
current. Electricity is the most widely used source of
energy. Most of our home appliances run on electricity
like, television, sound s y s t e m , c o m p u t e r, a n d
refrigerator.
Lightning is another example of electrical potential
energy in nature. This is commonly known as s t a t i c
electricity. Static means still, not moving. It stays at one
place. When thunderclouds move through the sky,
they build up a large amount of static electricity inside
themselves. This causes bolts of lightning in the sky.
c. SOUND ENERGY:
Sound is also a form of energy like heat and light.
Sound energy is produced by vibrations and requires
a medium to travel from one place to another. This
energy makes the molecules of matter to vibrate, as
they vibrate, they produce a wave which carries or
transmits energy. For example, when thunder clouds
produce sound energy the glasses of windows vibrate
due to their sound. We produce sounds through vocal
cords in our neck. When a guitarist plucks the string of
a guitar it vibrates and produces sound.
d. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY:
Anything which is placed or lifted above the ground
has more potential energy. A rock on a mountain has
stored energy because of its position above the ground
and the pull of gravity. This energy is called
Gravitational Potential Energy. This is the energy it
would release if it falls. As the rock falls to the ground,
the gravitational potential energy makes it to move.
e. HEAT ENERGY:
Heat is a type of energy and is measured by
temperature. Sun is the biggest source of heat. The
objects having high temperature are hot and low
temperature objects are cold. Heat energy is produced
due to movement of molecules in an object. When
molecules of an object move faster they produce heat
energy. Heat is always referred to the transfer of energy
 88
in the form of radiations between objects. We use heat
for different purposes like cooking food, to keep our
houses and bodies warm.
5 What are fossil fuels and how they are formed?
Ans: A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the
geological past from the remains of living organisms is
called Fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are formed from the
buried sea organisms, plants and animals which lived
millions of years ago. The big advantage of fossil fuels is
that they contain a lot of stored energy.
6 Why there is a need for conservation of energy?
Ans: Everyday the demand of energy is increasing
significantly. If we do not take some steps to conserve
energy, then very soon we would be facing shortage of
energy sources. In order to overcome this problem we
have to reduce the usage of excess energy which is
commonly known as conservation of energy.
7 List at least five steps which should be taken to
conserve energy sources.
Ans: The following steps should be taken to conserve
energy:
i. The renewable sources of energy should be used in
place of non-renewable ones.
ii. The use of firewood should be reduced as much as
possible.
iii. The light should be switched off when it is not
necessary.
iv. Public transport should be used instead of personal
transport as much as possible.
v. Biogas and wind power should be used for
domestic use.
 89
9. Properties of Light
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are luminous object?
Ans: Objects produce their own light are known as luminous
objects. For example: electric bulb, candle, fire and
sun.
b. Define transparent, translucent and opaque objects.
Ans: TRANSPARENT OBJECT: Some objects, which allow the
light to pass through, are known as transparent objects.
For example: shiny glass, clear plastics and air.
TRANSLUCENT OBJECT: In some objects a portion of
light passes through and scatters in different directions.
Such objects are called translucent objects. For
example: frosted glass of a window, tissue paper and
tracing paper.
OPAQUE OBJECT: Some objects do not allow light to
pass through them, such objects are called opaque
objects. For example: wood, metal and wall of brick.
c. Which materials from shadows?
Ans: When light falls on opaque objects they form shadows.
d. What is reflection?
Ans: When light reaches an object and bounces off or is
reflected, partially or totally, from the object it is called
reflection.
e. What are the three behaviours of light?
Ans: When rays of light fall on different non-luminous
objects they behave differently.
i. Light can bounce off (Reflection).
ii. Light can pass through almost unchanged
(Transmission).
iii. Light can transfer its energy to the material
(Absorption).
 90
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Briefly describe the behavious of light on different
surfaces.
Ans: When rays of light fall on different non-luminous
objects they behave differently.
i. REFLECTION: When light reaches an object and
bounces off or is reflected, partially or totally, from the
object it is called reflection. Reflection involves two
rays - an incoming or incident ray and an outgoing or
reflected ray. The point at which the incident ray strikes
on the surface of the object is called point of incidence.
An imaginary line draw perpendicular to the surface is
called normal line. For regular reflection, angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Reflection
allows those objects to be seen which do not produce
their own light.
ii. TRANSMISSION: Transmission of light is the
moving of light waves through a material. This
transmission can be reduced or stopped when light is
reflected off the surface, or absorbed by the molecules
in the material. The transmission of a light depends on
the thickness of material, but it also depends on the
type of light used. This is why hospital x-rays go through
your skin until they reach the bones, even though
visible light does not.
iii. ABSORBTION: When light falls on the surface of a
material, it will be either reflected from the top
surface or will be absorbed in the material or, failing
either of the above two processes, will be transmitted
through the material. The absorption of light occurs
when a ray of light strikes a surface. The energy from
the light is transferred to the surface material. The
transfer creates heat (usually small amounts). An
absorbing surface prevents reflection or diffusion of
light striking on the surface. In practice, perfect
absorption does not exist.
 91
b. Define law of reflection.
Ans: This law states that “angle of incidence is equal to the
angle of reflection”.
c. What is scattered or diffused reflection?
Ans: Objects such as clothes, paper or human skin have
rough, complex surfaces. When rays of light strike these
surfaces, they still obey the law of reflection, but the
surfaces is so uneven that the imaginary perpendicular
line now points in different directions, depending on
where the light actually strikes. Consequently, different
rays of light are scattered in many different directions.
This kind of reflection is called diffuse reflection.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What is a virtual image?
Ans: When ray of light strike a mirror, the angle of reflection
is equal to the angle of incidence and we see the image.
This image is called virtual image. Virtual image means
the object will disappear on removing the object.
b. Describe a flat or plane mirror.
Ans: Plane mirrors are the common or flat mirrors that we
see everywhere around us. It consists of a flat and
smooth surface which reflects the light coming from
other object. Plane mirrors produce images with a
number of distinguishable characteristics. Images
formed by plane mirrors are virtual, upright, left-right
reversed and the same size as that of object.
c. Why some emergency vehicles like ambulance are
labelled with reverse lettering?
Ans: Emergency vehicles such as ambulances are often
labeled on the front hood with reversed lettering
because Images formed by plane mirrors are virtual,
upright, left-right reversed and the same size as that of
object.
 92
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What is a kaleidoscope, describe its features.
Ans: A kaleidoscope is a small tube in which beautiful
colours and designs can be seen. Most of the
kaleidoscopes are almost 10 inches long and about
three inches in diameter. The tube is closed from both
ends; however, there is an eye hole at one end, through
which you can see patterns inside.
b. How does a kaleidoscope work?
Ans: It works on the principles of multiple reflections. Two
or more glass plates inside it work as mirrors. They go
down the entire length of the tube and slant towards
each other. At the other end of the kaleidoscope, there
are two more plates. One of them is made of clear glass
and the other is made of ground glass. The clear glass is
near the eye hole. Pieces of colour beads and glass are
placed in between the plates. The beads and glass are
reflected in the mirrors. The ground glass throws
reflections in many directions and different patterns
are formed.
c. What is the purpose of periscope?
Ans: Periscopes are equipped with two flat or plane mirrors
which are angled at 45° to the column of the periscope.
Light enters through the opening in the top of the
periscope and reflects off the first mirror. The reflected
light is channeled down the column where it reflects off
the second mirror and travels to the observer's eye. By
aligning these two mirrors at the right angle you can
watch over the wall or can look at ships floating at the
surface of the sea as shown in the picture. Periscopes
are mostly used in submarines while they are under
water.
d. Write a short note on pinhole camera.
Ans: Pinhole camera is another simple device to make
 93
images. A Muslim scientist Al- Haithem was the first
man who used a pinhole camera and invented it. It is
like a round box which is light proof. A small hole is
made by a pin on one side of the box to allow light to
pass through. That is why it is called a pinhole camera. A
film strip or a wax paper is placed inside the wall
opposite to the hole. When a bright light object is
placed in front of the pinhole an inverted image of small
or large size is formed on the film strip or paper inside
the box. This image is called a real image. If the hole is
bigger than the pin head, it will cause a blur image.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are concave and convex mirrors?
Ans: CONCAVE MIRRORS: A concave mirror, or converging
mirror, is a curved mirror that bulges inward. Concave
mirrors reflect light inwards to one focal point;
therefore they are used to focus light. Concave mirrors
show different image types depending on the distance
between the object and the mirror. These mirrors are
called “converging mirrors”.
CONVEX MIRRORS: A convex mirror is a spherical
reflecting surface in which its bulging side faces the
source of light. The term “diverging mirror” is based on
the behavior of the mirror because they spread and
diverging the reflected light. A convex mirror always
produces a virtual; reduced in size and upright image of
the object at any distance in front of it.
b. Explain the differences between concave mirrors and
convex mirrors.
Ans: The difference between the concave and convex
mirrors is as follows:
CONCAVE MIRRORS:
i. It is a curved mirror that bulges inward.
ii. Concave mirrors are mirrors which curve inward in
the middle.
 94
ii. Concave mirrors reflect light inwards to one focal
point.
iv. Concave mirrors can produce real images in the
same direction.
CONVEX MIRRORS:
i. It has a spherical reflecting surface in which its
bulging side faces the source of light.
ii. Convex mirrors are mirrors which curve outward in
the middle.
iii. Convex mirrors spread and diverging the reflected
light.
iv. Convex mirrors always produce a virtual image.
c. Describe the uses of concave and convex mirrors.
Ans: USE OF CONVEX MIRRORS:
i. Large hospitals, stores and office buildings often
use convex mirrors to allow people to see what is
around a corner to help keep people from running
into one another.
ii. Convex mirrors are often found on the passenger
sides of motor vehicles.
iii. Convex mirrors are often placed near ATMs to allow
bank customers to see if someone is behind them.
iv. Two convex mirrors placed back to back are used to
make a magnifying glass.
USE OF CONCAVE MIRRORS:
i. Concave mirrors are used in vehicle headlights to
focus the light from the headlight. The light is not as
diffused and the driver can see better at night.
ii. Concave mirrors are used to focus light for heating
purposes.
Exercise
A Fill the blank spaces by finding the correct words from the lesson.
When light hits with matter like glass, wood, water or any
other thing it behaves differently. Some materials, which
 95
allow the light to pass through, are known as transparent
objects like a shiny glass, some kinds of clear plastics and air is
also transparent. We can see through transparent materials.
In some objects a portion of light passes through and scatters
in different directions. Such objects are called translucent
objects; examples are frosted glass of a window, a tissue
paper and a tracing paper. Some objects do not allow light to
pass through them, such objects are called opaque objects,
and examples are wood, metal, a wall of bricks etc… when
light falls on opaque objects they form shadows.
B Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 Objects which do not produce light are non-
luminous. T
2 Sunlight reaches the surface of the Earth in 80
minutes. F
3 The light rays which hit the object are known as
incident rays. T
4 Reflection allows objects to be seen which do not
produce their own light. T
5 When rays of light fall on different non-luminous
objects they behave similarly. F
6 Regular reflection is responsible for what you see in
the mirror every morning. T
7 A kaleidoscope is a big tube in which beautiful
colours and designs can be seen. F
8 Periscopes are equipped with three flat or plane
mirrors. F
9 Pinhole camera is another complex device to make
images. F
 96
10 Telescopes use a set of curved mirrors to collect and
focus light to increase the size of an object. T
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
C
given at the bottom.
When light reaches an object and bounces off or is reflected,
partially or totally, from the object it is called reflection. The
light rays hit the object are known as incident rays and the rays
which bounce off the surface of the object are known as
reflected rays. The point at which incident ray strikes on the
surface of the object is called point of incidence. An imaginary
line drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror is called
the normal line and forms the angle of incidence.
Perpendicular means “at 90 degree angle” also called right
angle. The angle of reflection is the angle between the
reflected ray and the normal line. The law of reflection states
that angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This
is also known as regular reflection.
Questions:
a. What are incident rays?
Ans: The light rays hit the object are known as incident rays.
b. What is point of incidence?
Ans: The point at which incident ray strikes on the surface of
the object is called point of incidence.
c. What are reflected rays?
Ans: The rays which bounce off the surface of the object are
known as reflected rays.
d. What is law of reflection?
Ans: The law of reflection states that angle of incidence is
equal to the angle of reflection.
e. What is angle of incidence?
Ans: The angle of incidence is the angle between the
incident ray and the normal line.
 97
D Label the following diagram.
Focal point
Centre of
curvature

