UNIT III
STARTING METHODS
1.Write the speed equation of DC motor.
The speed equation of the dc motor is given by
N=(V-Ia Ra)/Φ or Eb/Φ
Where
N=Speed of dc motor
Ia=Armature current
Ra=Armature resistance
Φ=flux
2. Why is starter necessary for a DC motor?
A DC motor is directly switched on, at the time of starting, the motor back emf is
zero. Due to this, the armature current is very high. Due to the very high armature
current, the motor become damaged. The starting current can be limited by using
starter.
3. Name the various types of starters commonly used for starting an induction motor.
a. DOL starter
b. Stator resistance starter
c. Auto transformer starter
d. Star delta starter
e. Rotor resistance starter
4. What is the function of a starter in dc motor?
a. To limit the starting current
b. To protect the motor against low voltage and over load condition.
5. State the advantages of DOL starter
a. High starting torque
b. Low cost
c. Simple operation
6. What are the different types of protection provided in starter used for a three phase
induction motor?
a. No voltage release coil
b. Over load release coil
7. Name and mention the function of protective devices that are used to protect the
motor.
a.No volt release coil (NVR):
Under low voltage condition, the coil should be de-energise and motor disconnected
from the supply.
b.Over load release(OLR):
Under over load condition, the coil should be de-energise and motor disconnected
from the supply.
8. Name the different types of starters used in DC motors
a. Two point starter
b. Three point starter
c. four point starter
9. What are the methods of starting in three phase squirrel induction motor?
a. DOL starter
b. Stator resistance starter
c. Star delta starter
d. Auto transformer starter
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of auto transformer starter?
Advantages:
a. Reduced line current
b. Smooth starting
Disadvantages:
a. Cost is high
b. It is used for large motors only.
11. What is the objective of rotor resistance starter?
a. To limit the starting current
b. To control the starting torque
c. To vary the motor speed.
12. What type of starter is used for slip ring induction motor?
Rotor resistance starter
13. Name the type of induction motor which produces high starting torque.
Slip ring induction motor
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of star delta starter?
Advantages:
a. This method of starting is simple, cheap, effective
b. The reduced voltage is not variable.
Disadvantages:
a. The reduction in voltage is fixed and starting torque is also low.
b. This method is unsuitable for line voltage exceeding 3000V.
15. Write the difference between three point and four point starter
Three point starter:
a. The NVR coil is connected in series with the shunt field winding.
b. The exiting current through the NVR coil in three point starter is same as
shunt field of the motor.
Four point starter:
a. The NVR coil along with a high resistance is connected across the supply
voltage.
b. The exciting current through NVR coil of a four point starter is directly
proportional to the supply voltage and independent on shunt field current.
16. What are the effect of increasing rotor resistance on starting current and starting
torque?
Addition of external resistance to the rotor circuit gives two advantages
a. Reduces the starting current.
b. It improves the starting torque.
17. What is the advantage of a four point starter over a three point starter used for dc
motors?
The main advantage of the four point starter is the dc motor used for field
control(above the normal speed)
18. Is it possible to include external resistance in the rotor of a squirrel cage induction
motor?
External resistance can not be connected in the rotor of the squirrel cage induction
motor because the rotor out cage is already short circuited by end rings.
19. Why, large current is drawn by three phase induction motor at the time of starting?
When 3 phase induction motor is switched on at normal supply voltage, heavy
current will flow through the motor because at the time of starting, there is no back
emf. An induction motor, when directly switched on, takes 5 to 7 times its full load
current and develops only 1.5 to 2.5 times full load torque .This will affect the
operation of other electrical equipments connected to the same line. Due to this,
starters are used for the three phase induction motors.
20.Explain the rotor resistance starter allows fast start with heating of induction motor.
In slip ring induction motor is normally started with rotor resistance starter. Here
we can apply full voltage to the stator winding. Due to this, motor start with fast as
well as heating of the motor.
1. With a neat diagram explain the construction and working principle of a three point
starter.
Necessity of Starter:
At the instant of starting, Eb =0 Because N=0 .
