5 Reproduction and inheritance

■■5 Reproduction and inheritance

Using and interpreting data
Question Mark scheme Marks
1 a) Give credit for the following, shown on a genetic diagram: 4
• parent genotypes
• possible gametes
• genotypes of children and
• phenotypes linked to genotypes
The examples show acceptable ways of answering for 4 marks.

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

Guidance on marking:
1. If parent genotypes wrong, allow transfer error to max of 3 for gametes, offspring and
phenotypes.
2. only give phenotype mark if student has shown Huntington’s and normal phenotypes
for possible children linked to the correct genotypes.

1
 Mark schemes

b) • 50% / ½ / 0.5 / 1 in 2 / eq 1

[no transfer error from incorrect cross in a)]

Total 5

2
 5 Reproduction and inheritance

Question Mark scheme Marks

2 a) • both / two alleles equal / eq (no mark if ‘genes’ used instead of ‘alleles’) 2
• (both) expressed / shown in heterozygote / phenotype / eq
• example described, phenotype of heterozygote described / eq
b) Give credit for the following, shown on a genetic diagram: 4
• parent genotypes
• possible gametes
• genotypes of offspring and
• phenotypes linked to genotypes
The examples show acceptable ways of answering for 4 marks.

Guidance on marking:
1. Ignore gender of individual parents.
2. If parent genotypes wrong, allow transfer error to max of 3 for gametes, offspring and
phenotypes.
3. only give phenotype mark if it is clear that student knows the hair colour for each
genotype.

c) • 0.5 / ½ / 50%/ 1 in 2 / eq 1

(no transfer error from incorrect cross in b)

d) i) • having two different alleles 2

• governing the same characteristic / at the same gene locus / eq
ii) • one circle, around an individual with genotype RW 1
Total 10

3
 Mark schemes

Question Mark scheme Marks

3 a) i) Step 1 = transcription / formation of mRNA on DNA template / eq 2
Step 2 = translation / formation of protein using mRNA template / eq

ii) mRNA / messenger RNA / RNA 1

b) 2
Ribosomes are found in cytoplasm
Ribosomes help translation / synthesis of protein / eq

c) i) Identification of right hand ‘A’ in top row of Q 2

Circle around ‘CAT’ triplet of letters to include ‘A’ in the sixth group / triplet towards the
right
ii) 1. GUA CAU UUG UAU CCU GUA GAA (lose 1 mark per error) 2
2. val his leu thr pro val glu (lose 1 mark per error) 2

d) • Some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon / eq 2
• If a codon is mutated to another specifying the same amino acid, then there will be no
change in the amino acid in the protein / eq

Total 13

Understanding structure, function and processes

Question Mark scheme Marks
1 a) • B = stigma 2
• C = petal
b) • D 4
• B
• F
• A
c) • D 2
• F
d) i) • transfer of pollen 2
• from anther to stigma / from male part of flower to female part of flower / eq
ii) insect-pollinated flower: 3
• has large petals / eq
• has coloured petals / eq
• produces nectar / eq
• produces scent / eq
• pollen rough / sticky / eq

e) i) asexual reproduction: 2
• gametes not involved / eq
• cell division only by mitosis / no meiosis involved / eq
• only one parent cell needed / does not need two parent cells / eq
• offspring genetically identical to each other / to parent / no genetic variation
amongst offspring / between offspring and parent / eq
ii) • results in genetic variation / offspring differ from one another and from parent / eq 2
• (so) may be able to survive change in environmental conditions / eq
• seeds can survive unfavourable conditions / cold / heat / dry conditions / desiccation / eq
• seeds / offspring dispersed over a wide area / may reach new habitats / eq
Total 17

4
 5 Reproduction and inheritance

Question Mark scheme Marks

2 a) • A = sperm duct / sperm tube /vas deferens / eq 2
• B = testis / testes
b) • urethra 1
(no mark for incorrect spelling that could be confused with ‘ureter’)
c) • line drawn to touch part of the testis and no other structure, labelled M. 1
d) i) • testis / testes 1
ii) • increased muscle development / increased body mass / voice becomes deeper / 1
eq
e) i) • male and female gametes, OR ovum / egg cell and sperm cell, fuse / join / eq 2
• to form a zygote
ii) • all egg cells / female gametes carry an X chromosome 3
• sperm cells / male gametes carry either an X or a Y chromosome
• (after fertilisation) the fertilised egg cells may be (genotype) XX, a girl, or XY, a
boy Marks may be awarded for showing the same information on a genetic diagram.
The examples show two of the several ways this could be done.

