SET THEORY CHEAT SHEET esky B= (10, 1214.16} aw equroient st, fs 014) =08) B=(6.5,3,2} then A. elemento isan element of Band vor. (8) Universal set: Ast th contains sin 3 given conn ald the nivral Set Shon be noted that universal slot wie (9) Power etic any sl then the fay of lhe see o Sis called the power sed S- The poner set of 5 dened by FS) Example: Let ~ fb, then PIS) = (9. (0) (8) 40) (0B), (0.e. te, {bh SOhich i ead A isa ube of 5 or i connie i This AcB>acA See MTA ad B axe ot ua they awe sone fmmon lee, then fo represen A and B we fou to nlesecing each. Tio dois ts are represented by wo yoo sets An (2) 0erenes ets: e) 4-8 exe Aandee 8) B_A-jeeBiNeA) exemple: tet A= (123) 2 B= (3,45) jen A~B= (12):B-A (4.5) 5) Symmetic dtterence of two sete: The lymmetre iene sf sets A are Bi he ct (A-B)U(B-A) and is denoted by ANB ANB « (A=B)u(BoA)= (x: # ANB) (©) complement ota seta: Minit: eA iat, ea oe CUT i, Band re ite sie 0) (AB) = A) + 1B) AB) 2)x4A-B) =W(A)=mA 8) (oA AB) =n(A-B)U(B-A), = n(A=B) + n(8—A) (8) -29408) (3) 9(A BU C= nA) + 218)+ aC) AB) Paik €)-niANC) +i BG) (7 (Nb. ofeemenss in exacly Mose A B.C) = nA cB) 4 BoC) + CA iN-BC) (61 No.of ements exact ene se A. B,C) = nid) +a) +10) 201898) ~2ai8.C) P2HlANC) + SHA BC) 7 m0 8) = nA BY = Ht} AB) 8) (8 9 B) = (AU BY =U) ALB) Wau @ Av and U ze deny lent for rion and -nteseton respecte, ()AUB~BUA& AnB~BoA A-BeB-A& AxBeBxA (4) Associative laws DAURLC-AL BL WARBOO=ArBnC (i) (ANBISC= ANBAC) 9 (A-B)-C2A-(B-O) (0 (AxB)xCe Ax(BxO) (6) Distributive law: WALIEAE = AO) o~avo) WAABUG™ ATHUANG (i) AIBC) =(AxB)(AxC) We) Ax(BUC)=(AxBU(AxG) BH) Ansy=vue i) ABC) =A-BUA-G) ) A(8UC)= ABN A—C) (7) WA 2nd Bae my wo sts, hen QA-B=AnB G) B-A=BOA (i) A-B=Acan GW) (A-BUB= AUB A-BinBe (WiAcB= ecw (@) (AB) (8-4) =A )-AnB) (9)1A, Band Care ay tee set en @ AnB-C= Ansan, @ ANAC =lAnBaianc) eae Example: nA = (a, b.0) & B= (p,q) hen ‘Theorems on cartesian product of sets ‘Theorem 1: For ay thee se A Ax (BUC) =A x UIA xc WAX (ENC) =A x BAIA xO) ‘Theorem 2: For any tee te A, B,C Ax (8-C)~(Ax8)-(AxC) ‘Theorem 3: AXE=BXAGA=B theorem 4: NAGE, then ‘Theorem 5: ACB. then Ax CoB x Clor any st AxCcBxD “Thoorem 7: For any ws A, B,C. (Ax Bia lC«D) = Ane) x BD) Theatem 8 : For my thee sts A,B,C DA (BUCY = Ax BAIA XC MAX wacy=AxB)UAxG Number of subsets ofa set =2" ARB haen elements common, then AB) ‘and BA has element in common, ‘Anas elements then (A) has 2 elements.—— OPERATION ON SETS i TYPES OF SETS Infinite et: A set whose elements cannot be listed by the natural Intersection numbers Equal sets: Two sets A and Bare equa, itheyhave exactly thesame lernents f | | | 1 | | Finiteset: Asetconsstingof inte number ofelements 1 | | | | | | AuB = [x:xe Aorxe B) B Singletonset:A st avingexactl single element Empty set: Asethevingno clement Equivalent sets: Twofint sets A and Bae equivalent iftheyhave samenumberofelements, Univers set: Asetthatcontainsll theses the given conte Subset: feachelementofA salsoanclement of ACB, + Everysetisasubestofitell *roptysetlsa bet of every + Totalnumberofsubsetsoffintesetcontaningn ements 24 Superst; IFA isa subit of then Bis sad to be sper of A, ie BDA | Powerset:ThesetofallsubsetsofsetA | Foner sab If Aina mie of Band he A call propersbsetof