So at the time of starting, starting current is nearly 25 times the full load current. This
excessive current will blow out the fuses,damage the commutator,brushes etc.
The main function of starter is to control the starting current drawn by the motor.
Main component of starter:
Starting Resistance
No Voltage Release coil
Over Load Relay coil
Types of Dc Motor Starter:
Two Point Starter
Three Point Starter
Four Point starter
Three Point Starter:
Construction:
Initially the handle is in OFF position. Soft iron piece is attached to the handle.
When the handle is moved to ON position, the soft iron piece is attracted by the
electromagnet (NVR).
The starting resistance is connected in series with the armature of a dc motor.
A NVR coil is connected in series with the field winding.
An OLR coil is connected in series with the armature.
Movable arm is placed near the OLR coil.
Operation:
At the time of starting, the handle is moved from OFF position to stud no.1 to
include full starting resiatance.so that the starting current is reduced.
Then the starting resistance is gradually cut down and the motor gathers speed,
which will then develop back emf.
Protection:
(I) No Voltage Release coil(NVR):
It is an electromagnet.
It is connected in series with the field winding.
When the handle is in ON position, the NVR coil is magnetized and attracts the
soft iron piece and keeps the handle in ON position against the spring tension.
In case of failure or disconnection of the supply or break in the field circuit, the
NVR coil is de-energized so that the handle moved to OFF position.
(II)
Over Load Release Coil (OLR):
It is an electromagnet.
It is connected in series with the armature.
If the motor becomes overloaded beyond a certain predetermined value, iron
piece below the OLR is lifted up and this leads to short circuits the NVR coil.
Hence the NVR coil is de-energized so that the handle moved to OFF position.
Demerits of three point starter:
Eb
When the speed control,the motor speed increased by weakening the flux( N
).so that the field current reduced.
To achieve very high speed, field current should be reduced to very low value.
Because of this very low value of field current, NVR coil is de-energised. Because
the NVR coil is connected in series with the field winding. Hence the arm pulled
back to OFF position.
So the three point starter is not suitable for variable speed motors.
2. With a neat diagram explain the construction and working principle of a four point
starter.
Four Point Starter:
Necessity of Starter:
At the instant of starting, Eb =0 Because N=0 .
So at the time of starting, starting current is nearly 25 times the full load current. This
excessive current will blow out the fuses,damage the commutator,brushes etc.
The main function of starter is to control the starting current drawn by the motor.
Main component of starter:
Starting Resistance
No Voltage Release coil
Over Load Relay coil
Types of Dc Motor Starter:
Two Point Starter
Three Point Starter
Four Point starter
Construction:
Initially the handle is in OFF position. Soft iron piece is attached to the handle. When
the handle is moved to ON position, the soft iron piece is attracted by the
electromagnet (NVR).
The starting resistance is connected in series with the armature of a dc motor.
A NVR coil is directly connected across the supply line through the high resistance
(HR).
An OLR coil is connected in series with the armature.
Movable arm is placed near the OLR coil.
Operation:
At the time of starting, the handle is moved from OFF position to stud no.1 to
include full starting resiatance.so that the starting current is reduced.
Then the starting resistance is gradually cut down and the motor gathers speed,
which will then develop back emf.
Protection:
(I) No Voltage Release coil(NVR):
It is an electromagnet.
When the handle is in ON position, the NVR coil is magnetized and attracts
the soft iron piece and keeps the handle in ON position against the spring
tension.
In case of failure or disconnection of the supply or break in the field circuit,
the NVR coil is de-energized so that the handle moved to OFF position.
(II) Over Load Release Coil (OLR):
It is an electromagnet.
It is connected in series with the armature.
If the motor becomes overloaded beyond a certain predetermined value, iron
piece below the OLR is lifted up and this leads to short circuits the NVR coil.
Hence the NVR coil is de-energized so that the handle moved to OFF
position.
Merits of Four point starter:
When the speed control,the motor speed increased by weakening the flux(
Eb
N
).so that the field current reduced.