Object Virtual
image
Object Focal point
Image Centre of
curvature
Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
From the following grid search all the words given in the
E
boxes.
i l t q r j t e u n t u a e p
l j r e h x g n o f o r x y e
o e i w l a i i a d t r w e r
b c q d m e t i f t v a r p i
j t g i y c s v d c x r d y s
e c a m e r a c z m n e m d c
c u n l b d a q o p n r s r o
t w f p f a x p r p g x e o p
r e f r a c t i o n e a c r e
r c r j r z s f g v l p q r a
t b o b r m y h n d r k c i a
h a e l i s b o e n n m c m p
g y m n o f c p e v a c n o c
i s h n d u t y y z l e n s l
l k y w l h r s u c o f x q r
 98
bend camera colour
concave convex focus
image lens light
mirror object periscope
reflection refraction telescope
F Write the answers of the following questions in your note book.
1 Explain the following with the help of a ray diagram.
a. Incident rays b. Reflected Ray Point of Incidence
c. Normal line
Ans: When light reaches an object and bounces off or is
reflected, partially or totally, from the object it is called
reflection. The light rays which hit the object are known
as incident rays and the rays which bounce off the
surface of the object are known as reflected rays. The
point at which incident ray strikes on the surface of the
object is called point of incidence. An imaginary line
drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror is
called the normal line.

