Chapter 3: Sequences and Series
3.2 Binomial Expansion
Prepared by: kwkang
Learning Outcomes
(a) Find the expansion of where is a
positive integer.
(b) Write notations and as a
binomial coefficient.
(c) Determine the general term in a binomial
expansion where is a positive
integer.
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Learning Outcomes
(d) Determine the expansion of for
where is a rational number for both
positive and negative numbers.
* where
* Use binomial expansion to approximate
values such as 𝟑
.
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Binomial Expansion
If is a positive integer, the general result for the
expansion of is
Type 1
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Binomial Expansion
The general term,
If is negative or fractional, the binomial series
for is given by Type 2
before applying the expansion of
𝒏 as shown above.
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Example
1. Expand the following using the binomial
theorem.
(a)
(b)
2. Find the 12th term in the expansion of
as a series in ascending powers of .
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Example
3. Find the coefficient of in the expansion of
.
4. Find the term independent of in the
expansion of .
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Solution
1. (a)
(b)
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Solution (continue…)
2. Using term formula
3. Using term formula
Obviously, r=6
The coeficient of is .
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Solution (continue…)
4. Independent of means without term. This is only
make possible if the power of is zero.
Collect all terms in and simplifying them if possible.
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Self-check
1. Expand the following using the binomial
theorem.
(a)
(b)
2. Find the 10th term in the expansion of
as a series in ascending powers of .
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Self-check
3. Find the coefficient of in the expansion of
.
4. Find the term independent of in the
expansion of .
Bloom: Applying
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Answer Self-check
(1) (a)
(b)
(2)
(3) 52.5
(4)
Bloom: Applying
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Example
1. Expand the following up to the term in .
(a)
(b)
2. For which value of are the expansions in
Question 1 valid?
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Example
3. Expand the function in a series of
ascending powers of as far as the term in
. State the value of for which each
expansion is valid.
4. Obtain the expansion of up to the
term. By putting , find a rational
approximation for .
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Solution
1. (a)
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Solution (Continue…)
1. (b)
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Solution (Continue…)
2. (a) For expansion is valid,
(b) For expansion is valid,
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Solution (Continue…)
3.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
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Solution (Continue…)
The expansion is valid for
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Solution (Continue…)
4.
Put into
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Solution (Continue…)
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Self-check
1. Expand the following up to the term in .
(a)
(b)
2. For which value of are the expansions in
Question 1 valid?
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Applying
Self-check
3. Expand the function in a series of
ascending powers of as far as the term in
. State the value of for which each
expansion is valid.
4. Obtain the expansion of up to the
term. By putting , find a rational
approximation for .
Bloom: Applying
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Answer Self-check
(1) (a)
(b)
(2) (a)
(b)
Bloom: Applying
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Answer Self-check
(3)
(4)
Bloom: Applying
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BFF’s Technique
Bracket
Fill in the blank
Find value
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BFF’s Technique
n positive integer n negative integer or fraction
𝒏
Formula 𝒏 𝒌 𝒏 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐) 𝟑
𝒏 𝒌
𝒙+𝒂 = 𝒙 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + …
𝒌 𝟐! 𝟑!
𝒌 𝟎
𝟐
BFF’s 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝟏+𝒙 𝟐
technique • 3 terms if power to 2 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒃 Must in the form of 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒏
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙 =𝒂 𝟏+
• 4 terms if power to 3 and so on… 𝒂 before doing expansion.
Step 1:
Bracket + + 𝟏+ 𝟏
+ 𝟐
+ 𝟑
+⋯
𝟏! 𝟐! 𝟑!
Step 2: 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟐 − 𝟏
Fill in the 𝟎
𝟐𝒙 𝟐
𝟓 𝟎
+
𝟏
𝟐𝒙 𝟏
𝟓 𝟏
+
𝟐
𝟐𝒙 𝟎
𝟓 𝟐
𝟏+
𝟏!
𝒙 𝟏+
𝟐!
𝒙 𝟐+
blank −𝟐 −𝟐 − 𝟏 −𝟐 − 𝟐
𝒙 𝟑+⋯
𝟑!
Step 3:
Find value 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + ⋯
Summary
Binomial expansion
Power, n is a positive Power, n is a negative
integer integer or fraction
𝒏
𝒂+𝒃 𝒏
= 𝟎
𝒂𝒏 + 𝒏𝟏 𝒂𝒏 𝟏 𝒃 + 𝒏
𝟐
𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 + 𝟏+𝒙 𝒏
= 𝟏 + 𝒏𝒙 +
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒙𝟐
+
𝒏
𝒂𝒏 𝟑 𝒃𝟑 +… 𝟐!
𝟑 𝒏(𝒏 𝟏)(𝒏 𝟐)𝒙𝟑
+ …
𝟑!
𝒏 𝒏 𝒓 𝒓 𝒏
𝒓 𝟏 𝒓 𝒏
𝒃
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏 𝟏 +
𝒂
before applying the expansion
of 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒏 as shown above.
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Bloom: Remembering
Key Terms
• Binomial expansion
• Validity of expansion
• Term
• Coefficient
• General term
• Positive integer
• Fraction
• Rational number
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