EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

CHERANMAHADEVI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019 (EVEN SEM)

EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

YEAR/SEM: II/ IV

PREPARED BY HOD/ECE
Mr.Ashok Kumar AP/ECE

1 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

PREFACE

Welcome to a new way of doing Circuits and Simulation Integrated

laboratory! Our focus in writing this manual has been on developing highly
readable experiments that will provide you with a successful learning experience.
Our method for developing laboratories begins with identifying concepts that are
of particular interest or challenge to students and which we feel would benefit from
clarification through laboratory work. From this, objectives are developed which
are included in the beginning of each laboratory and which serve as a key focus
point for all aspects of the given experiment. The pedagogical approach of the
laboratory is then chosen to make the most of the topic we are trying to teach you.
For example, some laboratories benefit from a discovery type approach while
others are best taught following a more traditional expository approach.

COLLEGE VISION, MISSION & QUALITY POLICY

VISION OF THE INSTITUTION

To create innovative and vibrant young leaders and entrepreneurs in
Engineering and Technology for building the nation as a knowledge super power
and empowering the rural community towards evolving a knowledge society with
equity and amity.

MISSION OF THE INSTITUTION

To provide excellent inclusive Engineering education with high values and to
reach the unreached.

QUALITY POLICY
 To render quality education to students by tapping knowledge and
technological resources at national and international level
 To produce young and vibrant engineers with strong ethical and moral back
ground 
 To establish meaningful technology oriented service cum knowledge
linkages with focus on the less advantaged in the society

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

A. INTRODUCTION:

The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering was

established in the year 2001 with the vision of developing the department as a
center of excellence in R&D and to make students flourish with Wisdom, Moral

2 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

and discipline through hard work. The college is ISO :9001:2008 certified and
the department is accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA)

Programs offered by the department

 B.E-Electronics and Communication Engineering

 M.E-Applied Electronics
The department has faculty members with wide range of Specializations
in the field of Communication System, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded
Systems, Instrumentation Design, VLSI Design ,Medical Electronics and
Antenna Design. The faculty members are also members of various reputed
professional bodies like ISTE, IEEE,I ETE, BMESI.
The Department is well-equipped with the state -of –art laboratories
with modern and latest equipment like Microprocessor, VLSI FPGA,
Microcontroller Kits, NI DAQ Cards and Software’s like Xilinx, Lab view &
MATLAB

B. VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To tackle the global challenges of the growing century with innovative
technocrats.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

 To create a unique learning environment equipped to tackle the
challenges in the field of hardware and software with high professional
ethos.
 To import high quality education to strive global challenges.
 To inspire the students to develop knowledge, innovative ideas and to
provide solution for societal needs.

C. PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:

PEO 1: Professional Excellence-To equip the students with strong
foundation on under graduate programmes and to excel in
industry/technical profession.
PEO2: Lifelong Learning- To create an interest for self education, leadership
and the lifelong learning, needed for a successful professional career.
PEO 3: Multidisciplinary Skills-Able to work in multi-disciplinary
environment and to communicate effectively.
PEO 4:Professional Ethics-To inculcate students to be sensitive to ethical,
societal and environmental issues while conducting their professional
duties.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
PO1: An ability to apply basic knowledge of computing, mathematics,
science and electronics engineering fundamentals.
3 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

PO2: Ability to employ standard experimental techniques to generate and

analyze data to solve complex Electronics and Communications
Engineering problems by choosing various modeling methods.
PO3: Ability to engage in the creative design process through the
integration and application of diverse technical knowledge and
expertise to meet customer needs and address social issues.
PO4: Ability to conduct experiments as well as collect data, analyze and
interpret results concerning Electronics and Communications
Engineering problems.
PO5: Creation and application of suitable models of complex systems using
modern techniques and software tools.
PO6: Ability to explain the symbiotic relationship between engineering and
society specifically, how engineering artifacts are shaped by and
incorporate human values as well as the ways in which engineering
solutions impact society through social relevant projects.
PO7: A diverse background providing the ability to discuss and evaluate the
impact of engineering solutions on health, environment and
safety in global and societal context for sustainable growth.
PO8: To understand and deal with ethical and moral issues and have the
ability to build a social support network among coworkers,
supervisors and family with their health and sound mind.
PO9: An ability to work effectively as leaders of technology startup
ventures, industrial firms, or government function and with teams on
diverse and multidisciplinary issues to accomplish a common goal.
PO10: An ability to apply written, oral, and graphical communication in both
technical and non-technical environments; and an ability to identify
and use appropriate technical literature
PO11: An understanding of engineering and management principles and
apply them effectively through participation in undergraduate research
projects and transform the innovative project outcomes into patents.
PO12: Skills necessary to engage in life-long learning and an understanding
of the need to continually exploit those skills in refining and updating
ones knowledge base. 

4 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

ABOUT THE LABORATORY

Name of the Lab: Electronic Devices & Circuits Lab

Size & Area of the Lab: 9m x 12m /108Sqmt

Introduction:

Circuits & Simulation Integrated laboratory exercises are designed with a

dual purpose:
(1) To provide the student with “hands-on” experience in the application of
electronic principles through the design, construction, implementation and
Simulation of several electronic circuits, and
(2) To provide an atmosphere where the student will be required to communicate,
both in written and oral form, the experimental problem and results in a formal,
peer-reviewed form.
All basic Electronic devices and their characteristics, applications can be
studied. Using these devices electronic circuits can be constructed and can be
checked.

Overview:

The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the
fundamental aspects of Electronic Circuits and Simulation in practical. The manual
prepared very carefully with our level best. It gives all the steps in executing an
experiment.

Importance:

The significance of the Circuits and Simulation Integrated Lab is renowned

in the various fields of engineering applications. For an Electronics Engineer, it is
obligatory to have the practical ideas about the Circuits and Simulation Integrated
Laboratory. By this perspective we have introduced a Laboratory manual cum
Observation for Circuits and Simulation Integrated Laboratory.

5 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

DO’S

1. Be regular to the lab.

2. Follow proper dress code in the lab.
3. Maintain Silence in the Lab.
4. Know the theory behind the experiment before coming to the lab.
5. Indentify the different leads or terminals or pins of the
IC/Transistor/Diode before making Connections.
6. Know the biasing voltage required for different families of IC’s and
connect the power supply voltage.
7. Know the current and voltage rating of the IC’s before using them in the
experiment.
8. Avoid unnecessary talking while doing the experiment.
9. Handle the components properly.
10.Mount the apparatus properly on the breadboard.
11.Keep the table clean.
12. Take a signature of the in-charge before taking the kit/Components.
13. After the completion of the experiments switch off the power supply and
return the apparatus.
14. Arrange the chairs/stools and equipment properly before leaving the lab.
DONT’S
1. Do not Exceed the voltage rating
2. Do not interchange the IC’s /Transistors while doing the experiments.
3. Avoid loose connections and short circuits.
4. Do not throw the connecting wires to the floor.
5. Do not come late to the lab
6. Do not switch on the experiment without knowledge of lab technicians and
staff in-charge.
7. Do not panic if you don’t get the output.

6 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

SAFETY MEASURES AND GUIDELINES

1. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory.

2. Read labels carefully.
3. Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by
your supervisor.
4. Clothing: When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory
coats, and safety shield or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in
the lab at any time. Shoes are required when working in the machine shops.
5. If you have long hair or loose clothes, make sure it is tied back or confined.
6. Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.
Coats should be hung in the hall or placed in a locker. Extra books, purses,
etc. should be kept away from equipment that requires air flow or ventilation
to prevent overheating.
7. Disposal - Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material
if any in appropriate containers.
8. Equipment Failure - If a piece of equipment fails while being used, report it
immediately to your lab assistant or tutor. Never try to fix the problem
yourself because you could harm yourself and others.
9. If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.
10.Clean up your work area before leaving.
11.Never do unauthorized experiments.
12.Never work alone in laboratory

General Instructions For Laboratory Classes

 Enter the Lab with CLOSED FOOTWEAR.

 Boys should “TUCK IN” the shirts.
 Students should wear uniform only.
 LONG HAIR should be protected, let it not be loose especially near
ROTATING MACHINERY.
 Any other machines / equipments should not be operated other than the
prescribed one for that day.

7 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

 POWER SUPPLY to your test table should be obtained only through the
LAB TECHNICIAN.
 Do not LEAN and do not be CLOSE to the rotating components.
 TOOLS, APPARATUS and GUAGE sets are to be returned before leaving
the Lab.
 HEADINGS and DETAILS should be neatly written
i. Aim of the experiment
ii. Apparatus / Tools / Instruments required
iii. Procedure / Theory / Algorithm / Program
iv. Model Calculations
v. Neat Diagram / Flow charts
vi. Specifications / Designs Details
vii. Tabulations
viii. Graph
ix. Result / discussions.
 Before doing the experiment, the student should get the Circuit / Program
approval by the FACULTY - IN - CHARGE.
 Experiment date should be written in the appropriate place.
 After completing the experiment, the answer to the viva-voce questions
should be neatly written in the workbook.
 Be PATIENT, STEADY, SYSTEMATIC AND REGULAR.