Angle of Angle of
Normal
Incidence Reflection

Incident Ray Reflected Ray

Plane Mirror
2 What does perpendicular means?
Ans: Perpendicular means “at 90 degree angle” also called
right angle.
 99
3 How light diffuses or scatters when it hits an uneven
surface? Make a diagram of it.
Ans: Objects such as clothes, paper or human skin have
rough, complex surfaces. When rays of light strike these
surfaces, they still obey the law of reflection, but the
surface is so uneven that the imaginary perpendicular
line now points in different directions, depending on
where the light actually strikes. Consequently, different
rays of light are scattered in many different directions.
This kind of reflection is called diffuse reflection.

Scattered or diffuse reflection

Diffuse reflection is much more common than
specular reflection in everyday life, just because few
reflective surfaces are so smooth as the silver or
aluminium coating in a mirror.
4 Explain the formation of images in a concave mirror
with the help of diagrams.
Ans: i. For a real object very far away from the mirror, the
real image is formed at the focus.
Real Object Concave Mirror
very far away

Real Image at focus

ii. For a real object close to the mirror but outside the
centre of curvature, the real image is formed
 100
between C and f. The image is inverted and smaller
than the object.
Concave Mirror
Real Object
Optic Axis
Real
c Image f
Real Image
iii. For a real object at C, the real image is formed at C.
The image is inverted and has the same size as the
object.
Real Object Concave Mirror
Optic Axis
c f

iv. For a real object between C and f, a real image is

formed outside C. The image is inverted and larger
than the object.
Real Object Concave Mirror
Optic Axis

c f
Real Image

v. For a real object at f, no image is formed. The

reflected rays are parallel and never converge.
Concave Mirror
Real Object
Optic Axis

c f
 101
Vi. For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual
image is formed behind the mirror. The position of
the image is found by tracing the reflected rays
back, behind the mirror, where they meet. The
image is upright and larger than the object.
Virtual Image

Real Object
Optic Axis
c f

Concave Mirror

10. Sound
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What is sound and how does it travel?
Ans: Sound is a kind of energy (mechanical energy) and
travels in the form of waves. Sound is a special kind of
to and fro movement that can travel through any
specific medium in the form of waves.
b. How do we hear the sound of a drum?
Ans: Sound waves are created by the vibration of an object,
which causes the surrounding air to vibrate. This
vibrating air enters in the ear and makes the eardrum to
vibrate and the brain understand these waves as
sound.
c. Why cannot we hear any sound in space?
Ans: Sound cannot travel through empty spaces like vacuum
which have nothing, not even air. Similarly, we cannot
hear any sound in space because there is no air or any
other medium in which sound waves can travel.
 102