iii) • 50% / ½ / 0.5 / 1 in 2 / eq 1

Total 12

Question Mark scheme Marks

3 a) i) water needed for: 2
• enzyme action / metabolism / eq
• starch / eq breakdown to glucose / eq
• mobilising food stores / transport of glucose / eq from stored carbohydrate / eq
ii) oxygen in air needed: 2
• for respiration / eq
• (respiration) releases energy
• from stored food / carbohydrate / glucose
• (energy) needed for growth / metabolism / cell division / eq
b) • enzyme action involved in germination / metabolism / eq 2
• rate of enzyme action increases as temperature increases / eq
• one example such as breakdown of (stored) food / eq
• rate of diffusion / transport increases (from food storage areas to growth points /
root
/ / )
37
 Mark schemes

c) • mitosis 1
(no mark for incorrect spelling that could be confused with ‘meiosis’)
Total 7

Question Mark scheme Marks

4 a) A = oviduct / fallopian tube, E = vagina 2
b) B, A, B, C 4
c) Two from the following list: breasts develop, hips widen, hair growth (under arms and in 2
pubic area), menstruation begins / eq
d) i) • ovary / follicle / corpus luteum / placenta (in pregnant woman) / eq 1
ii) • maintains the uterus lining / further development of the uterus lining / prevents ovulation / eq 1
e) i) • oestrogen: any line shown falling to low level by day 28 (ideally, final level same as on 2
day 1)
(credit graphs showing more detail than expected at this level, such as small rise and fall
days 20–24)
• progesterone: any line shown rising to a similar level to the peak for oestrogen, then
falling to a low level by day 28
(diagram for reference, students are expected to know only the general trends)

ii) • fertilised egg cell / ovum must implant / eq in lining of uterus / eq 2

• to form placenta / eq
• to obtain nutrients / eq
• to produce hormones / progesterone / eq
Total 14

38
 5 Reproduction and inheritance

Applying principles
Question Mark scheme Marks
1 a) • short hair 1
b) • cats 1 and 2 both have short hair, but have two offspring, cats 4 and 7, that have long hair 2
• therefore both cat 1 and cat 2 must have carried a recessive gene for long hair
(give credit for other valid reasoning)

c) • cat 2: Hh 2
• cat 7: hh
d) i) • three from cats: 4, 7, 8 and 12 2
(three listed, 2 marks; one or two listed, 1 mark)
(no mark if any incorrect individuals included)
ii) • three from cats: 1, 2, 9, 10, 11 2
(three listed, 2 marks; one or two listed, 1 mark)
(no mark if any incorrect individuals included)
Total 9

Question Mark scheme Marks

2 a) • X-rays cause damage / kill cells / eq 2
• cause mutation / are mutagens / eq
• (affect) the genetic material / nucleus / gene / allele / DNA
b) • A, B and D: have the same genes / alleles / eq as before exposure OR may have been 2
damaged / killed / eq by the X-rays
• C: mutated by the X-rays so that now resistant to weed killer OR new /
changed allele / gene in C makes it resistant / eq
c) • (cuttings) new plants / offspring will all have resistance / eq OR (seeds) not all will 2
have resistance / eq
• (cuttings) are genetically identical to C / have same genes / alleles / genotype / eq
as C OR (seeds) offspring show genetic variation / have different genes / alleles /
genotypes / eq to parent(s)
• (cuttings) growth only by mitosis / eq OR (seeds) meiosis / fertilisation involved in
seed production
• (cuttings) asexual reproduction OR (seeds) sexual reproduction
Total 6

Question Mark scheme Marks

3 a) • (dry mass) reduced / eq from day 0 to day 11 (allow ± 1 day) 3
• (dry mass) reduced / eq from 0.5 g at day 0
• (dry mass) reduced / eq to 0.25 g (allow ± 0.05 g)
• (dry mass) at minimum / lowest on day 11 (allow ± 1 day)
• (dry mass) increases / rises from day 11 to day 30 (allow ± 1 day)
• (dry mass) increases from 0.25 g (allow ± 0.05 g) / to 2.0 g (allow ± 0.1g) / eq
b) • respiration / combination with oxygen / eq 2
• of stored food / starch / eq
• releases energy for growth / eq
• (loss of mass due to) loss of carbon dioxide gas / eq
c) i) • day 11 (allow ± 1 day) 1
ii) • dry mass starts to increase due to photosynthesis 2
• carbon dioxide from air combines with water from soil
• (to form) carbohydrate / glucose / eq
Total 8

39
 Mark schemes

Question Mark scheme Marks

4 a) • a change in the structure of a gene / allele / DNA / eq 2
• (change) can be passed on / inherited / eq
• (mutations are normally) rare / random / eq
• can be spontaneous / rate (of mutation) increased by radiation / chemicals /
• (bacterium/ carrying the mutation) survives and reproduces / eq 4
b)
• (when bacterium reproduces) it passes on the mutation / allele / gene / resistance / eq
to offspring
• (after infecting another person) resistant bacteria survive the presence of antibiotic OR
non-resistant bacteria die / do not reproduce / eq
• resistant bacteria multiply to give offspring / next generation / OR non-resistant
bacteria do not reproduce / eq
• offspring / next generation more likely to be resistant / eq
• increasing numbers of resistant bacteria in population / eq
• reference to natural selection / selection pressure / eq
c) • (if course of antibiotics completed) all bacteria killed except for a very few resistant 2
bacteria / eq
• (if only a few resistant bacteria) they are destroyed by the white blood
cells / antibodies / immune system / eq
• (so) resistant bacteria are unable to multiply / eq
• (so) resistant bacteria are unable to pass on the gene / allele for resistance / eq
Total 8