Bie, ACB S Laws Idempotent Commutative AUB=BUA Associative Identity AUBNO)=(AUB)N(AUO, ANBUO)=ANB)UANO A-B= fecve A,xe B) AB xeA \ means xisan_ \ element} \ee / a Awell defined collection of objects. IfA,Band Carefinitesets,Ubethefiniteuniversalset.then | 1. m(A-B)=n(A)=n(ANB) i 2. (A UB)=n(A) +n(B)=n( AB) | 3. n(AUB)= (A) +B) ICA, Bare disjoint | 4. (A UBUC)=n(A)+n(B)+n(C)=MAMB)=n(BO~ | i ' | nlANO)+nANBNO) 5. mlA°UB)=(AABY')=n(U)— (AB) 5. mA" B') = (nA BY) = (UV) — A UB) Set Builder Form: A, Roster Form: A set is described + Law of Double complementation :(A’Y =A ( Gee snared | HAUBY =A NBS (AMBY property P(x) of, listing elements } | aon cae es |—— OPERATION ON SETS i TYPES OF SETS Infinite et: A set whose elements cannot be listed by the natural Intersection numbers Equal sets: Two sets A and Bare equa, itheyhave exactly thesame lernents f | | | 1 | | Finiteset: Asetconsstingof inte number ofelements 1 | | | | | | AuB = [x:xe Aorxe B) B Singletonset:A st avingexactl single element Empty set: Asethevingno clement Equivalent sets: Twofint sets A and Bae equivalent iftheyhave samenumberofelements, Univers set: Asetthatcontainsll theses the given conte Subset: feachelementofA salsoanclement of ACB, + Everysetisasubestofitell *roptysetlsa bet of every + Totalnumberofsubsetsoffintesetcontaningn ements 24 Superst; IFA isa subit of then Bis sad to be sper of A, ie BDA | Powerset:ThesetofallsubsetsofsetA | Foner sab If Aina mie of Band he A call propersbsetof Bie, ACB S Laws Idempotent Commutative AUB=BUA Associative Identity AUBNO)=(AUB)N(AUO, ANBUO)=ANB)UANO A-B= fecve A,xe B) AB xeA \ means xisan_ \ element} \ee / a Awell defined collection of objects. IfA,Band Carefinitesets,Ubethefiniteuniversalset.then | 1. m(A-B)=n(A)=n(ANB) i 2. (A UB)=n(A) +n(B)=n( AB) | 3. n(AUB)= (A) +B) ICA, Bare disjoint | 4. (A UBUC)=n(A)+n(B)+n(C)=MAMB)=n(BO~ | i ' | nlANO)+nANBNO) 5. mlA°UB)=(AABY')=n(U)— (AB) 5. mA" B') = (nA BY) = (UV) — A UB) Set Builder Form: A, Roster Form: A set is described + Law of Double complementation :(A’Y =A ( Gee snared | HAUBY =A NBS (AMBY property P(x) of, listing elements } | aon cae es |CONCEPT ae Properties # "Pyenl= n(n) 2) 321 = "Py + an . cent © "Pan" P,_=n(n—1)"2P,_» s(n = 1)(=2)""2P,_3and soon Oe eee ", hoa rl Circular Permutations (Arrangement of diferent things taken all at time in form of circle # (n= Dif sense matter. + 1/201 1)}if sense doesn't matter (i) Number of circular permutations of nn dissimilar things taken rata time = Pit ctockise and anticlockwise orders are considered as different = it elockvse and aclockise order is considered as same. Factorial Notation Product of first natural numbers is denoted by n! ie,nl=n(n-1(n-2) 324 Fundamental Principle of Counting In an operation A canbe performed in peek erect acelies read B canbe performed in different way, then + Boththeoperatonscanbeperformedin mxnways Either of the two opentions canbe performed in (m +n) ways PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS Restricted Permutations ‘The number of ways in which r objects can be arranged from dissimilar objects i k particular objects are Permutations Arranging r objects out of n different things © When repetition is not allowed =", =—" on