M113 (CALCULUS) FORMULAS
FUNCTIONS & RELATIONS
Functions
are equations for which any INPUT (x) that can be put into the equation will produce exactly one
OUTPUT (y) out of the equation. It is represented as:
f(x)=y; a functional notation/equation where x=independent and y=dependent
y=f(x); an equation where y=independent and x=dependent
A function f consists of a set of inputs, a set of outputs, and a rule for assigning each input to
exactly one output. The set of inputs is called the domain of the function. The set of outputs is
called the range of the function.
Representing Functions
Typically, a function is represented using one or more of the following tools:
A table
A graph
A formula
We can identify a function in each form, but we can also use them together. For instance, we
can plot on a graph the values from a table or create a table from a formula.
RULE: VERTICAL LINE TEST
Given a function f, every vertical line that may be drawn intersects the graph of f no more than
once. If any vertical line intersects a set of points more than once, the set of points does not
represent a function.
Combining Functions with Mathematical Operators
To combine functions using mathematical operators, we simply write the functions with the
operator and simplify. Given two functions f and g, we can define four new functions:
Function Composition
Consider the function f with domain A and range B, and the function g with domain D and
range E. If B is a subset of D, then the composite function (g∘f)(x) is the function with
domain A such that
(g∘f)(x)=g(f(x)).
Symmetry of Functions
If f(x)=f(−x) for all x in the domain of f, then f is an even function. An even function is symmetric
about the y-axis.
If f(−x)=−f(x) for all xx in the domain of f, then f is an odd function. An odd function is symmetric
about the origin.
Six Basic Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Identities
Relations
are not functions when different y’s are paired with the same x.
NOTE: All functions are relations, but all relations are not functions.
Limits
If f(x) becomes arbitrarily close to a unique number L as x approaches c from either side, then
the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.
lim f ( x )=L
x →c
One-Sided Limits
Infinite Limits
Limit Laws
Continuity
In graphs, it means that the curve is unbroken and uninterrupted. You can move along the
curve, corresponding to several points in the graph, without lifting your pen.
3 Conditions:
1. lim f ( a)∃
x→ a
2. lim
x→ a
f (x )∃
3. lim f ( x )=f (a)
x→ a
Discontinuity
In graphs, it means that the curve is broken and interrupted. You cannot move along the curve,
corresponding to several points in the graph, with lifting your pen.
Continuity over an Interval
Derivative
the slope of the tangent line to a function at a point, calculated by taking the limit of the
difference quotient, is the derivative.
Differentiation
the process of getting the derivative.
Steps of Derivative Using the Definition
1. Add the increments Δy and Δx to y=f(x).
2. Transpose f(x) to the right side.
3. Divide both side by Δx to get Δy/Δx.
4. Evaluate the limit as x approaches 0.
Derivative Symbols/Notations
Derivative Functions
Differentiation Rules
Implicit vs. Explicit
A function can be explicit or implicit:
Explicit: "y = some function of x". When we know x we can calculate y directly.
Implicit: "some function of y and x equals something else". Knowing x does not lead directly to
y.
Implicit Differentiation
is a technique for computing dy/dx for a function defined by an equation, accomplished by
differentiating both sides of the equation (remembering to treat the variable y as a function)
and solving for dy/dx.
How to do Implicit Differentiation
1. Differentiate with respect to x.
2. Collect all the dy/dx on one side.
3. Solve for dy/dx.
Derivatives as Rate of Change
EXERCISES
ANSWER KEY
