Light
Reflection Refraction
What is Reflection?
Bouncing back of light in the same medium on
striking the surface of any object.
Laws of reflection :
1. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection (i = r)
2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal
drawn at the point of incidence lie in the same
plane.
Properties of image in a plane mirror:
1.Image size = object size
2. Image distance = object distance
3. Image is always erect
4. Image is always laterally inverted
5. Image is always virtual
REFLECTION BY
SPHERICAL
MIRRORS
WHAT ARE THE
COMPONENTS OF
SPHERICAL
MIRRORS?
The Center of Curvature : It is the point in the centre of the mirror
which passes through the curve of the mirror and has the same tangent
and curvature at that point. It is denoted by the letter ‘c’.
Radius of Curvature (r): It’s the linear distance between Pole
and the Center of curvature.
Pole (P) : It’s the midpoint of the spherical mirror.
Focus: It’s any given point, where light rays parallel to the principal axis,
will converge after getting reflected from the mirror.
Principal Axis : A straight line passing through the pole
and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror.
Relation between R and
Focal length F
F = R/2
R = 2F
Image formation by concave mirror
Uses of Concave Mirror
Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches,
search-lights and vehicles headlights to get
powerful parallel beams of light. They areoften
used as shaving mirrors to see a larger image of
the face. The dentists use concave mirrors to see
large images of the teeth of patients.Large
concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight
to produce heat in solar furnaces.
A concave mirror is used in the case of
shaving mirror because when the concave
mirror is placed very close to the object, a
magnified and virtual image is obtained.
Image formation by concave mirror
Uses of Convex Mirror
Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing)
mirrors invehicles. These mirrors are fitted on the sides of
the vehicle, enabling thedriver to see traffic behind him/her
to facilitate safe driving. Convex mirrors are preferred
because they always give an erect, though diminished,
image. Also, they have a wider field of view as they are
curved outwards. Thus, convex mirrors enable the driver to
view much larger area than would be possible with a plane
mirror.
Sign Convention for Reflection by
Spherical Mirrors
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies
that the light from the object falls on the mirror from the left-hand
side.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the
pole of the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin
(along+ x-axis) are taken as positive while those measured to the left of
the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis
(along + y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis
(along –y-axis) are taken as negative.
Mirror formula
Magnification
REFRACTION
Refraction of light is the
phenomenon of change in the path
of light in going from one medium to
another.
When light goes from
rare to dense medium it bends
towards the normal
When light goes from
dense to rare medium it bends
towards the normal
LAWS OF REFRACTION
Incident ray, normal and the
refracted ray lie in the same
plane
The ratio of sine of angle of
incidence and sine of angle of
refraction is constant for given
pair of media
This constant value is called the refractive
index of the second medium
with respect to the first.
Let v1 be the speed of light in medium 1 and v2 be
the speed of light in medium 2. The refractive index of
medium 2 with respect to medium 1 is given by the ratio of
the speed of light in medium 1 and the speed of light in
medium 2. This is usually represented by the
symbol n21. This can be expressed in an equation form as
If medium 1 is vacuum or air, then the
refractive index of medium 2
is considered with respect to vacuum. This
is called the absolute refractive
index of the medium.
Refraction by
Spherical Lenses
A transparent material bound by two
surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are
spherical, forms a lens.
Convex lens converges light rays.
Hence convex lenses are called
converging lenses.
Similarly, a double concave lens is bounded by
two spherical surfaces, curved inwards. It is
thicker at the edges than at the middle. Such
lenses diverge light rays as shown. Such lenses are
called diverging lenses.
Image Formation in Lenses
Using Ray Diagrams
image formation by convex lens
image formation by concave lens
LENS FORMULA AND
MAGNIFICATION
POWER OF A LENS
The SI unit of power of a lens is ‘dioptre’. It is denoted bny 'D'.
The power of a convex lens is positive as a convex lens has a
positive focal length, while the power of a concave lens is
negative as concave lens has a negative focal length.