Meeosrsa + When repetition is allowed =n” PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS Combinations © Selecting r objects out of n different things given by o|4|=1 SAI yA end ithcinersot, ‘Orthogonal Matrix: AA’ TA=1 Diagonal Matix: =14l= Properties where sys OV 10). Periodic Matrix: A= A © A exists iff ]A| #0. Scalar Matrix: A= [ayhy xn = Al=0,4,order=K-1 oittej ett ve (tc) Unpan MantAt= An|A= 1 for some constant Unitary Matrix: AA® = APA =1 sh where a= (OV i=jandi-ej dentty Matra: A = (a) Ait j ‘Skew Symmetric Matcix:A'=-A oifiej [where A is square matrix] 2 ay ‘Symmetric Matrix: A'= A elat=dap? =| tyrCONCEPT alae Quadratic Inequality ‘An equation of the form ax? + br +¢<0 or ax? + be + c= 0, axt+ bet e>00r axt + bx +20, ax + by>Oor ‘ax+b200r xt byS0. ‘Linear Inequality in One Variable + Alinearinequality which has only one variable, is called near inequalityinonevariable. * Solution of Linear Inequality in One Variable : Any solution ofan inequality in one variableisa value of variable ‘hich makes ita true statement. The set of all slutions of an inequality iscalled the solution st ofthe inequality. Graphical Representation of Intervals on the ‘Real Number Line (x-axis) Saerst © $n Bn sszce () @—_$> x6 (2, -w exc (i) <3 #6 4,5), 1545 G0) 93> 1x6 C10), 1x0 () ag pu, 26 (29016) @) $ t (29,2) U[6, 00) LINEAR INEQUALITIES Mumerical Inequality Pt os ae ca ‘Linear Inequality in Two Variable + Aninequality ofthe form ax + by +e>0,ax+by-+e<0, ax t by+c20orax+ by +cS0, whereaw0 and bs0,is calledalinearinequalityintwovariablesxandy. + Theregion containingall the solutions ofaninequality, iscalledthesolutionregion. Algorithm *+ Convert the inequality ax + by + €$ 0 into equation axtbyte=0 * Draw the straight line ax + by + ¢= 0 which divides the plane into two half planes as ax + by + ¢< 0 (or) axtbyre>0 *+ Choose « point not on the line if possible (0, 0) and substituteintheinequation. + ifthe point satisfies the inequation ax + by +c<0, then the half plane containing the origin represents the inequationandtheotherplanerepresentsax+by-+c>0 Note: Incase of strict inequality, draw the dotted straight line, otherwise drawthickline.CONCEPT TANGENTS AND NORMALS WAVE ey pe y=g(x) bea continuous For curve y= fix) 4 : © Equation of tangent at A(x, y,) is given by y ~y, = m(x~ 2, curve & A(x, y,) be EY mt (2 ae any point on the curve, “*"”” sae) ¢ oe 1 then [2 is i © Equation ofnormalisgivenby »—y; (4) dx Jacx,y) i known as the slope of the tangent denoted by tan 0 tof the curve y = g(x) at point A, where Os the angle made by the tangent in the positive direction of x-axis. Slope of normal : Slope of normal at A(x, y,) is 1 Note: (i) If () =0, then tangentat A(x, y,) is parallel ayy) to x-axis whose equation sy (2 J {IFO be the angle of intersection off - & | he carves having = and my then 0 = tan ii, y=) be the equations Voeiieetiane tte cae arte fequation of tangent & normal ar {given by wo of angle Orthogonal “Curves > Two} curves are sald tobe orthogonal of i c if angle oftheir intersection i} ly 1) flt,)) and Oe eee ; Ot aaa i Pere Hy ai) €(4) + AUP) = 0} important ‘Touching Curves: Two curves} | respectively. Pye touch eachother when m, =m, | tan @, then Length of tangent = AP = |y, cosec 0 Length of normal = AQ = y, sec 0 = |y,-Vi+ tan? 6 |= y, cot 6] S = Projection of tangent on the x-axis, dx, | Length of subtangent = PI. = Length of subnormal = LQ = dy, tan |= ack feCONCEPT a Parahola is haces ‘of point which moves ina plane that its itance (rom a fixe point is equal to its distance from 4 fixed line. The feted point Equation of Tangent v Cane Point Equaiion of Tangent ; pymtale ss) 7d (Point form), soup | OER t a potas Mist (Paraimetiic forth) (lope f given) {Slope form) Equation of Normal v Curve Point Condition aati Ga Gs pov Zt tema) (Qne point form) yee ye tema | 2at (Parametric orn) y= ms —2aym— so (Point slope form) (cme, 2am) Suusidard form of parabolaisy° =4ax, a> © Focus (2): (4,0) + Vertex :(0)0) Beyntaro + Directrix (1) =a © Aniniy=0 "Tangent at verter x= 0 © Latus Resin Lata © Length of Matus recturn <4 Condition of Tangency of a Line to the Parabola v Parabola Line Condition reecety p= atan asin a h m bee mys Some important Results ¥ + Locus of point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the parabola site direst. = + Buution of cont of parabola hissed at (5.9) given by ny, ~ 2a +) Bauation of chord of contact (QR) of tangents to0 ~ Baquation-of QR ays 2ate rn) point = UW ou%s2an), Rat, 2a) ther equation of QR ix given, by tf, 4) = * The length of chon! of the parabola y= 4x posing through the vertex and making an angle 0 with the ax is 4a sotCONCEPT M A > HYPERBOLA away that the difference of its distance from two fixed points (foci) is always constant. General equation of second degree ax’ + 2hay + by" + 2gx + fp + e=0 jah tepresentsa hyperbola if A=|h bf] #0 and ft > ab. Centre :0(0,0) Foci S(ae,0),5,(-ae, 0) Vertices:A(a, 0),4,(-a, 0) TA hyperbola is sid bs {rectangular hyperbola, if th Jasymptotes are at right angl fie, © = 90%, Equation o {rectangular hyperbola sx @orxy ~~ Rectangular . Definition _Hyperbola i i : 1 is one hyperbola} Properties \ NiGenjugatel) to its oe byperbola is} erbola i f important "YP isi | Results afeueta(ene) om ot ons lying on the hyperbola xy ~¢ then Vertices of = 2 are (6.3, 6,0) Roel: (+ ev2,tev2) Equation of directrices is x+ytev?= Slope of chord at A= e a Location of P(x, y,): P is inside the hyperbola ifS, > 0. Pis outside hyperbola if S,, <0, Pis on the hyperbola ifS,, Chord with midpoint P(x,,y,): 8, Chord joining the points Pix, ,) and Qlxy y2) £5, +S, ‘Tangent at P(x, J,) : Chord of contact of tangents from P(x, ¥,):S, 4 Chord subtend right angle at the vertices. Slope of tangent at A = ~ 4 Locus of the point of intersection of tangents atthe end point of chords is 0. x+yCONCEPT PLANE alae _ Angle Betwoen Two Planes EQUATION Aplaneisa = OF PLANE surface such Vector form: For # i = d and # Jig = dy then Te REET tate ang DEFINITION a FORMS ee a a=aith eek and A =ahsbyjrek ~— + Planes are perpendicular if aya, +b,b, + e¢,=0 (Cartesian form) Normal Form and fi (Vector form) ‘+ Planes are parallel if Vectorform: Fi hres ditane of plane rom erg and fener ioe ase Cartesian form :te-+ my + ned where lm, are direction cosines of normal to plane, (Cartesian form) (Vector form) Distance of a Point from a Plane One Point Form |a-fi-a} i] there & = positon vector ofthe point and plane