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EDC Assignment # 1

The key points are: 1. Emitter bias provides stable bias against changes in β due to both positive and negative supply voltages being used. The effect of β is minimized in the final equations for IC and VCE. 2. For equal positive and negative supply voltages, the equation for saturated collector current IC(sat) is IC(sat) = -(VC + VE) / (RC + RE). The equation for cut-off collector-emitter voltage VCE(off) is simply VCE(off) = VBE. 3. Emitter bias stability comes from β being in the denominator of the equations for IC and VCE, so its effect is reduced, leading to

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Abubakr Atique
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85 views5 pages

EDC Assignment # 1

The key points are: 1. Emitter bias provides stable bias against changes in β due to both positive and negative supply voltages being used. The effect of β is minimized in the final equations for IC and VCE. 2. For equal positive and negative supply voltages, the equation for saturated collector current IC(sat) is IC(sat) = -(VC + VE) / (RC + RE). The equation for cut-off collector-emitter voltage VCE(off) is simply VCE(off) = VBE. 3. Emitter bias stability comes from β being in the denominator of the equations for IC and VCE, so its effect is reduced, leading to

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Abubakr Atique
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ASSIGNMENT OF ELECTRONIC

DEVICES & CIRCUITS

Submitted by: AbuBakar Atique


Roll No.: 19/F-ES-22
Department of Electronics Engineering

Supervised By: Engr. Ghazala Bhutto


Q#1: In an emitter bias circuit why are the values of ICQ and
VCEQ highly stable against changes in β?
ANSWER:
Emitter bias provides excellent bias stability in spite of changes in or temperature. It uses
both a positive and a negative supply voltage. It is a very good and stable way to bias transistors
if both positive and negative power supplies are available. Emitter bias fluctuates very little with
temperature variation and transistor replacement.
You can see how that both positive and negative voltage supplies are necessary to bias a
transistor in this way. Positive voltage is fed to the collector of the
transistor and negative voltage is fed to the emitter . And there is no
supply feeding the base. So there is a very small base current which
causes the base voltage to be slightly below ground.
Now, the equation for the emitter biased circuit is as follows,
Applying KVL on the base-emitter loop,
V EE=V R +V BE +V R
B E

Substituting, using Ohm’s Law,


V EE=I B RB +V BE + I E R E

IE
Substituting for I B ≅ ,
β DC

IE
V EE= ( ) R +V + I R
β DC B BE E E

Factoring out and solving for I E ,


−V EE−V BE
I E=
R E + R B / β DC
Hence the key formula for emitter bias is,
−V EE −V BE
I C ≅ I E=
R E + RB /β DC

Here, we can see that β DC is in the denominator of the denominator of the above formula.
So first the value of β DC effects the value of R B then it is added to R E and till reaching the final
value of I C the effect of the value of β DC is so minimized that the percent change in I C for different
values of β DC is very less and near stability.

Same is in the case of V CE as it requires the value of I C in its formula which is,
V CE =V CC −I C RC .

Therefore, in an emitter bias circuit the values of I C and V CE are highly stable against
changes in β DC .
The above explanation is further confirmed by this example from the book “Electronic Devices”
by “Floyd”.

As we can see in the above example that the percent change in I C and V CE as β DC changes is
very less and approximately stable.
Q#2: For an emitter bias circuit, find the equations for IC(sat) and VCE(off)
when the two supply voltages are equal in magnitude?
SOLUTION / DERIVATION:
For I C(sat):
In an emitter bias circuit we know that:
−V EE −V E
I E=
RE

It is given that V CC =V EE also I C ≅ I E,


Therefore, the above equation becomes,
−V CC−V E
I C=
RE
I C R E=−V CC−V E

V CC =−V E−I C R E ______________ (i)


Now, we also know that,
V C =V CC−I C R C

Putting the value of V CC from equation (i),


V C =( −V E −I C R E ) −I C RC

V C =−V E −I C R E−I C R C

V C =−V E −I C ( R E + RC )

−V C −V E
I C=
RC + R E

Here, this I C is for saturated condition, since I C =I C(sat),


−V C −V E
∴ I C (sat)=
RC + R E

For V CE(off ):
In an emitter bias circuit we know that:
V EE=I B RB +V BE + I E R E

Substituting, using Ohm’s Law,


V EE=I B RB +V BE + I E R E

It is given that V CC =V EE also I C ≅ I E,

IC
V CC =( ) R +V + I R
β DC B BE C E

Since, in cut-off condition V CE(off )=V CC also I C =0 ,


Therefore, the above equation becomes,
∴ V CE(off )=V BE

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