EECE 210

Electric Circuits

Simple Resistive Circuits

Motivation
 Analytical toolbox:
 Ohm’s Law
 Kirchhoff’s Law (KVL and KCL)

 Complicated Interconnections
 Need techniques to simplify the circuit
 Then Apply circuits’ Laws
 Resistors in Series

 In a series connection of resistors

 Same current flows through all the resistors,
 Apply KVL

vs  is ( R1  R2  R3  ...  R7 )
vs  is Req
Req  R1  R2  R3  ...  R7
 Resistors in Parallel

 In a parallel connection of resistors

 Apply KCL is  i1  i2  ...  i4
vs vs
 Voltage is the same across the resistors i1  ,....i4 
 1 1 1  R1 R4
is  v s     ....  
 R1 R2 R4 
1 1 1 1
   .... 
Req R1 R2 R4
R1 R2
Req 
 In case of 2 resistors R1  R2
 Req is always smaller than the smallest resistor in the circuit
Resistors in Parallel (Examples)

 R3// (short circuit)  replace the combination by short circuit (wire)

 Find is, i1, i2

 Check your calculations
 Use KVL
 Use KCL
Is=12A, V1=12x6=72V, i1=4A, i2=8A
Resistors in Parallel (Examples)
Circuit Analysis
 Voltage Divider Rule

 Current Divider Rule

 Combine Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law

Voltage Divider Rule
 Determine Vk ?
 KCL is satisfied by having a common current i
through all the resistors
+
 From Ohm’s law: i R1 v1
vk = iRk and vSCR = (R1+ R2+…+Rk)i –
+
R2 v2
 Substitute –
+
vSRC +
–
vk Rk
 Rk vk
v SRC R1  R2  ...  Rk  ...  Rn –

+
 If Vk is in the opposite direction, put a Rn vn
–
negative sign in the voltage divider rule
Voltage Divider Rule (Example I)
 Determine Vo ?
 Reduce complexity of circuit
 Apply voltage divider rule

vo ( R2 || RL )

vS R1  ( R2 || RL )
Voltage Divider Rule
 Determine Vk ?
 KCL is satisfied by having a common current i
through all the resistors
+
 From Ohm’s law: i R1 v1
vk = iRk and vSCR = (R1+ R2+…+Rk)i –
+
R2 v2
 Substitute –
+
vSRC +
–
vk Rk
 Rk vk
v SRC R1  R2  ...  Rk  ...  Rn –

+
 If Vk is in the opposite direction, put a Rn vn
–
negative sign in the voltage divider rule
Voltage Divider Rule (Example II)
 Determine V2 and V1 ?
 Reduce complexity of circuit
• (15//3) series with (9//45)
 Apply voltage divider rule
Current Divider Rule
 Determine i1 ?
 KVL is satisfied in every loop
v= v1=v2
 From Ohm’s law:
v = i1R1 and v = i2R2
 Find Req
R1 R2
v  is Req  is
R1  R2

 Substitute
R2 R1
i1  is i2  is
R1  R2 R1  R2

 Apply KCL to check

is  i1  i2
Current Divider Rule (General)
 Determine ij ?

v
ij 
Rj
Req (//)
ij  i
Rj
 If ij is in the opposite direction, put a negative sign in the
current divider rule
Current Divider Rule (Example I)
 Determine i2?
Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)
 Determine P dissipated in the 6Ω resistor ?

I0=8A, i6=3.2A, P=61.44W

Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)
 Find vo when
 Load is 150 kΩ, 133.33V
 No load is connected 150V
 Load is short circuited accidently, Find power dissipated by
25 kΩ, 1.6W
 Find maximum power dissipated in 75 kΩ resistor 0.3W
Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)
 Find R such that 4A will flow in the 80 Ω = 30ohm
 Find power dissipated in R
 Find power of the current source (generated or
dissipated)
 Conservation of energy
 Resistors always dissipate power
Current and Voltage Divider
(Examples)

 Find vo = 20V
 Find i in the 30Ω resistor , 166.67mA
 Find power in the 50Ω resistor 347mW
Practical Perspective
 Model a window defroster

 Specifications: ensure uniform heating

 Power dissipated per unit length is the same
Practical Perspective
 Resistors: property of material with regard to current flow

 Resistivity (ρ): Different materials allow the current to flow differently

 Insulators: very high resistivity
 The lower the resistivity,
the better is the wire

l
R
A
 Measuring DC Voltage and Current
 DC: Direct Current
 All sources we studied before: dependent and independent
 Measuring Devices
 Ammeters: An ammeter is an instrument that measures
current through a circuit element when inserted in series with
that element

 Voltmeters: A voltmeter is an instrument that measures

the voltage across a circuit element and inserted in
parallel with that element
 Measuring DC Voltage and Current
 Ammeter
 Ideally zero resistance
 Voltmeter
 Ideally infinite resistance (very big)
 Meters
 Digital Meters
• Easy to connect
• Easy and precise readout
 Analog meters
• Screen with pointer
• d’Arsonval meter movement
Measuring Resistance- Wheatstone Bridge

 Many different circuit configuration are used to measure resistance

 One configuration
 The Wheatstone Bridge
 Used to precisely measure resistances of medium values, that is, in the
range of 1 Ohm to 1 Mega Ohm.
 In Commercial models of the Wheatstone Bridge, accuracies on the
order of ± 0.1 % are possible.
Measuring Resistance- Wheatstone Bridge:
Operation Principle
 Determine the value of an unknown resistance Rx in
terms of known resistances.
 R3 is varied until the ammeter current becomes zero,
which is the condition for bridge balance
 Balanced Bridge
 Nodes b and c are at the same voltage and no current flows
between them.
a
 The branch bc could be open circuited
or short circuited R1
R2

VSRC + c
b A
– I=0

R3 Rx
Measuring Resistance- Wheatstone Bridge:
Operation Principle
 If bc is open circuited, then from voltage division
Rx a
Vcd  V
Rx  R2 R1
R2
R3
Vbd  V +
R1  R3
VSRC b A c
– I=0

 At bridge balance, Vcd = Vbd R3 Rx

 Substitute d

Rx R3

Rx  R2 R1  R3

R1Rx  R2R3 Rx 
R2
R3
R1
Delta-to-Wye Transformation

?
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
 Find Req

 Need to simplify the circuit

 Delta-to-Wye Transformation
 Also referred to as Pi-to-Tee equivalent
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
 Delta (pie) Connection

 Wye (Tee) Connection

Delta-to-Wye Transformation
 Goal: Find the values of R1, R2, and R3, such that the two circuits
below are electrically equivalent.

Rc ( Ra  Rb ) Rb ( Rc  Ra )
Rab   R1  R2 Rca   R1  R3
Ra  Rb  Rc Ra  Rb  Rc

Ra ( Rb  Rc )
Rbc   R2  R3
Ra  Rb  Rc
Delta-to-Wye Transformation
 ∆ to Y Rc  Y to ∆
a b
R1
R2

R3
Rb Ra

c
Delta-to-Wye Transformation (Example I)
 Find the current and power supplied by the 40 V in the circuit
Delta-to-Wye Transformation (Example II)
 Find v

 Hint: Use Y to delta transformation: 35V