8 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Code of Conduct

 All students must observe the Dress Code while in the laboratory.
 Sandals or open-toed shoes are NOT allowed.
 Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed.
 All bags must be left at the indicated place.
 The lab timetable must be strictly followed.
 Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session.
 Experiment must be completed within the given time.
 Noise must be kept to a minimum.
 Workspace must be kept clean and tidy at all time.
 Handle all apparatus with care.
 All students are liable for any damage to equipment due to their own
negligence.
 All equipment, apparatus, tools and components must be RETURNED to
their original
Place after use.
 Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the
laboratory.
 Students are NOT allowed to work alone in the laboratory without the Lab
Supervisor
 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor if any injury occurred.
 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor any damages to equipment

Before leaving the lab

 Place the stools under the lab bench.
 Turn off the power to all instruments.
 Turn off the main power switch to the lab bench.
 Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates

9 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Major Lab Equipments Available

1. CRO (30MHz)
2. Digital Storage Oscilloscope
3. Function Generator (2 MHz)
4. 300V Power Supply
5. Dual Regulated Power Supply (0 – 30V)
6. Various Range of Voltmeters & Ammeters
7. Digital LCR Meter
8. Digital Multimeter

10 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

EC8461 CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

LTP
C
0 0 3 2
OBJECTIVES:
 To gain hands on experience in designing electronic circuits .
 To learn simulation software used in circuit design
 To learn the fundamental principles of amplifier circuits
 To differentiate feedback amplifiers and oscillators.
 To differentiate the operation of various multivibrators

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers-Frequency response, Input and output
impedance
calculation
2. RC Phase shift oscillator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
3. Hartley Oscillator and Colpitts Oscillator
4. Single Tuned Amplifier
5. RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits
6. Astable and Monostable multivibrators
7. Clippers and Clampers

SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):

1. Tuned Collector Oscillator
2. Twin -T Oscillator / Wein Bridge Oscillator
3. Double and Stagger tuned Amplifiers
4. Bistable Multivibrator
5. Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis
6. Analysis of power amplifier
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
On completion of this laboratory course, the student should be able to:
 Analyze various types of feedback amplifiers
 Design oscillators, tuned amplifiers

11 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

 Design wave-shaping circuits.

 Design multi vibrators
 Design and simulate feedback amplifiers, oscillators, tuned amplifiers,
wave-shaping Circuits and multivibrators using SPICE Tool.

LAB REQUIREMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS / 2 STUDENTS

PER EXPERIMENT:
CRO (Min 30MHz) – 15 Nos.
Signal Generator /Function Generators (2 MHz) – 15 Nos
Dual Regulated Power Supplies ( 0 – 30V) – 15 Nos.
Digital Multimeter – 15 Nos
Digital LCR Meter – 2 Nos
Standalone desktops PC – 15 Nos.
Transistor/FET (BJT-NPN-PNP and NMOS/PMOS) – 50 Nos
Components and Accessories:
Transistors, Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, diodes, Zener Diodes, Bread Boards,
Transformers.
SPICE Circuit Simulation Software: (any public domain or commercial
software)

EC8461 CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION INTEGRATED LABORATORY

LTPC
0032
OBJECTIVES:
 To gain hands on experience in designing electronic circuits.
 To learn simulation software used in circuit design.
 To learn the fundamental principles of amplifier circuits
 To understand Bias in Amplifier circuits
 To differentiate feedback amplifiers and oscillators.
 To study the characteristic of source follower
 To understand the concepts of multivibrators
OUTCOMES:
On completion of this lab course, the students will be able to
 Analyze various types of feedback amplifiers

12 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

 Design oscillators, tuned amplifiers, wave-shaping circuits and

multivibrators
 Design and simulate feedback amplifiers, oscillators, tuned amplifiers,
wave-shaping circuits and multivibrators using PSPICE Tool.

MAPPING OF COURSE OUTCOMES WITH PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

CO
1

CO
2

CO
3

CO
4

CO
5

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS
1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers-Frequency response, Input and output
impedance

13 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

calculation
2. RC Phase shift oscillator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
3. Hartley Oscillator and Colpitts Oscillator
4. Single Tuned Amplifier
5. RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits
6. Astable and Monostable multivibrators
7. Clippers and Clampers
SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):
1. Tuned Collector Oscillator
2. Twin -T Oscillator / Wein Bridge Oscillator
3. Double and Stagger tuned Amplifiers
4. Bistable Multivibrator
5. Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis
6. Analysis of power amplifier
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

14 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE

NO.

1(a) CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER 15

1(b) VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER 19

2(a) RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 23

2(b) WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 28

3(a) HARTLEY OSCILLATOR 31

3(b) WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 36

4 SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER 41

5 RC INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR 45

6(a) ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 49

6(b) MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 52

7 CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS 55

STUDY OF PSPICE 59

8 TUNED COLLECTOR OSCILLATOR 64

9(a) TWIN T OSCILLATOR 66

9(b) WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 79

10(a) DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER 72

10(b) STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIER 75

11 BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 78

12 SCHMITT TRIGGER WITH PREDICTABLE 81

HYSTERSIS

13 ANALYSIS OF POWER AMPLIFIER 84

14 CURRENT TIME BASE CIRCUITS 88

15 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 90

REFERENCE BOOKS 96

Ex.No:
1(a) CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:

i)To design and construct the current series feedback amplifier with voltage
divider bias circuit.
ii)To study the effect of negative feedback, also calculate input impedance,
output impedance and bandwidth and also Plot the frequency response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC 547 1

2 Resistors 2.2KΩ, 1KΩ, 100 KΩ, 22 1each

KΩ

3 Capacitors 0.1µF, 4.7µF,0.1 µF 1 each

4 AFO (0-10)MHz 1

5 RPS (0-30)V, DC 1

6 CRO (0.20) MHz DUAL 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires - As required

9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

16 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

A fraction of output voltage is applied in series with input voltage through the
feedback amplifier network. The cuurent series feedback connection increases the
input resistance and the output resistance of amplifier and Overall Gain. Thus, R if
=Ri *1+AVβ and Rof =Ro *1+AV β

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V1 using RPS.

3. Set the input voltage, 50mv sinusoidal using AFO.

Varying the frequency of AFO, obtain corresponding output voltage using

CRO

4. Calculate the voltage gain Av and plot the frequency response and plot the
bandwidth curve.

PIN DIAGRAM

CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

VCC=12 V
A.WITHOUT FEEDBACK

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K C2

PIN SPECIFICATIONS C1
Q1 0.1U

BC 547
0.1U
B- Silicon C- AF power transistor
V AMPL = 1Vpp V in
Maximum voltage- 50V Vout

R2 Re F R E Q = ( 0 - 3 0 M H z)

Operating frequency- 500KHz

F R E Q = (0 - 2 M H z)
22K Power- (0-5)w Current- (0-1)A
1.2K
Ce

4.7U

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
0

B .W IT H F E E D B A C K VCC=1 2V

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K C2

Q1 0.1U
C1

BC 547
0.1U
Vout
V AMPL = 1Vpp V in

R2 Re F R E Q = (0 -3 0 M H z)
F R E Q = (0 - 2 M H z)
22K 1.2K

17 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

0
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1mA

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,

Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)

12=5+10((Rc+Re)

Rc+Re = 7kΩ

Choose Re=1kΩ

Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ

Rc= 6kΩ

Choose Rc=5.6kΩ

18 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr 1 R1

Vr 2 R 2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre

Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v

Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v
R1 10.3  10.3 
  R1  R 2 
R 2 1 .7  1 .7 

Choose R1=100kΩ

R2 = 0.165x100kΩ

Choose R2=22kΩ

Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2

Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & XCe= 0.01Re

1
Ce 
2  50  0.110^ 6100 = 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf

MODEL GRAPH

TABULAR COLUMN

A.WITHOUT FEEDBACK Vi=________volts

Frequency in Output voltage Vo in Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain in dB =20log

19 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Hz volts AV

B.WITH FEEDBACK Vi=________volts

Frequency in Output voltage Vo in Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain in dB =20log

Hz volts AV

RESULT:

Thus the current series feedback amplifier with voltage divider bias circuit is
design and plotted the output response.

Without feedback bandwidth = KHz

With feedback bandwidth = KHz

Ex.No:
1(b)
VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:

20 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

i) To design and construct the voltage shunt feedback amplifier with

voltage divider bias circuit and to study the effect of negative
feedback.
ii) To calculate the input impedance, output impedance and bandwidth
and also plot the frequency response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
1 Transistor BC 547 1
2 Resistors 100KΩ, 50 KΩ, 5.6 KΩ, 22 1each
KΩ, 1KΩ
3 Capacitors 0.1µF, 22µF 1each
4 AFO 2MHz 1
5 RPS (0-30)V, DC 1
6 CRO 20 MHz 1
7 Bread board - 1
8 Connecting wires - As required
9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:
A fraction of output voltage is applied in parallel with input voltage
through the feedback amplifier network. The voltage shunt feedback connection
decreases both the input and output resistance of amplifier and Overall Gain. Thus
Rif =Ri /1+AVβ and Rof =Ro/1+AV β.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V1 using RPS.
3. Set the input voltage, 50mv sinusoidal using AFO.
4. Varying the frequency of AFO obtain corresponding output voltage using
CRO

21 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

5. Calculate the voltage gain Av.

6. Plot the frequency response and plot the bandwidth curve.

PIN DIAGRAM

PIN SPECIFICATIONS

B- Silicon C- AF power transistor Maximum voltage- 50V Operating frequency-

500KHz
Power- (0-5)w Current- (0-1)A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
V O L T A G E SH U N T F E E D B A C K A M P L I F I E R
VC C=1 2 V