Exercise
A Fill in the Blanks with the help of the given word bank.
rapid funnel mechanical
vacuum oval travel
water slow vibrating
cochlea to and fro gas
medium empty eardrum
1 Sound is a special kind of to and fro movement.
2 It is a form of mechanical energy and is related to
pressure.
3 Sound cannot travel through empty spaces like
vacuum.
4 The vibrating air enters in the ear and makes the
eardrum to vibrate.
5 Sound travels in a very unique way and need a medium
to travel.
6 Due to the rapid transfer of these waves sound travel
fast through solids.
7 The speed of sound through water is 1,482 meters per
second.
8 When sound waves travel through gas the transfer of
vibration among molecules is slow.
9 The human ear that is attached to the side of the head
acts as a funnel to catch sounds.
10 Sound vibrations then move through an oval opening
called the cochlea.
 103
Read the following passage and then answer the
B
questions.
The human ear which is attached to the side of the head acts
as a funnel to catch sounds. The inner ear, eardrums and tiny
bones inside the ear called the hammer; anvil and stirrup all
begin to vibrate. Sound vibrations then move through an oval
opening called the cochlea. Cochlea is shaped like a snail and
filled with a fluid. The sound waves stimulate tiny hairs which
are connected to the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve
receives signals from nerve cells and transmits them to the
brain. The brain receives these messages from the auditory
nerve. The messages are in a jumble of confusion, but the
brain has the ability to sort them into an organized pattern.
This way we can understand the sounds we hear as music or
human speech.
Questions:
a. List all the inner parts of ear.
Ans: The inner ear includes:
i. Eardrums ii. Hammer
iii. Anvil iv. Stirrup
v. Cochlea vi. Auditory nerve
b. How auditory nerves perform their jobs?
Ans: The auditory nerve receives signals from nerve cells
and transmits them to the brain. The brain receives
these messages from the auditory nerve.
c. What does brain do when he receives the messages
from auditory nerves?
Ans: Messages received by the brain are in a jumble of
confusion, but the brain has the ability to sort them into
an organized pattern. This way we can understand the
sounds we hear as music or human speech.
 104
C Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 We can hear any sound in space because there is no
air. F
2 Sound energy is measured in decibel. T
3 In solids, sound waves travel at the speed of 1,482
meters per second. F
4 In liquids, the molecules are touching together. T
5 If there is no medium, we cannot hear sound. T
6 Molecules in gases are closed together. F
7 When sound waves travel through gas the transfer
of vibration among molecules is slow. T
8 Another word for traveling of sound is transmitted. T
9 Cochlea is shaped like a snail and is filled with a
fluid. T
10 The brain receives these messages from the
eardrum. F
D Match each term with the box that represents it.
decibel Creation of sound
to and fro An inner part of the ear
vibration Measurement of sound
cochlea Movement of vibrations
Write the answers of the following questions in your
E
notebooks.
1 Why sound cannot travel in space or vacuum?
Ans: Sound cannot travel through empty spaces like vacuum
which have nothing, not even air. Similarly, we cannot
hear any sound in space because there is no air or any
other medium in which sound waves can travel.
 105
2 What is a medium? What happens if there is no
medium?
Ans: Sound is able to travel through all forms of matter:
gases, liquids, and solids. The matter that supports the
sound is called the medium. Sound cannot travel
through a vacuum. It means if there is no medium
there is no sound.
3 Why sound waves travel fast in solids but are slowest
in gases?
Ans: Sound waves travel fast through solids and slower in
gases. In solids, sound waves travel at the speed of
5,960 meters per second. It travels fast through solids
because the formation of molecules in solids is quite
closed or rather fixed together. A sound wave travelling
through solid immediately transfers the motion to the
next molecule. Due to the rapid transfer of these
waves, sound travels fast through solids.
Molecules in the gases are far apart and
because of this the speed of sound is slowest when
travelling through gases. Molecules of gases move
freely and take more time to contact other
molecules. It is just like that there is less force of
attraction. When sound waves travel through
gases the transfer of vibration among molecules is slow
due to their free movement and less contact of the
molecules. The speed of sound waves in a gas is 343
meters per second.
4 Explain how sound waves travel in liquids.
Ans: In liquids, the molecules are touching together but are
not fastened with each other as strongly as in solids. A
sound wave travelling through liquid transfers the
motion to the next molecule. Due to the transfer of
these waves, sound travels through liquids. Some
energy of sound waves is wasted in this way and that is
why the speed of sound is slow as compared to solids.
 106
The speed of sound through water is 1,482 meters per
second.
5 We hear with our ears, explain it.
Ans: The human ear which is attached to the side of the head
acts as a funnel to catch sounds. The inner ear,
eardrums and tiny bones inside the ear called the
hammer; anvil and stirrup all begin to vibrate. Sound
vibrations then move through an opening called
cochlea.
Pinna External Ear Hammer
Canal Anvil
Stirrup
Cochlea
Auditory
nerve

