Cultural, Social and Political Institutions

Kinship, marriage and the household

All of us belongs to a family, clan, and house

Household is a small units which it is a very economic arrangement in fulfilling basic human needs

Meanwhile large social units like a kin or clan old

allows an individual to fulfill hos or her other needs that a household cannot give.

Kinship is “ a network of relatives within which an individual possesses certain mutual rights and
obligations.”

In the Philippines, some forms of kinship are formed through marriage and ritual, but kinship is truly
traced through the bloodline.

kinship by blood when a child is born, he or she is automatically assigned to either his or her mother’s of
father’s group.

Kinship by marriage this type of kinship is forged by marriage alliances. There are various forms of
marriages, such as:

Monogamy- happens when both married partners only have one spouse

Polygamy- happens when one individuals has multiple spouses

Polygyny- happens when one man is married to more than woman simultaneously

Polyandry- happens when a woman is married to more than one man simultaneously .

Kinship by ritual kinship is also possible through ritual or ceremony in the Philippines (godparents)

Residency patterns

There are different types of residency patterns such as patrilocal (side of father), matrilocal (side of
mother), ambilocal (palipat-lipat or parehong patri matri), and neolocal (bukod sa pamilya). (where
married couple lives)

Nuclear family refers to the smallest family unit consisting of one or two parents and offspring

Extended family happens when three or more generations form a generation

Polotical and leadership structures

Philippine government organizational chart

Executive- implements the law

Leni Robredo- vice president

Cabinet (varies)- control the Philippine files/ secretary ng different department

Leonor briones- secretary of department of education

16 regions

Legislative- makes and codifies the law

Senate president- tito sotto

House of representative head speaker- Gloria Macapagal arroyo

Judiciary- interprets the law

Lucas bersamin- head chief justice of supreme court

Shari’a trial court- batas ng muslim

Centralized political system

Two prominent examples chiefdom and states

Chiefdom- power and authority are bestowed to the chief because he is the highest ranking individual
examples of chiefdoms are found in pre-colonial Philippines societies rueld by the rajah or data

States- exists in a society with a large population that resides in a clearly bounded territory, stratified
into different social classes, and subjected to a formal government…

Sources/types of authority

Charismatic- authority based on personal talents/traits of the leader

Traditional- authority based on what is handed down from the past or tradition

Rational-legal- authority based on written laws. This is the most common type of authority in modern
and contemporary societies

Non-state actors/ other non-state actors

Hindi nahahawakan ng government

Referes to entities other than a nation-state, including nultinational corporations, non-governmental

a. Banks and corporations

Education and religion

Educational institutions are created to give young people formal training in the skills that they will need
later in life.

The ancient greeks coined the school to mean leisure in the cultivation of the mind and propagation of
wisdom, as a life-long and continuous process

Learning is a life long process

Schooling system is comples

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Graduate (masteral)
5. Post-graduate
6. Vocational training

In shot education functions as a “systematic formalized transmission of knowledge, skills, and values”

Two primary finction

1. Develop a productive citizenry-concepts like liberty and democracy

United Nation Educational Scientific Cultural Organization

Education as basic human right

-helps ensure that children attend primary schools regardless of their race, gender, and
conditions in life.

Religion is an organized system of beliefs concerning supernatural beings. This systems of beliefs is
exercised through rituals that are meant to influence facets of the universe which otherwise people can
do nothing about it.

Religion performs rituals that enhance the solidarity of the community as well as its faith.

Religion is a source of an orderly model of the universe. It provides explanations of things and
experiences that cannot b grasped by human senses.
Animism- the world oldest belief system

- The belief that spirits may dwell in nature, people, or human made objects.

Polytheism- is the belief in multiple gods (ancient greeks and romans) ex. Hinduism

Monotheism- the belief in a single, all powerful deity (all Abrahamic religion)

Religious as a social institutions- religion as a social institutions is characterized by the ff features:

1. Organized religion or possessing a religious organization

Health institutions

A persons health is considered as precious and priceless asset.

Sickness is a universal problem affecting individuals and society. As such, human response to sickness is
always socially organized.

Disease and illness

Disease refers ro a specific pathology ( the science of the causes and effects of disease)

While illness refers to the meaning and elaborations given to a particular physical state

Illness are much more culture-specific which is why some illness are experienced only in a certain
ultures ( e.g. pasma, usog, and kulam which are prevalent to Philippines)

While disease can be categorized into four major types, depending on their social effects.

Endemic disease- this kind disease is always present in a large part of the population

Epidemic disease- affects a significant part of the population wherein disease is normally uncommon to
the people of the area.

Chronic disease- it is a disease that last for a long period time. The victim may not die, but often does
not recover.

Acute disease- this is short duration disease; generally either the victim recovers from it or dies fast.

What is the social impact of diseases?

The social impact of diseases does not only fall to a victim who may experience discomfort, pain,
anxiety, confinement, and even death but also extends to the family, community and society

For the immediate family, one has to deal emotionally and financially with the love ojes….

Sick people are typically unable to play their normal social roles, which may be performed by others or
abandoned
Mass media composed of print media (books magazines and newspaper and non-print meadia
(television, movies, radio, internet …)

These types of media to disseminate information, oftentimes, regardless of border and territory around
the world.

Given the wide reach of mass media, it is able to relay to society

However it is not only through the reporting of events that mass media contributes to reality it can also
tell people what is good or bad; what is necessary or unnecessary; and what is desirable or not.

Bu projecting such ideas people are socialized and influenced by public opinion.

Social media and technology

Allows people to communicate…

Overall, technology, the internet and social media help empower individuals and allow people spread
ideas and communicate to other easily

Economic institutions

Aside from acquiring their basic needs, such as food, and water, people also aspire for goods and
services that can only be obtained through effort

This makes economic activity a significant part of life because in influences the size and complexity of
society and the character of its cultural and social life

Economic institutions

Major economic institutions

1. Agriculture farming
2. Chemical fertilizer and its supplying agencies
3. Irrigation systems
4. Harvesting of crops ….

Patterns of distribution and patterns

Reciprocity transaction between two socially equal parties concerning goods or services that are
estimated to be of equal value.

Reciprocity has three types

Generalized reciprocity this is undertaken by closely related people; this type of reciprocity is more of a
gesture that expresses personal relationship than an economic transactions (parents and child)

Balanced reciprocity- this is a transaction between two distantly related people; the giver expects
something in return, altuough it does not have to be immediately (two companies)
Negative reciprocity- this transaction is undertaken with people who are considered outsiders of the
group. The transaction is based on distrust because there is no personal relationship between one party
to the other ( business transaction; other friend)

Redistribution all produce from the community is sent to the center where they are stored, counted
and later on, distributed back to the people.

Market exchange the price of the exchange of goods and services are supposedly dictated by the rules
of supply and demand; however, personal loyalties and moral values intervene on price determination
most of the time.

Major economic sectors- involved the gathering or extraction of undeveloped resources; for example,
fishing mining, forestry

Secondary sector- turns the raw materials produced by the primary sector into manufactured

Tertiary sector- provide services to the community; for example medicine, teaching and broadcasting