A .W I T H F E E D B A C K

R1
Rc

100K Rf 5.6K C2

50K Q1 0.1U
C1

BC 547
0.1U
V out

V in
F R E Q = ( 0 - 3 0 M H z)
VAMPL = 1Vpp R2 Re
Ce
22K 1.2K
F R E Q = ( 0 - 2 M H z) 22U

VCC=1 2V

B .W I T H O U T F E E D B A C K

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K C2

Q1 0.1U
C1

BC 547
0.1U
V out
VAMPL = 1Vpp V in

R2 Re F R E Q = ( 0 - 3 0 M H z)
F R E Q = ( 0 - 2 M H z) Ce
22K 1.2K
22U

22 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1mA

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,
Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)
12=5+0.001((Rc+Re)
Rc+Re = 7kΩ
Choose Re=1kΩ
Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ
Rc= 6kΩ
Choose Rc=5.6kΩ
Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre
Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v
Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v

Choose R1=100kΩ
R2 = 0.165x100kΩ
23 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Choose R2=22kΩ
Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2
Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & Ce= 0.01Re

= 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf
MODEL GRAPH

TABULAR COLUMN
A.WITHOUT FEEDBACK Vi=________volts
Frequency in Output voltage Vo in Gain Gain in Db =20log AV
Hz volts Av=Vo/Vi

B.WITH FEEDBACK Vi=________volts

Frequency in Output voltage Vo in Gain Gain in dB =20log
Hz volts Av=Vo/Vi AV

24 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

RESULT:
Thus the voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and the frequency
response is obtained.
Without feedback bandwidth = KHz
With feedback bandwidth = KHz

Ex.No:
2(a) RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To design a transistorized RC phase shift oscillator at the frequency 200Hz.

Assume R=2.2kΩ, C=0.1uf.

APPARATUS:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC 107 1

2 Resistors 5.6KΩ, 1KΩ, 100 KΩ, 1each

25 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

22 KΩ ,2.2 KΩ

3 Capacitors 22 µF, 1

0.1 µF 3

4 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

5 CRO 20 MHz DUAL 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires - As required

8 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

The RC phase shift oscillator circuit consists of a conventional single transistor

amplifier with voltage divider bias and RC phase shift network. The phase shift
network consist of three sections is 60° so that the total phase shift produced by
this RC network is 180°.The frequency of oscillation is given by

fo =

Where R1=R2=R3=R; k=Rc/R

C1=C2=C3=C

When the circuit is switched on the voltage divider bias provides necessary
biasing to the circuit. In the feedback network due to leed and lag of resistors and
capacitors, it produces oscillations of frequency determined by f o the output Vo of
amplifier is feedback to the network. This network produces a phase shift of 180°
and voltage Vi appears at output, which is applied to input of transistor amplifier
and the feedback fraction m=Vi /Vo. The feedback network produces 180° and
26 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

amplifier stage produces 180° phase shift because of common emitter

configuration. Thus the total feedback around the circuit is 360° this is the required
condition for oscillation.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V using RPS.

3. To vary the value of resistance ‘R’ to get the perfect sinusoidal waveform.

4. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO.

5. Calculate the frequency of sine wave and compare it with theoretical

frequency.

6. Plot the waveform on the graph.

PIN DIAGRAM

PIN SPECIFICATIONS

B- Silicon C- AF power transistor Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz Power- (0-5)w

Current- (0-1)A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

27 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

R C PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR VCC=12V

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K Cf1 Cf2 Cf3

Q1 0.1u 0.1u 0.1u

AMPLIFIER V
CIRCUIT
BC 547

Rf1 Rf2 Rf3

2.2K 2 .2 K 2.2K
R2 Re
Ce FEEDBACK
22K 1.2K
22U

DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1mA

AMPLIFIER STAGE

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,

Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)

12=5+10((Rc+Re)

Rc+Re = 7kΩ

Choose Re=1kΩ

Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ

Rc= 6kΩ

Choose Rc=5.6kΩ

28 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre

Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v

Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v

Choose R1=100kΩ

R2 = 0.165x100kΩ

Choose R2=22kΩ

Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2

Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & XCe= 0.01Re

= 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf

FEEDBACK STAGE

Given R=R1=R2=R3=2.2kΩ,

C=C1=C2=C3=0.1µf f=?

29 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

MODEL GRAPH

TABULAR COLUMN

SIGNAL TIME AMPLITUDE FREQ.

OUTPUT

RESULT:

Hence the required transistorized RC phase shift oscillator is designed and

waveform is plotted

Theoretical frequency = Hz

30 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Practical frequency = Hz

Ex.No:
2(b) WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To design Wien bridge oscillator and to compare theoretical and practical
frequency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor 68K(2), 100K(2), 16K(2), -
12K(2), 1K(2), 47K(1),
4.7K(1),
3 Capacitor .01uf(2), 10uf(2) -

4 CRO (0-20MHz) Dual 1

5 RPS 0-30v DC 1
6 Bread board - 1
7 Connecting wires - As required
8 BNC cable - 1

THEORY:

31 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

The Wien bridge oscillator is also a RC oscillator used for audio frequency
range. The feedback network does not provide any phase shift it is a lead lag
network, which is called Wien bridge circuit. The amplifier is the two stage
common emitter transistor configurations. Each stage contributes 180° phase shift.
Hence the total phase shifts due to the amplifier becomes 360° which is necessary
as per the oscillator conditions. The frequency of oscillations is given by

When

CIRCUIT OPERATION:
The bridge consists of R&C in series with R&C in parallel. The feedback is
applied from the collector of Q2 through the coupling capacitor to the bridge
circuit. The resistance R4 serves the dual purpose of emitter resistance of the
transistor Q1 and also the element of the Wien bridge. The two stage amplifier
provides a gain much more than three, and it is necessary to reduce it. To reduce
the gain the negative feedback is used without bypassing the resistance R4. The
negative feedback can accomplish the gain stability and can control the output
magnitude also the negative feedback reduces the distortion and therefore the
output obtained is a pure sinusoidal in nature. The amplitude stability can be
improved using a non linear resistor R4. Due to this the loop gain depends on RC
amplitude of the oscillations. This reduces the loop gain and hence signal
amplitude gets reduced and controlled.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V using RPS.
3. By varying the value of R and C the frequency of oscillation can be varied.
4. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO.

32 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

5. Calculate the frequency of sine wave and compare it with theoretical

frequency.
6. Plot the waveforms on the graph.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL WAVEFORM

33 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

TABULAR COLUMN

SIGNAL TIME AMPLITUDE FREQ.

OUTPUT

RESULT:
Thus the Wien bridge oscillator circuit was designed and output was verified
with theoretical frequency.

Theoretical frequency = Hz
Practical frequency = Hz

34 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Ex.No:
3(a) HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To design a Hartley oscillator of frequency 8KHz. Assume L=10mH,

C=0.1µF

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC547 1

2 Resistors 5.6KΩ,1 KΩ 1 each

100 KΩ,22 KΩ

3 Capacitors 0.01 µF,22 µF 1each

4 DIB 200 µF 2

5 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

6 CRO (0-20)MHz DUAL 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires - As required

9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

35 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

The Hartley oscillator consists of two inductors 4 and L2 are placed across
a common capacitors C and the centre of the inductor’s tapped. The tank circuit is
made up of L1, L2 and C. The frequency of oscillator is given by

When the circuit is turned ON. The capacitor is charged. When the
capacitors fully charged. It discharges through coils L1 and feedback V appears
across L2. The voltage developed across L1, A phase shift of 180° is produced by
L1=L2 voltage divider in this way, feedback is properly phased to produce the
continuous undammed oscillators

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V using RPS.

3. By varying the value of L1, L2 and C the frequency of oscillation can be

varied.

4. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO.

5. Calculate the frequency of sine wave and compare it with theoretical

frequency.

6. Plot the waveform on the graph.

PIN DIAGRAM

PIN SPECIFICATION

36 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

B- Silicon

C- AF power transistor

Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz

Power- (0-5)w

Current- (0-1)A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

VCC=12V
HART LEY
O SC I L L A T O R

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K C c2

Q1 0.1U
AMPLIFIER C c1 V
CIRCUIT
B C 107
0.1U

R2 Re
Ce
22K 1.2K
22U

0
L1 200u H L2 10m H

TANK CIRCUIT
C 0

0.1uF

DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1Ma

AMPLIFIER STAGE

37 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,

Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)

12=5+10(Rc+Re)

Rc+Re = 7kΩ

Choose Re=1kΩ

Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ

Rc= 6kΩ

Choose Rc=5.6kΩ

Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre

Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v

Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v

Choose R1=100kΩ

R2 = 0.165x100kΩ

Choose R2=22kΩ

38 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2

Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & XCe= 0.01Re

= 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf

FEEDBACK STAGE

Given F=10kHz.

Assume C=0.1µf , L1=200µH, f=5kHz, L2=?

MODEL WAVEFORM

TABULAR COLUMN

SIGNAL TIME AMPLITUDE FREQ.

OUTPUT

39 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

RESULT:

Thus the Hartley’s oscillator is designed and output is obtained.