Sound

Eardrum
Cochlea is shaped like a snail and filled with a fluid. The
sound waves stimulate tiny hairs which are connected
to auditory nerve. The auditory nerve receives signals
from nerve cells and transmits them to the brain. The
brain receives these messages from the auditory nerve.
The messages are in a jumble of confusion, but the
brain has the ability to sort them into an organized
pattern. This way we can understand the sounds we
hear as music or human speech.
 107
11. Air (Uses and Importance)
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Explain the atmosphere of our Earth in your own
words.
Ans: Earth is the only planet that is habitable for human
beings. The Earth's importance is self-evident means
no need to explain. Every living organism obtains all of
its resources from Earth. Without the Earth, humans
would be doomed to extinction.
All living organisms require a proper habitat, or a
surrounding region that supplies all of its resources,
such as food, water and oxygen. The Earth has many
different habitats, including air, deserts, forests,
grasslands, lakes, rivers and swamps. Additionally, the
oceans of the world form a single large habitat, called
the marine biome.
Some creatures alter or create their own habitats to
suit their needs. Ants, termites, woodpeckers and
other animals modify trees and other items in their
habitat to meet their needs.
Humans have created small areas of habitat that can
leave the planet Earth, which go by the names of space
shuttles, rockets and space stations. However, these
habitats require resources from the Earth to function.
Additionally, these habitats can only support a few
individuals or animals for a relatively short period of
time.
b. Describe the composition of air.
Ans: The air in our atmosphere is composed of different
gases with a specific ratio. The most common gases
are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and argon almost
(1%). Some other gases and particulates like dust,
 108
water vapours are also found in the composition of air
but at very low proportions. Air without water vapours
is called dry air. Air composition varies slightly due to
height and location.
c. What do you know about inert gases?
Ans: Inert gases are also known as noble gases. The inert
gases are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and
radon. They all are colourless, tasteless and odourless
gases. They are non-reactive because they have little
tendency to gain or lose electrons. These gases have
low boiling points and do not change their properties at
room temperature.
d. Write down some uses of inert gases.
Ans:Some of the uses or inert gases are:
i. Argon is used in light bulbs.
ii. Xenon is used in lighthouse arc lamps.
iii. Helium is used to fill airships and hot-air balloons.
iv. Neon gas is used in neon light consists of tubes
containing a noble gas.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are the properties of nitrogen gas?
Ans: Properties of Nitrogen gas are:
i. Nitrogen makes up almost 78% of atmosphere of the
Earth.
ii. It is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
iii. It is a gaseous element and has extremely strong bonds.
iv. It is obtained by the decomposition of some waste
materials.
v. It is found in all living organisms.
vi. It is essential for life as it is a part of DNA.
vii. It is also needed for protein and other components of
living cell.
viii. It is slightly heavier than the air and highly soluble in
water.
ix. It is produced by fractional distillation of air.
 109
b. Write down at least three uses of nitrogen.
Ans: Uses of Nitrogen gas are:
i. It is used to make ammonia, which is used to make
fertilizers and nitric acid which is used in explosives.
ii. It is often used in light bulbs in place of argon because it
is inexpensive.
iii. It is also used in manufacturing stainless steel.
c. What is the importance of oxygen in our life?
Ans: Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1774. It is
the most widely occurring element on the Earth.
Oxygen is life sustaining and an active component that
makes almost 21% by volume or 20% weight of the
atmosphere. All living organisms including animals and
plants use oxygen for respiration. It is a process in
which food is broken down into its simplest form in the
presence of oxygen. Oxygen is extremely active and
forms oxide with almost all the other elements and
compounds except noble gases. Carbon impurities are
removed from steel by a reaction with oxygen to form
carbon dioxide.
d. Explain the properties if oxygen gas.
Ans: Properties of Oxygen gas are:
i. It is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
ii. It is slightly heavier than air.
iii. It is naturally found in the Sun.
iv. It also has the ability to dissolve in water.
v. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.
e. Why oxygen is useful for the plants?
Ans: Plants use oxygen for respiration, which is also
known as aerobic respiration. It is a process in
which food is broken down into its simplest form in the
presence of oxygen to release energy for performing all
activities of life.
 110
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are the properties of carbon dioxide?
Ans: Properties of carbon dioxide are:
i. It is formed by the combination of carbon and
oxygen.
ii. It is produced from the combustion of coal, petrol
and gas.
iii. It has a slightly irritating odour
iv. It is colourless.
v. It is heavier than air.
vi. It is also an inert gas and does not support
combustion.
b. How carbon dioxide help us in our daily life?
Ans: Carbon dioxide helps us in the following ways:
i. Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers to put off
fire.
ii. It is used in beverages to make carbonated soft d r i n ks
and soda water.
iii. Plants need carbon dioxide for the process of
photosynthesis. During the respiration process carbon
dioxide is exhaled.
iv. Compressed carbon dioxide is used in paint ball
markers, air guns and to fill tyres of a bicycle.
v. Carbon dioxide gas is used to preserve food from
bacteria and fungi.
Exercise
Fill the blank spaces by finding the correct words from
A
the lesson.
Earth oxygen pollen
planet nitrogen tasteless
trace reactions surface
Particulates important 300 miles
sustain synonym mixture
 111
Air is invisible, tasteless and does not have any odour. In
addition, we all know that air is very important for all living
things on Earth. Air is the most important element of our
existence. Air is a synonym for atmosphere. This layer of
atmosphere is almost 300 miles above the surface of the
Earth. A number of different gases, including oxygen, make
up the Earth's atmosphere in a mixture that keeps plants,
animals and people alive. The atmosphere of our planet is
made of three primary gases and they are oxygen, nitrogen
and argon. In addition to these three gases there are other
gases in our atmosphere in trace or smaller amounts, some
other particulates like dust; water vapours and pollen are also
floating in our atmosphere. The only reason that the Earth can
sustain life is because of its atmosphere, which keeps air
readily available for chemical reactions and processes of life.
B Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 The layer of atmosphere is almost 300 miles above
the surface of the Earth. T
2 Air without water vapours is called dry air. T
3 Inert gases are non-reactive because of little
tendency to gain or lose protons. F
4 The symbol of nitrogen is 'N' and it makes up almost
87% of the atmosphere. F
5 Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1774. T
6 Carbon dioxide has a slightly irritating odour; it is
colourless and lighter than air. F
7 A natural process between the Sun, atmosphere
and the Earth is called 'greenhouse effect'. T
8 Deforestation or cutting of trees is another major
 112
8 Deforestation or cutting of trees is another major
factor which increasing the ratio of carbon dioxide
in the air. T
9 Trees use a huge amount of oxygen from
atmosphere and release carbon dioxide. F
10 The oxygen present in air helps in burning. T
From the following grid search all the words given in the
C
boxes.
atmosphere oxygen nitrogen
process ozone invisible
argon trace ammonia
volume combustion aerobic
respiration energy carbon
greenhouse
x z i o o o s j i n c c c s v
t t a x x z u g b o t q o r d
t f a y y o q r k f c d m e d
w i m g w n h e g q p s b s t
k n m e f e g e a r r x u p n
k v o n l n u n e a o z s i n
i i n q v e v h r t c s t r i
d s i i u r o o o m e o i a t
w i a b m g l u b o s p o t r
b b t u c y u s i s s a n i o
z l r e a z m e c p a r f o g
c e a n r p e h h h m g z n e
l p c n b c v i z e r o z f n
l y e p o h z t f r e n s q w
o n m d n m n p l e e d q p j
 113
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
D
given at the bottom.
You know that our Earth is wrapped by a blanket of air, which is
known as atmosphere. It is made of several gases. The Sun
provides us heat and warms the Earth. Some of the heat
travels back into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere stops some of the heat from escaping into the
space. Main gases of the greenhouse are carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapours, nitrous oxide and ozone. A natural
process between the Sun, atmosphere and the Earth is called
'greenhouse effect'. It works just like a greenhouse. The
greenhouse gases play the same role as the windows of a
greenhouse keep some of the heat inside it. When there are
more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, more heat is
trapped which makes the Earth warmer. This will gradually
increase the temperature of the Earth. This is commonly
known as 'global warming'. The greenhouse effect is essential
for life.
Questions:
a. What is the function of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere?
Ans: Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stops some of the
heat from escaping into the space.
b. Which are the main gases of greenhouse?
Ans: Main gases of the greenhouse are carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapours, nitrous oxide and ozone.
c. Define global warming.
Ans: When there are more greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, more heat is trapped which makes the
Earth warmer. This will gradually increase the
temperature of the Earth. This is commonly known as
'global warming'.
 114
d. What is greenhouse effect?
Ans: A natural process between the Sun, atmosphere and
the Earth is called 'greenhouse effect'.
e. How greenhouse gases effect the temperature of the
Earth?
Ans: The greenhouse gases play the same role as the
windows of a greenhouse keep some of the heat inside
it. When there are more greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, more heat is trapped which makes the
Earth warmer. This will gradually increase the
temperature of the Earth.
E Write the answers of the following questions in your notebook.
1 Show the composition of air with the help of a pie chart.
Ans: air in our atmosphere is composed of different gases
with a specific ratio. The most common gases are
nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and argon almost (1%).
Some other gases and particulates like dust, water
vapours are also found in the composition of air but at
very low proportions. Air without water vapours is
called dry air. Air composition varies slightly due to
height and location. The ratio of different gases in the air
is shown in the pie chart.