Tied Cartesian form :Perpendiclar distance ofa Point (yy) fom planeat + y+ e2 + _ Jax thyy te tal lest Distance Between Parallel Planes Vector form : Vector form : (=a): =0 (Cartesian form : a(x x,) + y= y,) + €2~z,) =0, where ab ¢ are dts of normal to plane. Equation of Plane Through Three non-collinear Points Vector form : (F ~a)-[(6 ~a) x(@ ~0 U Hospital's Rule Let fla) = 0, a) =0 and fle), g) are diferentiabe functions with sm S)= fl) $= $00) jim £2)-f0) or tim £2). £0 _ £00) i¢ (a) = g(a) =0 and son. songts) g@ ea) LIM \ ITS » J) means limit epproaching curve atx=a tothe eR of aand REL= lim f(x) Saale ae erat oa a ia) (lanareannae noses hal pout | | uofon-s nea haa Lantdraticion | |ende thew wey tat Masateternbe| | UmjGIelpised-1}0 offeexeate,| |= ai 49, vie I in fl) Sie Evaluation of Limits by Series Sometimes, lim f(x) ean be evaluated by using the following series: Saige war 214 (ina)2+ (Ina)? + (Ine)? © etait (ina) F +(Inay + (Ina)MAP ) BINOMIAL THEOREM [se] aria rte] Ter paline gral ee = Tare hloimlvea = ene GAM GIebe eGe = G Ree Fre nage tetera dex © Ten = 2h 49) 2 eset Se Gay, eis + Tinta cn = har ee le + Taine Pp] Binomial Coefficients Gromey thawed Cetient wre deen by 256, Un beewen, Blin expanaicn for (a+ BY, general irra Pepe $1 fromtheent Th oc fembebetioning lo the eimai 6 1, . Meshes iris os © Afeeves shan (2.1) term we'd sn, pe Caicieet of is i ie tah side two int © atin (hgh pC. 8G F1)P erin i Latina) Some Important Results eG, -cemt earns, Datis od oc é ze -3! OG 1G 1G e=G elves Bip state Py Rye Pane: pie naps aul yy tare positive iseger. Thow atin = Pyne re eRDIFFERENTIABILITY A real tin 2 ‘f(a = Hight hand derhvotive © Poeniietrie EMeretiatiois ite we as ‘= Logarithmic Differentiating: ity Fenetlons of x, 1 ‘ ‘ ik [Ene a © Chain fle ty. ns fe ea valued function fixi iv diifer itty ot LP (a lieve Bg'La) = Left bub dee =N id. y= 0) then, ino ra sty) w', where w anal apply Wider to) pet =f a "ania" ee cary) ota . ques nyt = Satan + i= in| an oy # 2 a E: ih oF coat seh eH co en a table at x = eit yt) pe erb-/o frinction ty differentiable ot» pokit ther it Ia ai shat point. fi the corvesse (snk aways trie. Ye. vere ue rc Wim 26h = LP 0 = a’ at ee page! prene=t Leif shes 2-0 x te i{e)-r (s) 4s differeemals, ‘The wl derivative of thee product uf twa funetia Wag v be tr famed porseming derivative of =E cur, cuyn="¢,-—" td Co. Oy aa Gy wheverre CONCEPT TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Class XI an ((_ sos 0=mnez >) con = th oe B= Cer tinh me Z tn 20 Oa meneZ ain O= sina, 0 ~ rs 1) ane z or) a-{eans03.ner} & wee tan i.ne2} At) coe Reems R= C1) eer aceseses aoe eect oe Patna, Omens rane Z via 40) =sin Aco Bs con Asia BD COMA SB) etn con San A tla Aan totam A tame PLE tate A neat a cA 18) ~ tA cot rtf exes | storia too SP) ual $2) soe) sous -tony=-aun( #4 )an(*22)CONCEPT DETERMINANTS meen Pte Sli deal tomatos A worlteced sf its vows aad columon sre f, aiercianged \, fA 0 rows (oF columes) of a determinant ere \ /istecunged, the waive ofthe seerinant in pied mt bt \ \ Conesparading to every square nutri “Acthere exits tine elle the ‘determinant of 4 and denoted by |Al. | +fany teow (oc columns) ufaiteteraare Wena hts Pe re > | eveluentdeermunsnttezera | eas atte | ite elemests ef a row (or cclum) a deteniniat re at Se | | sulle ay esl then the vali af hesiew eterna is | Nar eaaltmamescalartiments valueef theurigiml determimact, | [b> siilearsia—etiz) \ Teac element of any roe (or clus) ofa eters ithe / planes = 4) \ sum aftwo nombery then the determinant i expense et envlent—eit) \\ thecm af twodeterminaninof the ame ander We SS. motes) f / ff ek t= (ag) be the marin of \, + Atma) A) = (adh Al A \ scene ymca | (wc aN | Setecnstnnst thas ound i called the (de compet Batol te) pfs uaunovaan tall | | miineralinjanditisddenated by | stsotatinta > \ tei Al=lApT wtere init | \ \, ‘order ofA, | \\Weealledthe catacrar ofthe ebersemt \ tyanildeaotedby Ay / ‘ cyt, 7 + Cad A= [APA f Sct bad dads All = fal 4 ae a i | i Me fp 7 \+Pheminar Myrmaltiphied by(-1'°) | i i i oO Anata sat Zz, ‘\ { feat \ \ ANC heateunge sith | Tatton f eit {i = 1 jal ystems | / For amy equate matrix \f vertices Abs yy), Blas xs) \ Hiedbeewteraales, [Activerse of is defined, jane Oley. yah then ares af | | eae, \/4|=nand (ad 4)8O,thenthesyaten | f \aaece J \ maybe eer cars oncom: / \ secon the aptent as ther / flee racy walittons ra, / schainon, Nati of ie ‘i 1CONCEPT CIRCLES AN ‘© A circle is defined as locus of all such points in plane which © General equation of circle is given by +2 + y+ 2ge + 2fy +¢=0 remains at constant distance from a given fixed point. Fixed ear let fc Point is called centre and the fixed distance (distance from With centre (C) Centre to each point of locus) i called radius ofthe circle () © The second degree equation a+ by! + 2hxy + 2gx + 2/9 ‘with centre ( +c=0 represents the equation of circle, ifaa= b, f= 0 and Touching. | Touching both la hg yearis | _x&y-axis A=|h b fleoandg’+/e-ac>0 le f ¢| IF the two circles C, and G, given by af + + dex + By +c, = 0 and Sige tigre BE hancuictorm respectively intersect at a point P and PA, PB are (e-x) (2-2) +) Oy) where the tangents at P, then basen (x, y,) and (x, y,) are end points of the angle between the diameter tangents at P (ie, 2BPA) © Parametric Form: isthe angle of intersection Bb yeiige Cap ine oben te of the two cirdles given by represented as ¥ atte =(aB) as x=-g4 rc0s0 2 : ee zi) = Pe =e i sti agerapre 2 + y2 + 2gr, +f) reand ~ Equation of chord ofthe circle x, 19, Fae) SO 4H) He whose mid-poiat is x.) 18 = O.with x-axis = 27-2 is given by T=0. = isgvenby ~ Length of intercept made by the circle = Equation of tangent to the circle § = = Length of intercept made by the circle $= 0 with y-ax = Length of tangent from a point (x, y,) to the circle S ~The equation of radical axs of to circles S, = 0, S,=0 in which the coefficient of 2, )? cue ene are same the equatlon ofthe line S, -S, if 0-90" © Line y= mx + will touch the circle 2+ P= aif = a? (1+ me), re (ABP =0 © Equation of director circle ofthe circle x? + 026,84 2h L=6, +6 the radius of the original circle is the circle whose radius is V2 timesFUNCTIONS Definition vv ‘Aechln A Ba fence het ey lel Ofek A beronty one image inet P| Invertible Functions ¥ and g: ¥ —> Z, composition of functions is denoted by ‘gf defined» ‘sof (2) = sta) WHE. Properties # Composition of functions 44 not commutative, ia. fog # got in general, Composition