Theoretical frequency = Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

Ex.No:
3(b) COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To design a colpitts oscillator of frequency 10KHZ C1=0.1µF, C2=0.01µF and

plot the waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC547 1

40 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

2 Resistors 100kΩ, 5.6 kΩ 1each

22kΩ, 1.2kΩ 1

3 Capacitors 0.1µF, 0.01 µF 1each

22 µF 1

4 Inductor 22.8mH 1

5 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

6 CRO (0-30)MHz DUAL 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires - As required

9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

The colpitts oscillator uses two capacitors and placed across a common
inductor L at the centre of capacitors is taped. The tank circuit is made up of C1,
C2 and L. The frequency of oscillation is given by

When the circuit is turned ON. the capacitors are charged. When the
capacitors are fully charged it discharges through coil L and hence feedback V
appears across C2. The voltage developed across C1. A phase shift of 180° is
produced by C1=C2 voltage divider in this way, feedback is properly phased to
produce the continuous undammed oscillators.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

41 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V using RPS. By varying the value of C1,
C2 and L the frequency of oscillation can be varied.

3. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO.

4. Calculate the frequency of sine wave and compare it with theoretical

frequency.

5. Plot the waveform on the graph.

PIN DIAGRAM

PIN SPECIFICATION

B- Silicon

C- AF power transistor

Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz

Power- (0-5)w

Current- (0-1)A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

42 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

C O L P IT T S VCC=1 2V
O SC I L L A T O R

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K Cc2

Q1 0.1U
AMPLIFIER C c1 V
CIRCUIT
BC 107
0.1U

R2 Re
Ce
22K 1.2K
22U

0
C1 C2

0.1U 0.01U

TANK CIRCUIT
0

L 27.8m H

DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1mA

AMPLIFIER STAGE

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,

Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)

12=5+10(Rc+Re)

Rc+Re = 7kΩ

Choose Re=1kΩ

Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ

Rc= 6kΩ

Choose Rc=5.6kΩ

43 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre

Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v

Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v

Choose R1=100kΩ

R2 = 0.165x100kΩ

Choose R2=22kΩ

Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2

Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & XCe= 0.01Re

= 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf

FEEDBACK STAGE

Given F=10kHz.

Assume C1=0.1µf & C2=0.01µf, find L=?

44 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

MODEL WAVEFORM

TABULAR COLUMN

SIGNAL TIME AMPLITUDE FREQ.

OUTPUT

RESULT:

Thus the Colpitts oscillator was designed and the output was obtained.

Theoretical frequency= Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

45 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Ex.No:4 SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

AIM:

To design a Class-C tuned amplifier with the frequency of 2 KHz and obtain the
frequency response. Calculate the bandwidth.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range/Type Qty.

1. Transistor CL100 1

2. Resistor 10kΩ, 47kΩ 1 each

3. Capacitor 1µf 3

4. DRB - 1

5. DIB - 1

6. AFO (0-20MHz) 1

7. CRO (0-30MHz) dual 1

8. RPS DC-(0-30v) 1

9. Bread board - 1

10. Connecting Wires - 10

46 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

11. BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

If any amplifier amplifies a specific frequency or narrow band of

frequencies those are called tuned amplifiers. The amplifier is said to be Class-C
tuned amplifier, if the Q-point and the input signals are selected such that the
output signal is obtained less than a half cycle for a full wave input. Due to such a
selection of a point transistor remains active for less than a half cycle. Hence only
that much point is produced at the output of remaining cycle of the input the
transistor remains cut-off and no signal is produced at the output. A parallel
resonant circuit acts as a load impedance. As collector current follows for less
than a half cycle, the collector current consists of a series and of pulses with
harmonics of input signal. A parallel tuned circuit acting as load and is tuned to
the input frequency. Therefore it filters the harmonics and produce a sine wave it
is the fundamental frequency. The efficiency is high.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the RPS to bias the circuit with 12V.
3. Set the input sinusoidal signal with 1Vp-p using AFO.
4. Vary the input signal from 0-30MHz using AFO and obtain the
corresponding
output voltage using CRO.

5. Calculate the gain in dB and plot the frequency response on the graph.

PIN DIAGRAM

47 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

PIN SPECIFICATION

C- Gallium Arsenide

L- High frequency power transistor

Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz

Power- (0-3)w

Current- (0-1)A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

C L A S S - C T U N E D A M P LIF IE R V C C = 1 2 v

R C =4 7k

C c2

1u
Q1
C c1 R B =10k

C L100
1u 1k
L1 C1 R1 Vout

VA MP L = 1V V in 6.33m H
1k F R E Q = 0 -3 0 M H z
F R E Q = 0 -2 M H z 1u

48 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

DESIGN

Given f =2kHz. ;

Let C=1nF

L=?

MODEL GRAPH

TABULAR COLUMN: Vi=________volts

Frequency Output voltage Vo in Gain – Gain in dB

in Hz volts Av=Vo/Vi
=20log AV

49 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

RESULT

The Class-C tuned amplifier has been designed with 2KHz frequency and
frequency response was plotted on the graph. The bandwidth is

Critical frequency(theoretical) = KHz

Critical frequency(practical) = KHz

Bandwidth = KHz

Ex.No: 5
RC INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM:

To design and construct the integrator and differentiator circuits and obtain
the output response for various input frequency range.

50 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Resistor 10KΩ 1

2 Capacitor 0.1µF 1

3 CRO (0-20)MHz DUAL 1

4 AFO 1 MHz 1

5 Bread board - 1

6 Connecting wires - As required

7 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

INTERGRATOR:

A circuit in which the output voltage is directly proportional to the

integral of input is known as integrator (i.e) Output α input It is a sample RC
series circuit which output is taken across the capacitor C. For good integrator.

i) The time constant RC of the circuit should be very large compared to the
time period of the input waves

ii) The value of ‘R’ should be ten or more times larger than Xc

DIFFERENTIATOR:

A circuit in which the output voltage is directly proportional to the

derivative of the input is known as “Differentiator”. (i.e) Output α (input).

It is a series sample RC circuit which output is taken across the capacitor C, For a
good differentiator

51 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

i)The time constant RC of the circuit should be much smaller than the input period
of the input waves.

ii) The values of Xc should be ten (or) more times larger than(R).

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. The input waveform is to be set using AFO with different frequency range.

3. The output waveform is to be observed using CRO.

4. Plot the waveforms on the graph.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

A .IN T E G R A T O R

10k

V in V out
C
V1 = 1Vpp
0.1U

MODEL GRAPH

TABULATION:

52 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

AMPLITUDE
SIGNAL TIME/DIV. VOLT/DIV. TIME

INPUT

OUTPUT 1

OUTPUT 2

B.DIFFERENTIATOR
C

0.1U

vOUT
Vin R

10k

V2 = 1Vpp

MODEL GRAPH

53 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Design:

Differentiator:

f = 1KHz

τ = RC = 1ms

If C = 0.1μF

Then R = 10KΩ

For T << τ, Choose R = 1KΩ and

For T >> τ, Choose R = 100KΩ

Integrator:

f = 1KHz

= RC = 1ms

If C = 0.1μF

Then R = 10KΩ

For T << τ, Choose R = 1KΩ and

For T >> τ, Choose R = 100KΩ

TABULATION:

AMPLITUDE
SIGNAL VOLT/DIV. TIME

Input
Output 1
Output 2
RESULT:

54 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Thus the RC differentiator and Integrator is designed and output waveforms are
plotted.

Ex.No:
6(a)
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM:

To design and determine the period and frequency of oscillations of an astable

multivibrator with the component value R1=R2=150KΩ, RC1=RC2=3.3 KΩ.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 2

2 Resistor 150 KΩ,3.2 KΩ 2each

3 Capacitor 0.01µf 2

4 CRO (0-20)MHZ DUAL 1

5 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires As required

8 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

Astable multivibrator is also known as free running multivibrator. It is

rectangular wave shaping circuit having nonstable states. This circuit does not need
55 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

an external trigger to change state. It consists of two similar NPN transistors. They
are capacitor coupled. It has 2 quasi-stable states. It switches between the two
states without any applications of input trigger pulses. Thus it produces a square
wave output without any input trigger. The time period of the output square wave
is given by, T = 1.38RC.

CIRCUIT OPERATION:

When VCC is applied, the collector current starts following in Q1 and Q2. In
addition the coupling capacitor C1 and C2 also start changing up. As the
characteristics of two transistors say Q1 will conduct more and more +Ve. The
increasing positive output at point ‘A’ is applied to the base of transistor Q2,
through C1. These establishes a reverse bias Q2 and the collector current starts
decreasing. At the collector of Q2 is connected to the base of Q1 through C2 .
Therefore base of A1 becomes more negative Q1 is more forward biased. This
further increased the collector current in Q1 and cause a further decrease of
collectors repeated until the circuit devices Q1 to saturation and Q2 to cut off. This
action occurs very rapidly and may be considered practically instantaneous across
the output of Q1 (ON state) is approximately zero and that of Q2 is VCC time
period T=1.4RC seconds.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Obtain the required waveform. Note down the time period and amplitude
using CRO
3. Calculate the frequency of the waveform.
4. Plot the waveform on the graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

56 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

MODEL GRAPH:

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

VCC = 10V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =315

Vcc – Vce(sat)
RC = = 5.9 KΩ
Ic

R ≤ hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85MΩ

57 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

R = 1.5MΩ

T = 1.38RC

C = T / (1.38R) = (1 * 10-3) / (1.38 * 1.5 * 106)= 0.48nF

TABULAR COLUMN:

AMPLITUDE TON TOFF Frequency

(in volts) (ms) (MS) (in HZ)

V01

V02

RESULT:

Thus the Astable Multivibrator is designed and output waveforms are plotted.

