CALCULUS 1 - Differential Calculus

DOMAIN AND RANGE CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS

 Domain – or independent variable, all  Algebraic Functions – consist if rational
possible values of x. integral functions (polynomials), rational
 Range – or dependent variable, all possible functions, and irrational functions.
values of y.  Transcendental Functions – are the
trigonometric functions, inverse
trigonometric functions, exponential
OPERATING FUNCTIONS functions, and logarithmic functions.
 (𝑓 + 𝑔 )(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥 )
 (𝑓 − 𝑔 )(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥 )
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
 (𝑓𝑔)(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) and 𝑔(𝑥) be a functions, then:
 (𝑔) (𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑥)
(𝑓𝜊𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 ))

LIMITS OF A FUNCTION DISCONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION

The Limit of a function (L) is the value of a A function is said to have a removable
functions where the value of the independent discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑎, if:
variables (x) approaches a value “a”. This is written 1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→𝑎
as: 2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 A function is said to have a jump discontinuity at
which is read as “the limit of function 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 = 𝑎, if lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) for a is any positive
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
x approaches to a, is L. integer.

THEOREMS ON LIMITS
DIRECT SUBSTITUTION 1. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
Direct substitution state that if f is a algebraic 𝑥→𝑎
2. lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
function and a is the domain of f, then 𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑎) 3. lim 𝑐 ∗ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
4. lim 𝑢 ± 𝑣 = lim 𝑢 ± lim 𝑣
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
5. lim = 𝑥→𝑎

CONTINUTITY OF A FUNCTION 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑎
𝑛
A function is said to be continuous at a point 6. lim [𝑓(𝑥 )]𝑛 = [lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )]
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑎, if the following three conditions are satisfied: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
7. lim =1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) is defined, that is, exists at 𝑥 = 𝑎. 𝑥→𝑎 𝑎

2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists. 8. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛

𝑛
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑥→𝑎

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 CALCULUS 1 - Differential Calculus

GENERAL DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑𝑦
The derivative of y with respect to x is the limit 1. (𝑐 ) = 1
Δ𝑦 𝑑𝑥
of the ratio when Δ𝑥 approaches to zero. 𝑑𝑦
Δ𝑥
2. (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 Δ𝑦 f(x + Δx) − f(x) 3. (𝑐 ∗ 𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑓′(𝑥)
= lim = lim [ ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4. (𝑢 ± 𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑢 ± 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
CHAIN RULE 5. (𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= ∗ 6. (𝑢𝑣𝑤 ) = 𝑣𝑤𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑤𝑑𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢−𝑢𝑑𝑣
7. ( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
DERIVATIVE OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
8. (𝑢 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= ∗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS DERIVATIVE OF HYPERBOLIC

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
1. (sinh 𝑢) = cosh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. (cos 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
2. (cosh 𝑢) = − sinh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. (tan 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
3. 𝑑𝑥
(tanh 𝑢) = sech 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
2
4. (cot 𝑢) = − csc2 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
4. 𝑑𝑥
(coth 𝑢) = − csch2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
5. (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
5. (sech 𝑢) = sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. 𝑑𝑥
(csch 𝑢) = − csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢
𝑑𝑥

DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL AND
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
1. (sin−1 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
√1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
1. (𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 𝐼𝑛 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. (cos −1
𝑢) = − √1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
2. (𝑒 𝑢)
= 𝑒𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. (tan−1 𝑢) =
1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
3. (log 𝑎 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
4. (cot −1 𝑢) = − 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
4. 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑛 𝑢) =
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
5. (sec −1
𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
6. (csc −1 𝑢) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥

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 CALCULUS 1 - Differential Calculus

NORMAL AND TANGENT LINE CRITICAL POINTS AND POINTS OF INFLECTION

3. Tangent Line 1. Critical Points
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑇 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑚𝑇 = 𝑑𝑥
2. Point of Inflection
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑦 ′′ = 0
4. Normal Line
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑁 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1
SECOND DERIVATIVE
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑚𝑁 = − 𝑚 At a point where y’=0.
𝑁
1. If y’’ < 0, the value of y is a maximum.
2. If y’’ > 0, the value of y is a minimum.
3. If y’’= 0, then the test fails.
FIRST DERIVATIVE
At a point where y’=0.
1. If y’ changes from positive to negative.(y is CONCAVITY TEST
maximum) Let f be twice differentiable on an open interval.
2. If y’ changes from negative to positive. (y is 1. If y’’> 0, for every value of x in the open interval,
minimum) then f is concave up on that interval.
3. If y’ does not change sign. (y is neither a 2. If y’’< 0, for every value of x in the open interval,
maximum nor a minimum. then f is convex up on that interval.

MAXIMA AND MINIMA TIME RATES

1. Read the problem carefully. 1. Read the problem carefully.
2. Sketch a picture on diagram and label it 2. Sketch a picture or diagram and label it
appropriately. appropriately as describe in the problem.
3. Make a list of known facts together with any 3. Make a list known facts together with any
relationship involving the variables. relationship involving variables. Time rates of
4. Determine which variable is to be maximized or other objects are usually given.
minimize and express this variable as a function 4. Finalize the equation. Express variable in terms of
of one of the other variable. another variables and make sure that there
5. Differentiate. should be maximum of two variables present in
6. Find the critical numbers of the function the equation.
obtained in the preceding guidelines and 5. Differentiate all variables respect to time.
setting the derivative into zero and test of them 6. Substitute the given coordination to find the
for maxima and minima. time rate in a particular instant.
7. Check your answers.

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