Oxygen 21% Argon

Water Vapour ~1%
Carbon Dioxide
Helium
Neon Traces
Methane
Nitrogen 78% Nitrous Oxide
 115
2 Oxygen is essential for all activities of life. Explain it.
Ans: Oxygen is an element and its symbol is 'O'. Oxygen was
discovered by Joseph Priestley in 1774. It is the most
widely occurring element on the Earth. Oxygen is life
sustaining and an active component that makes almost
21% by volume or 20% weight of the atmosphere.
Oxygen supports the process of combustion to produce
energy in motor vehicles, airplanes, ships and
generators, but does not burn itself in the reaction. All
living organisms including animals and plants use oxygen
or respiration, which is also known as aerobic
respiration. It is a process in which food is broken down
into its simplest form in the presence of oxygen to
release energy for performing all activities of life. Oxygen
is extremely active and forms oxide with almost all
the other elements and compounds except noble gases.
The major commercial use of oxygen is in steel
production. Carbon impurities are removed from steel
by a reaction with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
3 How layer of ozone protects the Earth?
Ans: A layer of ozone gas present high up in the atmosphere
protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Also during daytime, the atmosphere prevents excessive
heat from the sun from reaching us. At night, the
atmosphere traps the surface heat and prevents it from
escaping.
4 Write a short note on 'Importance of Air'.
Ans: IMPORTANCE OF AIR
i. Air contains oxygen, which is essential for life. All living
things respire by breathing in air. When we breathe in
we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide when
breathe outside.
ii. Plants take carbon dioxide from air for photosynthesis,
 116
which is the process of making their food.
iii. Moving air, called wind, has great force. It enables the
movement of sailboats. It runs windmills, which are
used to generate electricity.
iv. Air supports burning or combustion. Oxygen present in
air helps in burning.
v. The presence of nitrogen gas reduces the motion of
oxygen. If air mostly had oxygen, then small fires would
turn into huge outbursts.
vi. Nitrogen in air is essential for the growth of plants. They
take in nitrogen directly from the air or from the soil.
vii. Compressed air is used in a number of ways. It is used to
fill tires and tubes.
viii. A layer of ozone gas present high up in the atmosphere
protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
5 Why greenhouse effect is essential for life on Earth?
Ans: Our Earth is wrapped by a blanket of air, which is known
as atmosphere. It is made of several gases. The Sun
provides us heat and warms the Earth. Some of the heat
travels back into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere stops some of the heat from escaping into
the space. Main gases of the greenhouse are carbon
dioxide, methane, water vapours, nitrous oxide and
ozone. A natural process between the Sun, atmosphere
and the Earth is called 'greenhouse effect'. It works just
like a greenhouse. The greenhouse gases play the same
role as the windows of a greenhouse keep some of the
heat inside it. When there are more greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere, more heat is trapped which makes the
Earth warmer. This will gradually increase the
temperature of the Earth. This is commonly known as
'global warming'. The greenhouse effect is essential for
life.
 117
6 What are the main factors of global warming?
Ans: When there are more greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, more heat is trapped which makes the
Earth warmer. As the amount of gases in the greenhouse
increases the weather conditions may raise to extreme
levels, and temperature in winters and summers may
increase. This will gradually increase the temperature of
the Earth.
Power plants and vehicles are adding more carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere as they burn fossil fuels like
coal, petrol and natural gas which produce carbon
dioxide when they burn. Deforestation or cutting of
trees is another major factor which is increasing the ratio
of carbon dioxide in the air. Trees use a huge amount of
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release
oxygen. If there are no trees there will be no absorption
of carbon dioxide and the situation will get worse in
terms of global warming.