Theoretical frequency = Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

Ex.No:
6(b) MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM:

To design and construct monostable multivibrator. And calculate the time period
of pulse.

58 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 2

2 Resistor 4KΩ, 4 KΩ, 2each

190 KΩ, 48.5 KΩ,

30.6 KΩ 1each

3 Capacitor 2000pf 1

4 Diode IN4007 1

5 CRO (0-30)MHz DUAL 1

6 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires - As required

9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

A multivibrator in which one transistor is always conducting and the other is

non-conducting is called a monostable multivibrator. It has only one stable state.

From the above circuit arrangements Q1 is at cut off and Q2 is saturated. This
is the stable state for the circuit and it will continue to stay in the stable until a
triggering pulse is applied to C2. When a negative pulse of short duration and
sufficient magnitude is applied to the base of Q1 through C2, the transistor Q1
starts the conducting and the positive potential at the collection of Q1 and is
coupled to the base of Q2 through capacitor C1. This decreases the forward bias on
59 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Q2 and its collector current decreases. The increasing negative potential on the
collector of Q2 is applied to the base of Q1 through R3.This further increases the
forward bias on Q1 and hence its collector current with the set of action taking
place Q1 is quickly driver to saturation and Q2 at the cur off region.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. The negative pulse is given to collector of first transistor
3. Obtain the required waveform
4. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO
5. Calculate the frequency of waveform
6. Plot the waveforms on graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH

60 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
VCC = 12V; VBB = -2V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =315

Vcc – Vce(sat)
RC = = 5.9 KΩ
Ic

IB2(min) = IC2 / hfe =

Select IB2 > IB2(min)
IB2 =

Vcc – Vce(sat)
R= = 1.13MΩ
IB2
T = 0.69RC
C = T / 0.69R =
VB1 = (since, V B1 is very less)
VBBR1 = VCE (sat) R2
R2 =10R1 (since, VBB = 2V and VCE (sat) = 0.2V)
Let R1 = 10KΩ, then R2 = 100KΩ
Choose C1 = 25pF.

TABULAR COLUMN:

INPUT OUTPUT

WIDTH

(ms) TON TOFF Voltage TON TOFF Voltage

61 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

(ms) (MS) (volts) (ms) (MS) (volts)

RESULT:

Thus the Monostable Multivibrator is designed and output waveforms are plotted.

Ex.No: 7 CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS

AIM:

To construct positive and negative clippers and clampers using diode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Diode 1N4007 1

2 Resistor 1KΩ, 10 KΩ 1each

3 CRO (0-20)MHz, DUAL 1

4 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

5 Bread board - 1

6 Connecting wires - As required

7 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

CLIPPERS:

62 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

The clipper circuits are used to clip off or removal off the position of signal
voltage above (or) below certain levels.

POSITIVE CLIPPERS:

A positive clipper is that which removes the positive portion of the input
voltage. During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the diode is forward
bias and conduct heavily therefore the voltage across the diode and hence the load
resistance is zero

Output voltage (VO) = Vin Where RL>R1

NEGATIVE CLIPPERS:

A negative clipper is that which removes the negative portion of the input
voltage. The diode is forward bias and conducts heavily. Therefore the voltage
across the diode and hence across the load resistance, is zero. Hence the output
voltage during negative half cycle is zero. During the positive half

cycle of input voltage the diode is reverse biased and behaves as an open. In this
condition the circuit behaves as voltag3e divider.

Outputvoltage (VO)= Vin Where RL>R1

CLAMPERS:

Clamper is a diode circuit which is used to add and subtract a dc level to an

electrical signal.

POSITIVE CLAMPERS:

63 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

During the negative half cycle of the input signal the diode is forward biased it
behaves as a short. The charging time constant (τ=RC) is very small. So that the
capacitor will charge to volts very quickly (VO=V)

NEGATIVE CLAMPERS

During the positive half cycle of the input diode is forward signal biased.
The charging time constant (τ=RC) is very small. So that the capacitor will charge
to volts very quickly.

PROCEDURE:

i) Give the connections as per the circuit.

ii) Given (or) set input waveform by AFO.
iii) O/P waveform is to be observed using CRO.
iv) Voltage and time period are noted.
v) Output waveforms are plotted with noted readings.

CLAMPER:

POSITIVE CLAMPER:

MODEL GRAPH:
64 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

NEGATIVE CLAMPER

MODEL GRAPH

CLIPPER:

SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER:

65 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

MODEL GRAPH:

SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER:

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

Thus the clippers and clampers output waveforms are plotted.

STUDY OF PSPICE

AIM:

To study about the basics of PSPICE.

66 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Introduction:

SPICE stands for Simulation Package with Integrated Circuit Emphasis. SPICE is
as close to a universally available package for doing numerical network analysis as
one can find. In PSPICE the program we run in order to draw circuit schematics is
called CAPTURE.  The program that will let us run simulations and see graphic
results is called PSPICE. You can run simulation from the program where your
schematic is. There are a lot of things we can do with PSpice, but the most
important things for you to learn are

 Design and draw circuits

 Simulate circuits  
 Analyze simulation results (Probe for older versions)
For this course you will not need the full capacity of CAPTURE. The devices that
we will use are resistors, inductors, capacitors and various independent/dependent
sources. It is good to know that CAPTURE has extensive symbol libraries and
includes a fully integrated symbol editor for creating your own symbols or
modifying existing symbols.

The main tasks in CAPTURE are

 Creating and editing designs

 Creating and editing symbols
 Creating and editing hierarchical designs
 Preparing your design for simulation
Procedure:

In this part we will create a simple DC circuit shown in Fig. 1‐1 just to let you
know how to start working with PSPICE. Your goal is to find the current value in
the resistor labeled R1.

67 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Proceed as follows to obtain the answer using PSpice.

1. Run the CAPTURE program.

2. Select File/New/Project from the File menu.
3. On the New Project window select Analog or Mixed A/D, and give a name to
your project then click OK.
4. The Create PSpice Project window will pop up, select Create a blank project,
and then click OK.
5. Now you will be in the schematic environment where you are to build your
circuit.
6. Select Place/Part from the Place menu.
7. Click ANALOG from the box called Libraries:, then look for the part called R.
You can do it either by scrolling down on the Part List: box or by typing R on
the Part box. Then click OK.
8. Use the mouse to place the resistor where you want and then click to leave the
resistor there. You
can continue placing as many resistors as you need and once you have finished
placing the resistors right‐click your mouse and select end mode.
9. To rotate the components there are two options:

68 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

 Rotate a component once it is placed: Select the component by clicking

on it then Ctrl‐R
 Rotate the component before it is placed: Just Ctrl‐R.
10.Select Place/Part from the Place menu.
11. Click SOURCE from the box called Libraries:, then look for the part called
VDC. You can do it either by scrolling down on the Part List: box or by typing
VDC on the Part box, and then click OK. Place the Source.
12. Repeat steps 10 ‐ 12 to get and place a current source named IDC.
13. Select Place/Wire and start wiring the circuit. To start a wire click on the
component terminal where you want it to begin, and then click on the
component terminal where you want it to finish. You can continue placing
wires until all components are wired. Then right‐click and select end wire.
14.Select Place/Ground from the Place menu, click on GND/CAPSYM. Now you
will see the ground
symbol.

15.Type 0 on the Name: box and then click OK. Then place the ground. Wire it if
necessary.

16. Now change the component values to the required ones. To do this you just
need to double‐click on the parameter you want to change. A window will pop
up where you will be able to set a new value for that parameter.
17. Once you have finished building your circuit, you can move on to the next step
– prepare it for simulation.
18. Select PSpice/New Simulation Profile and type a name, this can be the same
name as your project, and click Create.
19. The Simulations Settings window will now appear. You can set up the type of
analysis you want PSpice to perform. In this case it will be Bias Point. Click Apply
then OK.

69 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

20. Now you are ready to simulate the circuit. Select PSpice/Run and wait until the
PSpice finishes. Go back to Capture and see the voltages and currents on all the
nodes.
21. If you are not seeing any readout of the voltages and currents then select
PSpice/Bias Point/Enable Bias Voltage Display and PSpice/Bias Point/Enable Bias
Current Display. Make sure that PSpice/ Bias
Point/Enable is checked.

DC Sweep
Compose the schematics shown in Fig. 1‐2. The type of analysis you need to set up
is DC Sweep. Make sure the sweep variable is Voltage source. Type in V1 as the
name of the source. Make sure the sweep type is linear and use 0V, 2V and 0.01V
for the start value, end value and increment, respectively. Run the simulation. We
are interested in graphing the diode current versus the diode voltage. Once the
simulation has finished you will see a black window with no graph in it. Select
Trace/Add trace from the trace menu. You will see now a window with all the
variables you can add to your plot. Select I(D1). Note that the x‐axis variable is
V_V1 and we need to change it to V(D1:1). Select Plot/Axis settings...
from the Plot menu, Click on Axis Variable..., select V(D1:1). Now look for the
value of V(D1:1) when the current I(D1) is 1mA. Select Trace/Cursor/Display
from the Trace menu. A small window called probe cursor will appear. You have
two cursors, A1 is controlled with the left button of your mouse and A2 is
controlled with the right button of your mouse. Use one of them to find the point
requested. Once you have the point, select Plot/Label/Mark from the Plot menu
The coordinates of the point will show up. Select Trace/Cursor/Display from the
Trace menu and now you can move the coordinates to a better place in case they
are over the curve. Click over the coordinates and hold the button down, move the
mouse to place them in a better place then release the button. You can add labels to
the plot just to make sure people who see your work know what you are showing.
Select Plot/Label/Text from the Plot menu, type in the label "Diode’s I‐V

70 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

characteristic” and then place wherever you want on the plot by moving the mouse
and drop it by left clicking.