of functions # Composition of two bist assoctatve Le, fo(goh) = (fool also a bijection. Number of Functions v Let fA Buch that (A) = m,n) = + ‘The mumberof fianetions is 1" + ‘Therumber of one-one farios are + ‘The mumbersffonio functions are er pa eran + Theauinher of bijections ifrm= a. CONCEPT alae ‘Types of Functions v Type Definition A fanction f: X—+ Y'is one ‘one, if dtfrent dements of Oneone ; Cas) |S Aire sin Fanaton 09 nc) sn) Oe) = Aen = A function f:X— Vis onto, every element i ¥ is the os i ore een sieel (Ste) oe tome) She eden AwconX-9 Vera es log en NU ges rascioe raf X hr the se mage tn A function f 2X > ¥ is Into, if there existe a single element in ¥ having 10 pre- imagen X: A function fs XY Bijestive | bijectiveyif i hoth one-one Panction [and oats Le, W(X) = mCP) ‘and Range = Co-domain Analysis of Functions by Graphical Method v + if'any line paraiel to axis dntereests tof y = flo) not nore than once, then i isone-one, ‘© EJ "Ge) i abways strictly mereasing or decreasing then itis one-on ‘© Iatleat one tne parallel to the x axin Antersects more tha once or fx) =0 ‘ober & continuous ierealor changes ity sign, then it oto,APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES fa ETT 4) Rate of Change of Quantities b on + Lety= fa) then © orf) denotes te rate change aa ay ra saieacwrnstioncia| | Mrs Cs and Hag Reem ity sold is the il MR & quantity oli the marginal evene,Mit= Errors and Approximations is Vv Let y = f (2), Ax be the small change in x and Ay be the dy corresponding change in y. Then, Ay = 2 (Ax ponding change in y. ya ‘These small values A and Ay are called differentials. Increasing Function CONCEPT alae Increasing and Increasing Function without derivative test ifs, 0 for each xe (a, ») Decreasing Function Decreasing Function without derivative test ts, <> /G >I) ¥ > Iss (a,b) ‘with derivative test 1LJ“(x) $0 foreach x-€(a,b) ‘without derivative test fx, fle) >) xy Beran) ‘with derivative Iff'(x) fla+h) (h> 0) Local ‘Minima: Atx=a la~h)> fla) 0) Higher order derivative test 1 af" (a) 0 check f(x) at x= a f(a) = 0, nether max. nor min. Fo) $8) > 0 =9 fi) is minimum at x =a, 2. fa) = 0 repeat process considering as gta).DEFINITE INTEGRALS AND APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS CONCEPT alae Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Properties ‘+ First Fundamental Theorem : Let i) be a continuous Function on the closed a . interval [ab] and Ket AG) be the area function Then A’) =f), forallxe —* f*/ceydx= f# unde [ab . . * Second Fundamental Theorem: Let) beacontiuousfunctiononthedlosed —«f* oyds =f fads I, i, interval {a,b]and#(x)beanintegraloff(w)then f f(x)dx=[F(a)lf = F(b)- Fla) Inparclar [! foxie=0 + Preode=[i footer ff peas, For any two values a and b, we Solving by Substitution have Px) de= (FO) +€}8 Wheres 22 INTEGRALS tf fla) ‘Area Under Simple Curves ‘Area Between Two Curves ’ » ry © area = [ydx ee © Area = [[fc)-s0o]ax 7-80) -f10 de (where b> a) Ol eee eB Sls) = gf) in [a6] Se 3 + ares = f[/0=s00]ee va » Ps a y= =a # Awa =fxdy 5 pape i aE +fleto-soo]de = * = J(idy (where b> a) le 6 + asen = [ytontftent ea area = [ponds +ftone where f(x) > g(x) in (ae) and fx) < g(x) in [eb] IN yee | peso Dl Fea xaceeh