7 Explain that air is a synonym of atmosphere.

Ans: Air is invisible, tasteless and does not have any odour. In
addition, we all know that air is very important for all
living things on the Earth. Air is the most important
element of our existence. Air is a synonym for
atmosphere. This layer of atmosphere is almost 300
miles above the surface of the Earth. A number of
different gases, including oxygen, make up the Earth's
atmosphere in a super composition which helps in
sustaining life on Earth.
 118
12. Satellite and Space
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What do you know about solar system?
Ans: The solar system made up of the sun and all of the
smaller objects that move around it. Apart from the
sun, the largest members of the solar system are the
eight major planets. Nearest the sun are four fairly
small, rocky planets namely Mercury, Venus, Earth and
Mars. Beyond Mars is the asteroid belt, a region
populated by millions of rocky objects. These are left-
over from the formation of the planets, almost 4.5
billion years ago. On the far side of asteroid belt are the
four gas giants namely Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune. These planets are much bigger than Earth.
b. Why Pluto is considered as ‘dwarf planet’?
Ans: The furthest known planet was an icy world called
Pluto. However, Pluto is dwarfed by Earth's Moon and
many astronomers think it is too small to be called a
true planet.
c. What is satellites?
Ans: A satellite is a natural body that revolves around a
planet and it is also called a moon.
d. What are artificial satellites?
Ans: These are the human build objects orbiting the Earth
and other planets in the solar system. They are
different from natural satellites, or moons, that orbit
planet, dwarf planets and even asteroids.
e. What is the use of artificial satellites?
Ans: Satellites are launched into different orbits depending
on their mission. One of the most common ones is
geostationary orbit. In it, a satellite takes 24 hours to
 119
orbit the earth. Earth also takes the same amount of
time to rotate once on its axis. This keeps the satellite in
the same spot around the Earth, allowing for
communications and television broadcasts.
Geostationary or communication satellites are used
for weather forecasting, satellite TV, satellite radio
and other types of global communications.
f. How satellites are launched into the space?
Ans: Satellites are launched into space by rockets or carried
into space by space shuttles. They are placed in
different orbits depending upon the job they do. Once
in orbit, a satellite can continue its job for a long time.
They are powered by solar cells which convert the
sunlight which falls on them into electricity.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. Explain that moon is the natural satellite of our Earth.
Ans: The Moon has less mass and is much smaller than
Earth. The Moon has very little atmosphere, and there
is no life of any kind. The Moon gives off no light of its
own, but it is the brightest object in our sky, after sun,
because it reflects the light of the Sun. Our Earth is a
planet and the moon is the nearest neighbor of Earth in
the solar system. The moon orbits the Earth and that is
why it is the natural satellite of the Earth.
b. Describe the surface of the moon?
Ans: The moon is almost 384,000 Kilometers (239,000
miles) away from the Earth. Its surface is covered with \
mountains, valleys and many big holes known as
craters. It is also called lunar. If you observe the moon
during night, you will notice that some areas on the
surface on the moon on the moon are darker than the
others.
 120
c. When and who stepped first on the moon?
Ans: In July 20 1969, American astronauts landed on the
moon in a spacecraft named Apollo-11. History was
created and Neil Armstrong was the first man who
stepped onto the surface of the moon.
d. Write a short note on the history of moon’s exploration.
Ans: The moon has been explored since 1959, when Russia
sent Sputnik-1 into the space and it was supposed to
crash on the surface of the moon. In the same year, it
sent Sputnik-2 which was successful. Then in July 20
1969, American astronauts landed on the moon in a
spacecraft named Apollo-11. History was created and
Neil Armstrong was the first man who stepped onto
the surface of the moon. It was followed by five more
successful missions to land on the moon. In total,
twelve astronauts walked on the surface of the moon
from 1969 to 1972. These astronauts collected 382Kg
of rock samples from the moon during these missions
to explore more about the moon.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What is an asteroid?
Ans: Asteroids are small solar system bodies that orbit the
Sun. Made of rock and metal, they can also contain
organic compounds. Asteroids are similar to comets
but do not have a visible coma (fuzzy outline and tail)
like comets do.
b. Where is asteroid belt located?
Ans: Asteroid Belt is located between Mars and Jupiter.
c. Which is the largest known asteroid?
Ans: The largest known asteroid is Ceres and is 579 miles
wide, one quarter of the size of the moon.
 121
d. What is meteoroid?
Ans: A meteoroid is a small rock or particle of metals in our
solar system. They range in size from dust particles to
around 10 meters in diameter.
e. How a meteoroid changes into a meteor?
Ans: When a meteoroid enters in the atmosphere of our
earth, they usually burn up and are commonly known
as shooting stars. A meteoroid that burns up as it
passes through the Earth's atmosphere is known as a
meteor. The shooting stars we see at night are actually
meteors.
TEST YOUR MEMORY
a. What are comets?
Ans: A comet is a relatively smaller solar system body that
orbits the Sun. When close enough to the Sun they
display a visible coma and sometimes a tail. The name
comet comes from the Greek word meaning 'hair of
the head'. Usually it is very hard to see a comet without
a telescope. But, when a comet gets close to the Sun it
grows in brightness and size, and can be seen by the eye
itself.
b. Which is the most common comet?
Ans: Halley's Comet is a well known comet. It is known as a
periodic comet because the time it takes to orbit the
Sun is less than 200 years. It can be seen with the naked
eye from Earth every 75 to 76 years. It last appeared in
the inner Solar System in 1986 and will return again
sometime in 2061.
c. In which year the Halley’s comet was last seen?
Ans: It last appeared in the inner Solar System in 1986 and
will return again sometime in 2061.
 122