AC Sweep
Compose the schematics shown in Fig. 1‐3. Use the part VAC as your source. The
type of analysis you need to set up is AC Sweep. Check logarithmic in AC Sweep
type and select Decade. Use 1, 1000 and 10 for Start frequency, End frequency and
Points/Decade, respectively. Run the simulation. Now we are interested in plotting
the output to input ratio (i.e., the transfer function of the circuit). Select Trace/Add
Trace from the Trace menu, select V(C1:2) then from the right window select / and
finally select (V1:+).
Use the cursor to find the point where the y‐axis value is 1/√2 (or –3dB). Mark that
point and now using Plot/Label/Line, Plot/Label/Arrow and Plot/Label/Text mark
the limits of the region from 1Hz to the point you found, something like this |←
BW →|. This is the –3dB bandwidth of your circuit.

71 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Parametric Sweep
In the schematics of Fig. 1‐1, replace the DC voltage source V1 by a 0V‐120V
square wave. You may specify a period of 10ns, a 50% duty cycle and a 1ns rise
time and fall time for the square wave. Our goal is to find the values of R2 such
that the current in R1 is 1A when V1 is 0V and 120V, respectively. (Note: a hand
calculation of possible values of R2 may help you here. Also, you should obtain
two different R2 values for this part.)
First we need to define the sweep parameter, in this case it is the value of R2, so
double‐click on the value and change it to something like {Var} where Var can be
any name. Now from the library Special, get a part named Param and place it on
the schematics and double‐click on it so you can edit its properties. Click on the
New Column and type the name Var without the {}, then input the Value 50 and
finally click OK. Now select the column Var and select Display, a new window
called Display Properties will appear, click on Name and Value then Ok. Close the
properties window. Set up a transient simulation from 0 to 100ns with a step size
of 0.1ns. Once you are in the setup window check the parametric sweep option and
select Global Parameter, type Var as the name and then select linear and type 10,
20 and 1 for the start value, end value and increment, respectively. Perform the
simulation.

RESULT:
The basics of ORCAD PSPICE was studied.

72 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Ex.No: 8 TUNED COLLECTOR OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To simulate the Tuned Collector Oscillator using ORCAD PSPICE software.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE
PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and them in the
work space.
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V1
7

L2

R1 1u C2
14k 220p
C1
Q1
70p
C5 V
L1 .026p Q 2N 2222
9.8m

C4 R2
R4 C3
6.3p 9k R3 R5
7 40n 10k
1k

OUTPUT:

73 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

NETLIST:
*Libraries:
* Local Libraries :
* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:
.lib "nom.lib"
*Analysis directives:
.TRAN 0 2ms 0
.PROBE
.INC "tuned13-SCHEMATIC1.net"
**** INCLUDING tuned13-SCHEMATIC1.net ****
* source TUNED13
Q_Q1 N00036 N00147 N00028 Q2N2222
L_L1 N00139 N00142 9.8m
L_L2 N00036 N00095 1u
C_C1 N00036 N00057 70p
C_C2 N00036 N00045 220p
C_C3 0 N00028 40n
C_C4 0 N00147 6.3p
R_R1 N00042 N00045 14k
R_R2 0 N00042 9k
R_R3 0 N00028 1k
R_R4 0 N00139 7

74 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

R_R5 0 N00057 10k

V_V1 N00095 0 7
C_C5 N00142 N00147 .026p

RESULT:

Thus the tuned collector was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its output waveform
was obtained.

Ex.No:
9(a) TWIN T OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To simulate the TWIN-T Oscillator using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and them in the
work space.
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

75 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

V1 R1

3.3k
9

Q1

Q 2N 3904

C1 R5

50 n 100
V
R2 R3

18k
C3 18k
47n

C4 C2

0V
22n 22n
R4
1.5k
0A

OUTPUT:

76 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

NETLIST:

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.TRAN 0 100s 0

.PROBE

.INC "twinteee-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING twinteee-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source TWINTEEE

Q_Q1 N00024 N00042 0 Q2N3904

R_R1 N000051 N00024 3.3k

R_R2 N00042 N00031 18k

R_R3 N00031 N00024 18k

R_R4 0 N00039 1.5k

R_R5 N00292 0 100

C_C1 N00031 N00292 50n

C_C2 N00039 N00024 22n

C_C3 0 N00031 47n

77 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

C_C4 N00042 N00039 22n

V_V1 N000051 0 9

RESULT:

Thus the Twin T oscillator was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its output
waveform was obtained.

Ex.No:
9(b) WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To simulate the WEIN BRIDGE Oscillator using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE
78 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and them in the
work space.
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

5
V2
R1

R3 4 .7k
R4
27k R6
39k
C1 4.7k

C 2V
Q3 10u
Q4 10u

Q 2N 3904
Q 2N 3904

R7 R8 C3
3.3k 4.7k 10u

R2 R5
1k 22k

OUTPUT:

79 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

NETLIST:

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.TRAN 0 5s 0

.PROBE

.INC "wein1-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING wein1-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source WEIN1

R_R1 N00034 N00091 4.7k

R_R2 0 N00031 1k

80 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

R_R3 N00085 N00091 27k

R_R4 N00045 N00091 39k

R_R5 0 N00045 22k

R_R6 N00142 N00091 4.7k

R_R7 0 N00144 3.3k

R_R8 0 N00085 4.7k

C_C1 N00034 N00045 10u

C_C2 N00085 N00142 10u

C_C3 0 N00085 10u

V_V2 N00091 0 5

Q_Q3 N00034 N00085 N00031 Q2N3904

Q_Q4 N00142 N00045 N00144 Q2N3904

RESULT:

Thus the Wein bridge oscillator was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its
output waveform was obtained.

81 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Ex.No:
10(a) DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To simulate the Double Tuned Amplifier using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and them in the
work space.
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

82 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

12.0 0V
R1 R2
10 40
C1
R4 L1 L2
1.25n
80k 1m .1m
C2
125p 12 .00V K K1
V1 K _ L in e a r
12.00V VDB 12 C O U P LIN G = .3
Q1
C4 4.615V

165.6m V
100n Q 2N 2222
0V 3.887nV
R3
V3
1Vac R5 150 C3
0V dc 50k 10u

0V

OUTPUT:

NETLIST:

83 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.AC DEC 100k 1 1000k

.PROBE

.INC "double1-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING double1-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source DOUBLE1

Q_Q1 N00033 N00028 N00075 Q2N2222

R_R1 N000051 N00043 10

R_R2 N000071 N00043 40

R_R3 0 N00075 150

R_R4 N00047 N00043 80k

R_R5 0 N00047 50k

L_L1 N00033 N000051 1m

L_L2 N00069 N000071 .1m

C_C1 N00069 N00043 1.25n

C_C2 N00033 N00043 125p

C_C3 0 N00075 10u

84 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

C_C4 N00111 N00028 100n

V_V1 N00043 0 12

Kn_K1 L_L1 L_L2 0.3

V_V3 N00111 0 DC 0Vdc AC 1Vac

RESULT:

Thus the double tuned amplifier was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its
output waveform was obtained.

Ex.No:
10(b) STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To simulate the Stagger Tuned Amplifier using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

85 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
2. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and them in the
work space.
3. Connect the parts using wires
4. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis
5. Simulate the circuit and observe the corresponding output waveforms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

10
V2

R3 R1
C3
55k 1k
Q1
C1
1u
R6
L1 VDB
1n 5k
Q 2N 22 22 C5
2.8u
.009u

R4 0A
19k

Q2
R7 C2

1k 1u
L2 C6 Q 2N 22 22
1Vac R5
.88u .029u R2 C4
0Vdc 10k
800 1u

OUTPUT:

86 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

NETLIST:

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.AC DEC 100k 1 1000000k

.PROBE

.INC "stuned-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING stuned-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source STUNED

Q_Q1 N000031 N00048 N00030 Q2N2222

87 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Q_Q2 N00030 N00052 N00094 Q2N2222

R_R1 N000031 N00055 1k

R_R2 0 N00094 800

R_R3 N00048 N00055 55k

R_R4 N00052 N00048 19k

R_R5 0 N00052 10k

R_R6 0 N00044 5k

R_R7 N00104 N00786 1k

C_C1 0 N00048 1n

C_C2 N00786 N00052 1u

C_C3 N000031 N00044 1u

C_C4 0 N00094 1u

L_L1 0 N00044 2.8u

C_C5 0 N00044 .009u

C_C6 0 N00786 .029u

L_L2 0 N00786 .88u

V_V1 N00104 0 DC 0Vdc AC 1Vac

V_V2 N00055 0 10

RESULT:

88 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Thus the stagger tuned amplifier was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its
output waveform was obtained.