To achieve very high speed, field current should be reduced to very low
value.
In the three point starter, because of this very low value of field current,
NVR coil is de-energised. Because the NVR coil is connected in series with
the field winding. Hence the arm pulled back to OFF position. So the three
point starter is not suitable for variable speed motors.
But in the four point starter, the current in the shunt field circuit does not
affect the current passing through the NVR coil .because the two circuits are
independent of each other.so we can adjust the field rheostat for speed
control.
3. State the various starting methods of squirrel cage induction motor. Explain Briefly.
Types of Starter
Squirrel cage Induction Motor:
Direct on line starter
Primary resistance starter
Auto transformer starter
Star- Delta starter
1. Direct on line starter:
When TPST switch is closed UVRC Energized Main contactors to close
Full supply voltage is given to motor
Closing of A Retains the supply to UVRC
S2 Open An emergency condition, Disconnect the motor from supply
No Voltage Protection:
If Supply voltage is low UVRC de-energized Main contactors to open
Disconnect the motor from supply.
Over Load Protection:
Line current exceed OLRC energized more S4 Open UVRC de-energized
Main contactors to open Disconnect the motor from supply
Advantages:
Highest starting torque
Low cost
Simplicity
Disadvantages:
The inrush current of large motors may cause excessive voltage drop in the
transmission line.
The torque may be limited to protect certain types of loads.
2. Primary Resistance starter:
Purpose of Resistance:
Reduce the supply voltage across the motor terminalStarting current Reduced
IαV
T α V2
If voltage 50% reduced Current reduced to 50%
Torque reduced to 25%
3. Autotransformer starter:
Used to give reduced voltage to the motor.
Handle moved to START position Motor is connected through
autotransformer Reduced voltage applied to the motor.
When the motor gets 80% of the normal speed The handle is moved to RUN
position Motor receives full line voltage.
Over Load Protection:
Motor current exceed OLRC enerzised high S1 Open
Motor disconnected from the Supply voltage.
Low Voltage Protection:
Supply voltage goes low UVRC de-enerzised Handle moved to OFF
position Motor disconnected from the supply voltage.
Advantages:
Reduced line current
Smooth starting
High acceleration
Disadvantages:
Cost is high
It is used for large motors only.
4. Star –Delta starter:
Two way switch – connects the motor in star for starting and in delta for normal
running.
Start position:
Stator windings are connected as star so the applied voltage is reduced a factor
1 VL
V ph
of 3 . Because for star connection 3 so the starting current is
reduced
Run position:
When the motor speed reaches 70 to 80% of normal speed, two way switch is changed
to RUN position. Here stator windings are connected as delta. Therefore full voltage is
applied to the motor in the running condition
4. Explain the principle operation of capacitor start and run single phase induction
motor.
CS is used for High starting torque & Starting purpose – Large Value – When the
motor speed attains the 75% of the synchronous speed then using the centrifugal
switch CS is disconnected from the circuit.
Cr is used for running purpose – Small value – Permanently connected in series
with the auxiliary winding – Improve the power factor.
Advantage:
High Tst (starting torque)
High η (efficiency)
High p.f (powerfactor)
Applications:
Compressors
Pumps
Conveyors
Refrigerators
Characteristics:
Tst – 200% to 300% of rated value
Tbd – Up to 250%
P.f – 0.75 to 0.9
η – 60 to 70%
Power rating – 1/8 hp to 1 hp.
5. Explain the operation of a rotor rheostat starter for a three phase induction motor.
Rotor resistance starter:
Used to start slip ring induction motor only
External resistance is connected in rotor terminal to reduce the motor speed
Full line voltage applied across the stator.Starting current reduced by increasing
the rotor side resistance.
At starting, Full resistance is included Starting current reduced
The resistance gradually cut out off the rotor circuit as the motor gathers speed.
Disadvantages:
1. R2 (increase) I2R Loss (increase) Operating efficiency( decrease)
2. Speed depends on both R2 and Load. This method is used only where the speed
changes are needed for short periods only.