Exercise
A Fill in the blanks by finding correct words from the lesson.
Sputnik-1 fifth Apollo-11
Pluto Edmond Halley space shuttle
ceres illuminated geostationary
revolves
1 The furthest known planet was an icy world called
Pluto.
2 A satellite is a natural body which revolves around a
planet.
3 The first artificial satellite was the Sputnik-1 mission,
launched in 1957.
4 Geostationary satellites are parked in space about
22,300 miles above the equator
of the Earth.
5 Satellites are launched or carried into space by space
shuttle.
6 One half of the Moon is always in darkness and the
other half is illuminated by the Sun.
7 The moon of the Earth is the fifth largest moon in the
solar system.
8 In July 20 1969, American astronauts landed on the
moon in a spacecraft named Apollo-11.
9 The largest known asteroid, Ceres is 579 miles wide.
10 Halley's Comet is named after English astronomer
Edmond Halley.
 123
B Write T for true statements and F for false statements.
Statements T/F
1 On the far side of the asteroid belt are the four gas
giants Planets. T
2 Ten astronauts walked on the surface of the moon
in 1969. F
3 Asteroids are small solar system bodies which orbit
the Sun. T
4 Comets usually burn up and commonly known as
shooting stars. F
5 Meteoroids hit the surface of the Earth are called
meteorites. T
6 Some moons in the Solar System are larger than
Mercury and Pluto. T
7 Comets also can have a tail composed of gas,
known as an ion tail. T
8 Usually a comet can be seen without a telescope. F
9 The Moon has less mass and is much smaller than
Earth. T
10 All satellites stop working when they get old and
wear out. T

From the following grid search all the words given in the
C
boxes.
solar asteroid planets mercury

venus earth mars jupiter

saturn neptune pluto uranus

satellites orbit craters

 124

Read the given statements and choose the best answer

D
from the given options.
The asteroids belt lies between these planets.
1 Earth and Mars Mars and Jupiter
Saturn and Mars Jupiter and Saturn
Four gaseous planets are mostly composed of
2 Oxygen and Helium Hydrogen and Carbon
Hydrogen and Helium Carbon and Helium
A dwarf planet of our solar system is
3 Saturn Pluto Uranus Mars
In which year the first artificial satellite was sent into space?
4 1957 1956 1955 1958
What was the name of first Russian satellite?
5 V-2 Rocket Sputnik-2 Sputnik-1 Apollo-11
 125
Which planets do not have any moon?
6 Mercury and Venus Mercury and Pluto
Pluto and Venus Mars and Venus
How many moons Neptune has?
7 13 15 11 16
The distance between the Earth and the Moon is
8 284,000 kilometres 384,000 kilometres
348,000 kilometres 248,000 kilometres
Neil Armstrong stepped on the on which date?
9 July 20, 1969 August 20, 1969
July 20, 1968 August 20, 1968
'Hair of the head' is the meaning of
10 Asteroid Meteor Crater Comet
Vesta is a big asteroid but smaller than
11 Stray Ceres Moon Pluto
How many moons Mercury has?
12 ten moons seven moons no moon one moon
A satellite is a natural body that revolves around
13 Sun Planet Moon Star
First human who travelled to space was
14 Neil Armstrong Valentina Tereshkova
Yuri Gagarin John H. Glenn
Read the following passage carefully and answer the
E
questions given at the bottom.
The Moon has less mass and is much smaller than Earth.
The Moon has very little atmosphere, and there is no life of
any kind. The Moon gives off no light of its own, but it is the
brightest object in our sky because it reflects the light of
the Sun. One half of the Moon is always in darkness and the
other half is illuminated by the Sun. As the Moon orbits the
Earth we see more or less of the sunlit half. This is what
creates the different shapes, or phases, of the Moon that
we see in the sky.
 126
Questions
a. Moon does not have its own light but it is the brightest
object in the sky after Sun. Why?
Ans: The Moon gives off no light of its own, but it is the
brightest object in our sky because it reflects the light of
the Sun.
b. Why half of the moon is always dark?
Ans: Half of the moon is always dark because one half of the
Moon is always in darkness and the other half is
illuminated by the Sun.
c. How moon creates different shapes or phases?
Ans: As the Moon orbits the Earth we see more or less of the
sunlit half. This is what creates the different shapes, or
phases, of the Moon that we see in the sky.
Write the answers of the following questions in your
F
notebooks.
1 What do you know about Sputnik-1?
Ans: The moon has been explored since 1959, when Russia
sent Sputnik-1 into the space and it was supposed to
crash on the surface of the moon.
2 What are geostationary satellites?
Ans: Satellites are launched into different orbits depending
on their mission. One of the most common ones is
geostationary orbit. In it, a satellite takes 24 hours to
orbit the Earth. Earth also takes the same amount of
time to rotate once on its axis. This keeps the satellite in
the same spot around the Earth, allowing for
communications and television broadcasts. Such
satellites are about 35,900 Km above the Earth.
Geostationary or communication satellites are parked
 127
in space about 22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the
equator of the Earth. Geostationary satellites are used
for weather forecasting, satellite TV, satellite radio
and other types of global communications.
3 Explain in your own words about Low Earth Orbit?
Ans: Low earth orbits (LEO) are satellite systems used in
telecommunication, which orbit between 400 and
1,000 miles above the earth's surface. They are used
mainly for data communication such as email, video
conferencing and paging. They move at extremely high
speeds and are not fixed in space in relation to the
earth. LEO-based telecommunication systems provide
underdeveloped countries and territories with the
ability to acquire satellite telephone service in areas
where it otherwise would be too costly or even
impossible to lay land lines.
4 What do you know about moons in the solar system?
Ans: Many people think that moons are smaller than
planets. This, however, is not true. There are several
moons in the Solar System which are larger than
Mercury and Pluto. There are moons with volcanoes,
atmospheres, and even quite possibly liquid water
oceans.
i. Mercury and Venus have no moons.
ii. Mars has two moons and they are known as Deimas
and Phobos.
iii. Jupiter has 62 moons; most of the moons are very
small.
iv. Saturn has 56 classified moons. There are 9 more
moons but they are unofficial.
v. Uranus has 27 moons, 5 of them are large and rest of
the moons is much smaller.
 128
vi. Neptune has 13 moons and scientists believe that it has
more moons which have not been discovered yet.
vii. Pluto has two moons, but due to its smaller size it is not
considered as a planet rather it is called dwarf planet.