Ex.No:11 BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM:
To simulate the circuit Bistable multivibrator transistor bias using ORCAD
PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the start menu and select the pspice simulation software
6. Select the parts required for the circuit from the parts menu and them in the
work space.
7. Connect the parts using wires 0

8. Save the file and select the appropriate analysis

V1

9. Simulate the circuitR 3and observe the corresponding

15V dc
output Rwaveforms
4
C3
2k C4 2k

1p
1p
R1 R2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VC 1 100k 100k VC 2
Q1
Q2 VB2
V
V
VB1
V B C 107A
B C 107A V

C 10 D 12

.01u
V 1 = -4 v
V3 D 1N 4001
V2 = 4v 22k
TD = 0 s C 107
TR = 1 0 0 n s 0
TF = 1 0 0 n s R 19
.01u
89
P W = 500us
P ER = 1m s
SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
22k CHERANMAHADEVI
0
0
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

OUTPUT:

20V

10V

SEL>>
0V
V(Q1:c)
1.0V

0.5V

0V
V(Q1:b)
20V

10V

0V
V(Q2:c)
10V

0V

-10V
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms
V(Q2:b)
Time

NETLIST:

** Creating circuit file "bist-SCHEMATIC1-fdg.sim.cir"

90 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

** WARNING: THIS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED FILE MAY BE

OVERWRITTEN BY SUBSEQUENT SIMULATIONS

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.TRAN 0 8ms 0

.PROBE

.INC "bist-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING bist-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source BIST

Q_Q1 N00034 N00067 0 Q2N2222

Q_Q2 N00038 N00077 0 Q2N2222

R_R1 0 N00067 22k

R_R2 N00038 N00067 100k

R_R3 N00038 N00183 2k

R_R4 N00034 N00183 2k

R_R5 N00077 N00034 100k

R_R6 0 N00234 22k

C_C1 N00246 N00234 .01u

91 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

C_C2 N00077 N00034 1p

C_C3 0 N00067 .01u

D_D1 N00077 N00234 D1N4002

V_V1 N00246 0

+PULSE -4 4 0 100ns 100ns 500us 1ms

C_c4 N00038 N00067 1p

V_V2 N00183 0 15

RESULT:

Thus the bistable multivibrator was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its
output waveform was obtained.

Ex.No: 12 SCHMITT TRIGGER WITH PREDICTABLE HYSTERSIS

AIM:
To simulate the circuit Schmitt Trigger circuit using ORCAD PSPICE software
and to plot its hysersis curve.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

92 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

NETLIST:

r_rin 1 2 50

r_rc1 0 3 50

r_r1 3 5 185

r_r2 5 8 760

r_rc2 0 6 100

r_re 4 8 260

r_rth2 7 0 85

c_cload 0 7 5pf

v_vee 8 0 dc -5

v_vin 1 0

93 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

+pwl 0 -8 1ms -1.0v 2ms -1.8v

r_rth1 8 7 125

q_q1 3 2 4 qstd

q_q2 6 5 4 qstd

q_q3 0 6 7 qstd

q_q4 0 6 7 qstd

.model qstd npn(is=1.0e-16 bf=100 br=0.1 rb=50 rc=10 tf=0.12ns tr=5ns

+ cje=0.4pf pe=0.8 me=0.4 cjc=0.5pf pc=0.8 mc=0.333 ccs=1pf va=50)

.TRAN .01ms 2ms

.probe

* plots the transient response

.END

PROCEDURE:

To Plot the hysteresis of Schmitt trigger the QSTD model can be used in
PSPICE. As QSTD model is not available in PSPICE library, for this experiment
Netlist may be created and executed in ORCAD capture.

1. Goto file menu in PSPICD A/D DEMO Student File New Text
file

2. Type the above Netlist and save with the extension of “.cir” (circuit file)

3. To execute the circuit file, you can close the file and again open the file and
click run.

94 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

4. Instead of using the DC sweep to look at the hysteresis, use the transient
analysis, (Print Step = .01ms and Final Time = 2ms) sweeping VIN from -
1.8 volts to -1.0 volts and back down to -1.8 volts, very slowly. This has two
advantages:
it avoids convergence problems
it covers both the upward and downward transitions in one
analysis
After the simulation, in the Probe window in PSpice , the X axis variable is
initially set to be Time. By selecting X Axis Settings from the Plot menu and
clicking on the Axis Variable button, you can set the X axis variable to be V(1).
Then use Add on the Trace menu to display V(7), and change the X axis to a user
defined data range from -1.8V to -1.0V (Axis Settings on the Plot menu). This
plots the output of the Schmitt trigger against its input, which is the desired
outcome.
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

95 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Thus the Schmitt trigger with predictable hysteresis was simulated using ORCAD
PSPICE and its output waveform was obtained.

Ex.No: 13
ANALYSIS OF POWER AMPLIFIER

AIM:

To design and test the performance of power amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:

An electronic amplifier is used for increasing the power of a signal. It does this
by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input
signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier may be
considered as modulating the output of the power supply.

PROCEDURE:

96 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Give a negative trigger input to Q2.
3. Note the output of transistor Q2 and Q1.
4. Find the value of Ton and Toff.
5. Obtain the required waveform. Note down the time period and amplitude
using CRO
6. Calculate the frequency of the waveform.
7. Plot the waveform on the graph.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH:

97 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

DESIGN PROCEDURE:

Given specifications:

VCC= 12V; hfe = 200; f=1 KHz; I c = 2mA; Vce (sat) = 0.2v; VBB= - 2V,

(i)To calculate RC:

RC = VCC - Vce (sat) / IC

RC = 12 – 0.2 / 2x10-3=5.9KÙ

(ii) To calculate R:

IB2(min)=IC2 / hfe= 2x10-3 / 200 = 10ì A

Select IB2 > IB1(min) (say 25ì A)

Then R = VCC – V BE (sat) / IB2

Therefore R= 12-0.7/25x10-6=452KÙ

(iii) To calculate C:

T=0.69RC

1x10-3= 0.69x452x103xC

C=3.2nf

To calculate R1 & R2:

98 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

VB1= {(VBB R1/ R1 +R2) + (VCE (sat) R2 / R1+R2)}

Since Q1 is in off state ,VB1 ≤ 0

Then (VBB R1/ R1 +R2) = (VCE (sat) R2 / R1+R2)

VBB R1 = VCE (sat) R2

2 R1 = 0.2 R2

Assume R1=10KΩ, then R2=100 KΩ

Consider, C1= 25pf (commutative capacitor)

TABULAR COLUMN:

RESULT:

Thus the Astable Multivibrator is designed and output waveforms are plotted.

Theoretical frequency = Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

99 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Ex.No: 14
VOLTAGE TIME BASE CIRCUITS

AIM:
To simulate the Voltage Time Base Circuits using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

100 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. To choose transformer
Go to Part Place Analog XFRM
Double click on the transformer and give the Coupling coefficient as
1(maximum value is 1) and L1 =30H and L2=40H.
3. Create a edit simulation title.
4. Select the type of analysis.
5. Create a new simulation file.
6. Simulate the file.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VOLTAGE TIME BASE CIRCUIT

OUTPUT:

101 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

RESULT:

Thus the Voltage Time Base Circuits was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its
output waveform was obtained.

102 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

SERIES AND SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS-FREQUENCY
RESPONSE, INPUT AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCE CALCULATION
1. Define feedback
A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier
and is
combined with the normal input signal. This is known as feedback.

2. What are the types of feedback?

There are two types:
 Positive Feedback
 Negative Feedback

3. Define negative feedback. (Degenerative feedback)

When input signal and part of the output signal are in out of phase, the
feedback is called negative feedback.

4. Define feedback factor or feedback ratio.

The ratio of the feedback voltage to output voltage is known as feedback
factor or feedback ratio.

5. What are the advantages of negative feedback?

 It improves the stability of the circuit.
 It improves the frequency response of the amplifier.
 It improves the percentage of harmonic distortion.
 It improves the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
 It reduces the gain of the circuit.

6. List the types of feedback amplifiers

The types of feedback amplifiers
Voltage-series feedback amplifier
Voltage-shunt feedback amplifier
Current-series feedback amplifier
Current-shunt feedback amplifier

7. Define loop gain. (Or) What is meant by return ratio?

The signal Vi is multiplied by ‘A’ in passing through the amplifier is
multiplier by ‘β’. In transmission through the feedback network and is
multiplied by ‘-1’ in the mixer. The product of ‘- A β’ is called the loop gain
(or) return ratio.

103 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

8. Why gain bandwidth product remains constant with the introduction of

negative feedback? Since bandwidth with negative feedback increases by
factor (1+A β) and gain decreases by same factor, the gain-bandwidth
product of an amplifier does not altered, when negative feedback is
introduced.

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR AND WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

1. What is an oscillator?
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a
periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.

2. Which feedback is used in oscillators?

Positive Feedback(Regenerative feedback)
If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, then the net
effect of the feedback will increase the input signal given to the
amplifier. This type of feedback is said to be positive or regenerative
feedback.

3. State the Barkhausen criterion for an oscillator.

1. The total phase shift around a loop, as the signal proceeds from input
through amplifier, feedback network back to input again, completing a loop, is
precisely 00 or 3600.
2. The magnitude of the product of the open loop gain of the amplifier
(A) and the feedback factor D is unity. i.e., A D = 1.