Question Mark scheme Marks

5 a) • a change in the base sequence of the haemoglobin gene / eq 3
• a changed codon specifying an alternative amino acid / eq
• protein synthesis of mutant haemoglobin with altered amino acid(s) / eq

b) • There is more than one codon for some amino acids / eq 2

• The mutated codon might by change code for the same amino acid / eq
• Some changes of amino acid might have no effect on protein function, and therefore
the phenotype will be the same as before / eq
c) • Ionising radiation / eq 2
• Mutagenic chemicals / eq
Total 7

40
 5 Reproduction and inheritance

Extended writing
Question Mark scheme Marks
1 • pollen carried from the anther / stamen of one flower to the stigma of another (by wind) 6
up to two examples of adaptation for wind pollination from the list:
— no petals, so no obstruction / brightly coloured petals absent / eq
— stamens or anthers outside flower, so exposed to wind / eq
— filaments / stamens long so exposed to wind / eq
— style long or stigma outside flower, so exposed to wind / eq
— stigma large / feathery, so pollen trapped / eq
— large quantities pollen produced / pollen light, so can be carried far by wind / eq
• (pollen) tube grows / pollen grain germinates
• (grows) down style / towards ovary
• (pollen tube / eq) enters ovule / eq
• (male) nucleus / (pollen grain) nucleus / male gamete
• fertilise / fuse / join + female gamete / nucleus / ovum / egg
• to form zygote

Total 6

Question Mark scheme Marks

2 • Asexual reproduction is the production of new plants that are genetically 6
identical / same genotype / to the parent plant / eq

Main advantages include:

• no need for two parents / no transfer of pollen / no pollinators needed / eq
• offspring grow near parent with appropriate growing environment / eq

Up to two specific examples of asexual reproduction including:

• Strawberry plants asexually reproduce with runners
• horizontal stems / growing across surface of soil / eq
• produce new plants at intervals / eq
• by growing adventitious roots into the soil
• eventually runner dies, and new plants are independent / eq
• Bryophyllum plants produce tiny plantlets / minature plants at the edge of their
leaves / eq
• These plantlets drop onto the soil beneath the parent plant
• Plantlets grow into independent Bryophyllum plants
(other natural plant asexual reproductive examples include corms, rhizomes and tubers)

Total 6

Question Mark scheme Marks

3 • from day 1, lining breaks down and is shed / leaves uterus / eq 6
• (from day 1) ovum / egg cell develops in ovary
• egg development is stimulated by FSH / eq
• ovary / follicle produces oestrogen
• oestrogen causes thickening / eq of uterus lining
• ovulation / ovum released
• ovulation stimulated by LH / eq
• (ovulation near to) day 14
• oestrogen level begins to fall after ovulation / day 14 / eq
• ovary / follicle / eq produces progesterone
• progesterone causes further development of lining / maintains the uterus lining /
prepares lining for implantation / eq
• if ovum / egg cell not fertilised, level of progesterone falls / eq
• carried (from ovary) to uterus in the blood (once for either oestrogen or progesterone) /
eq
Total 6

41
 Mark schemes

Question Mark scheme Marks

4 • gene is composed of DNA base sequence / eq 6
• bases are A, C, T, G / eq
• 3 adjacent bases / triplet form a codon / code for a specific amino acid / eq
• the DNA code is transcribed into an RNA / mRNA molecule / eq
• This is called transcription
• mRNA moves to the cytoplasm of the cell and associates with ribosomes / eq
• each ribosome moves along the mRNA helping tRNA molecules carrying anticodons
that pair up with the codons on the mRNA / eq
• the amino acids are added to a growing chain to form a protein with a specific
shape / function / eq
• the event catalysed by the ribosome is called translation
Total 6

Question Mark scheme Marks

5 • living organisms have many offspring / overproduction of offspring / eq 6
• but numbers remain relatively constant
• the offspring face a struggle for survival / some selection occurs / eq
• there is variation in the characteristics of the offspring / eq
• so some may be better suited to survival than others / eq
• these offspring are more likely to reproduce / eq
• and pass on genes for favourable characteristics to their offspring / eq
• idea that (after many generations) descendants significantly different from the original
/ eq
• named example of natural selection (e.g. antibiotic resistance in bacteria, peppered
moth / eq)
• description of natural selection in the example named (e.g. bacteria that are resistant
to an antibiotic survive exposure and pass on the gene for resistance to their offspring)
Total 6

42