4. Give the frequency of oscillation for RC-phase shift oscillator?

The frequency of oscillation of RC-phase shift oscillator is
F=(1/2πRC)v—(4k+6)
Where k=2.639.

5. What are the essential parts of an Oscillator?

 Tank circuit (or) Oscillatory circuit.
 Amplifier (Transistor amplifier)
 Feedback Circuit.
6. Why RC phase shift is needed in a RC phase shift Oscillator?
The amplifier used causes a phase shift of 180 o than the feedback
network should create phase shift of 180o, to satisfy the Barkhausen Criterion.
Hence in a phase shift oscillators, three sections of RC circuit are connected in
cascade, each introducing a shift of 60o, thus introducing a total phase shift of

104 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

180o, due to feedback network.

7. Write down the general applications of oscillators.
a) As a local oscillator in radio receivers.
b) In T.V receivers.
c) In signal generators.
d) As clock generation for logic circuits.
e) AM and FM transmitters.
f) In phase lock loops.
8. Give the disadvantages of phase shift oscillator.
 The output is small. It is due to smaller feedback.
 It is difficult for the circuit to start oscillations as the feedback is usually
small.
 The frequency stability is not as good as that of Wien bridge oscillator.
 It needs high voltage (12 V) battery so as to develop sufficiently large
feedback voltage.

9. What is sustained Oscillation?

The electrical oscillations in which amplitude does not change with time are
called as sustained oscillations. It is also called as Undamped Oscillation.

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR AND COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

1.How does an oscillator differ from an amplifier?

Oscillators Amplifiers
1. They are self-generating circuits.
They generate waveforms like sine, 1. They are not self-generating
square and triangular waveforms of circuits. They need a signal at the
their own. Without having input input and they just increase the level
signal. of the input waveform.
2. It have infinite gain 2.It have finite gain
3. Oscillator uses positive feedback. 3.Amplifier uses negative feedback.

2. What are the disadvantages of the basic LC Oscillator?

 They have no means of controlling the amplitude of the oscillations.
 It is difficult to tune the oscillator to the required frequency.

3. In an LC circuit, when the capacitor is maximum, what about the inductor

energy?
Minimum

4. In an LC oscillator, what about the frequency of oscillation?

105 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

Inversely proportional to the square root of L or C

5. What are the applications of Hartley Oscillator?

It is widely used in Radio receivers. It is suitable for oscillations in RF
(Radio-Frequency) range, upto 30MHZ.

6. What are the applications of Colpitt’s Oscillator?

It is widely used in Radio frequency and audio frequency applications.
Microwave applications
Mobile and communication systems

7. Give the frequency of oscillation for Colpitt’s oscillator?

The frequency of oscillations in the Colpitts oscillator is given by
f = 1/ (2π√ (LCeq))
Where Ceq = C1 C2 / (C1 + C2)

8. What is meant by resonant Circuit Oscillators?

LC Oscillators are known as resonant circuit oscillator because the
frequency of operation of LC Oscillator is nothing but a resonant frequency of tank
circuit or LC tank circuit produces sustained Oscillation at the resonant circuit
oscillator.

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

1. What do you mean by tuned amplifiers?
The amplifiers which amplify only selected range of frequencies (narrow
band of frequencies) with the help of tuned circuits (parallel LC circuit) are
called tuned amplifiers.

2. List the advantages of tuned amplifiers.

Advantages:
1. They amplify defined frequencies.
2. Signal to Noise ratio at output is good.
3. They are well suited for radio transmitters and receivers.
4. The band of frequencies over which amplification is required
can be varied.
3. List the disadvantages of tuned amplifiers.
Disadvantages:
1. Since they use inductors and capacitors as tuning elements,
the circuit is bulky and costly.
2. If the band of frequency is increased, design becomes
complex.
3. They are not suitable to amplify audio frequencies.
4. Define Q factor of resonant circuit.
It is the ratio of reactance to resistance.
106 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

It also can be defined as the measure of efficiency with which inductor can
store the energy.

5. What are single tuned amplifiers?

Single tuned amplifiers use one parallel resonant circuit as the load
impedance in each stage and all the tuned circuits are tuned to the same frequency

6. Why quality factor is kept as high as possible in tuned circuits?

When Q is high, bandwidth is low and we get better selectivity. Hence Q is
kept as high as possible in tuned circuits.
When Q is high inductor losses are less.

7. List the applications of Tuned amplifiers.

Tuned amplifiers are used in radio and audio frequency applications.
They are used as frequency selective amplifiers.

8. Classify tuned amplifiers.

1.Single tuned amplifier.
2.Double tuned amplifier.
3.Synchronously tuned amplifier.
4.Stagger tuned amplifier.

9. What is the other name for tuned amplifier?

Tuned amplifiers used for amplifying narrow band of frequencies hence it is
also known as “ narrow band amplifier” or “Band pass amplifier”.

RC INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUITS

1. A differentiator converts a square wave into what form? An integrator

converts a square wave into what form?
A differentiator converts a square wave into spikes waveform an integrator
converts a square wave into triangle waveform.
2. Mention one application of the RC integrator and differentiator.
         In amplitude modulation circuits

3. What is the requirement of a high pass filter to act as differentiator?

   The time constant should be very less.

4. What is the requirement of a low pass filter to act as integrator?

        Time constant should be high

5. What is time constant of an RC circuit?

          It is the time needed to charge the capacitor to 63.2% of input voltage.
107 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

6. Define integrator.
Integrator is a circuit that passes low frequencies of the input and attenuates
high frequencies. Integrator implies that the output voltage is an integral of the
input voltage

7. What is the use of commutating capacitors?

The Commutating capacitors can be used to reduce the transition time in a
low to high level and vice versa.
8.Define transition time.
The time interval during which the conduction transfer from one transistor to
another transistor is defined as transition time.

CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS

1. What is clipper?

The circuit with which the waveform is shaped by removing (or clipping)
a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the
alternating waveform is called a clipper.

2. What is clamper?
A circuit which shifts (clamps) a signal to a different dc level, i.e. which
introduces a dc level to an ac signal is called clamper. It is also called dc
restorer.

3. Which are the other names for clamping circuits?

DC restoring or inserting circuits.

4. Give an application of clamping circuits.

In T.V receivers the dc level of the video signal will be lost due to
coupling capacitances of amplifiers in it. This dc level has to be restored
since it is corresponding to the brightness level of the picture. Clamping
circuits are used for this purpose.

ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS

1. What is a linear waveform-shaping circuit?

The process by which the shape of a nonsinusoidal signal is changed
by passing the signal through the network consisting of linear elements is
called Linear Wave Shaping.

2. Define monostable multivibrator.

108 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI
 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

When a trigger pulse is applied to the input circuit, the circuit state is
changed abruptly to unstable state for a predetermined time after which the
circuit returned to its original stable state automatically

3. Why is monostable Multivibrator called delay circuit?

The time between the transitions from quasi-stable state to stable
state can be predetermined and hence it can be used to introduce time
delays with the help of fast transition. Due to this application is called
delay circuit.

4. Define Astable multivibrator.

Astable multivibrator is a multivibrator in which neither state is

stable. There are two temporary states. The circuit changes state
continuously from one quasi stables state to another at regular
intervals without any triggering. This generates continuous square
waveform without any external signal.
POWER AMPLIFIERS

1.Define power amplifier.

An amplifier is an electronic device used to increase the
magnitude of voltage/current/power of an input signal. It takes in a
weak electrical signal/waveform and reproduces a similar stronger
waveform at the output by using an external power source.

2. Write the importance of power amplifier.

Amplifier circuits form the basis of most electronic systems,
many of which need to produce high power to drive some output
device. ... Voltage and current amplifierscan make use of small
transistors and do not draw large amounts of power from
thepower supply in order to amplify signals by often, very large
amounts.
3. What is Class A Amplifier?
 Class A power amplifier is one in which the output current
flows for the entire cycle of the AC input supply. Hence the complete
signal present at the input is amplified at the output

4. List the different types of power amplifier.

1. DC Power Amplifiers
2. Power Amplifier Classes
3. Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers

5. List the applications of power amplifier.

109 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

power amplifier can be used in

1. Consumer Electronics
2. Industries
3. Wireless Communication

SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):

1. What is pspice?
It is a simulator that simulates the behaviour of electronic
circuits. It supports electronic design automation.
2. What is the difference between pspice and Matlab?
PSpice is a program to simulate analog and digital logic
circuits, where Matlab is a fully functional programming language
designed to plot mathematical functions, implement various
algorithms and solve complex mathematical problems.
3. What is the full name for pspice?
PSPICE stands for Personal Computer Simulation Program with
Integrated Circuit Emphasis.

Reference books:

1. Paul B Zbar and Albert P Malvino, Michael A Miller, “Basic Electronics: A

Text Lab Manual”, 7th edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2009.
2. David A Bell, “Laboratory Manual for Electronic Devices and Circuits”, 4th
edition, PHI, 2001.
3. Muhammed H Rashid, “SPICE for circuits and electronics using PSPICE”,
2nd edition, PHI, 1995.

110 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI

 EC8461-CIRCUITS & SIMULATION INTEGRATED LAB

4. Semiconductor Physics and Devices by D. A. Neamen

5. Analog Circuits by Robert Pease.

111 SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, CHERANMAHADEVI