EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

COURSE PLAN
REGULATION – 2019

Course/Branch : Total no. of hours given in

B.E. / ECE
syllabus:
Subject Code : 191ECC411L Lecture : -

CIRCUITS DESIGN AND :

Subject Title : Tutorials -
SIMULATION LABORATORY

Year/Semester : II / IV Practical : 60

Dr.R.SENTHAMIZH SELVI :
Faculty Name : Ms.T.GOPHIKA TOTAL 60

Dr.S.R.SRIRAM

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. Analyze feedback amplifier and its gain - bandwidth characteristics.
2. Design Oscillators, tuned amplifiers.
3. Understand the operation of wave shaping circuits.
4. Design filters using OP-AMP and to analyze the frequency response.
5. Analyze the performance of various sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal circuits using PSPICE
tool.

No. of
S. No. Topic
Hours

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. 04
Series feedback amplifier
2. Hartley Oscillator and Colpitts Oscillator 08

3. Single Tuned Amplifier 04

1
 No. of
S. No. Topic
Hours

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

4. RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits 04

5. Inverting, non-inverting and differential amplifiers (using OP-AMP) 04

6. Instrumentation amplifier (using OP-AMP) 04

7. Astable, Monostable multivibrator and Schmitt trigger (using OP-AMP) 04

8. RC phase shift and Wein bridge oscillator (using OP-AMP) 04

Simulation using PSPICE

9. Wein Bridge Oscillator 04

10. Double tuned Amplifier 04

11. Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis 04

12. Analysis of power amplifier 04

13. Active Lowpass, high pass and band pass filter (using OP-AMP) 04

14. A/D and D/A converter(using OP-AMP) 04

Experiments Beyond Syllabus

15. Design of Regulated Power Supply using PSPICE. 04

Total : 60 + 4 hrs

COURSE OUTCOMES:

On completion of this lab course, the students will be able to:

Analyze the performance of various amplifiers designed using transistor and OP-
191ECC411L.1 AMP.

Design oscillators, wave-shaping circuits and multivibrators.

191ECC411L.2
Design and simulate oscillators, tuned amplifier, wave-shaping circuits and power
191ECC411L.3 amplifier using SPICE Tool.

191ECC411L.4 Apply the knowledge to design filters, converters and instrumentation amplifiers

2
191ECC411L.5 Analyze the performance of filters, multivibrators, A/D and D/A converter using
SPICE.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

PO1 fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
PO2 engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
PO3
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

PO4 methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.

Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO5 engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.

The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
PO6 societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.

Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

PO7 solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.

Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
PO8
norms of the engineering practice.

Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
PO9
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
PO10
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

3
 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
PO11 engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

PSO1 To analyze, design and develop solutions by applying foundational concepts of Electronics
and Communication Engineering
PSO2 To apply design principles and best practices for developing quality products for scientific
and business applications.
PSO3 To adapt to emerging information and communication technologies (ICT) to innovate ideas
and solutions to existing/novel problems.

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS:

Sl. No. Name of the Experiment PO PSO

1 Design of Regulated Power Supply

1,2,3,4 1,2,3
using PSPICE.

MAPPING OF COURSE OUTCOMES WITH THE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:

PO PO PO
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9
10 11 12
191ECC4
3 3 3 3 2 1 - - - - 2 -
11L.1

191ECC4
2 3 3 3 2 1 - - - - 1 1
11L.2

191ECC4
3 2 3 2 1 1 - - - - 2 -
11L.3

191ECC4
2 3 2 3 2 1 - - - - 2 1
11L.4

191ECC4
2 2 3 2 1 1 - - - - 1 -
11L.5

191ECC4 3 3 3 3 2 1 - - - - 2 1

4
 11L

JUSTIFICATION OF THE MAPPING:

An in-depth knowledge of mathematics and engineering is required to understand the

basics of electronic circuits (PO1). Problems on feedback design can be formulated and
191ECC411 analyzed with the fundamentals learnt (PO2). It inculcates the ability to develop solutions
L.1 for negative feedback amplifiers (PO3) through experimentation (PO4) and through
PSPICE (PO5). Provides healthy understanding of the amplifiers and relate them with the
societal context (PO6) and function effectively in small teams (PO11)

A little mathematical and engineering fundamental is required to define oscillators (PO1)

and hence formulate problems (PO2). Various LC oscillators are perceived by conducting
191ECC411
experiments (PO4) and thereby develop solutions to cater to the societal needs (PO3).
L.2
Usage of design tools (PO5) is needed to indulge in environmental development (PO6),
forming smaller groups (PO11)and provides better life long learning (PO12)

Adequate ability to illustrate the various types of aperture and array antennas is acquired
through competent comprehension of necessary mathematics and engineering concepts
191ECC411 (PO1). With the knowledge assimilated, problems are identified and analyzed (PO2).
L.3 Design of tuned amplifiers can be done by performing experiments (PO4) to cater to the
societal needs (PO3). Modern design tools are applied to some level (PO5) to attain
developments (PO6) working as a team (PO11)

Engineering and mathematical background is essential to assimilate the types of

waveshaping circuits (PO1). Various types of multivibrators are identified (PO2) to
191ECC411 develop solutions for societal requirements (PO3) by conducting experiments (PO4).
L.4 Simulation tools are utilized to observe the waveforms (PO5) to visualize the impact of the
solution (PO6) provided by the team work (PO11) and able to document and communicate
the work done (PO12).

5
 Good engineering knowledge is needed to comprehend various ADC and DAC circuits
(PO1). Problems encountered are identified in the literature (PO2) is analyzed with modern
191ECC411
tools (PO5) and solutions are developed (PO3) through experimentation (PO4). The
L.5
solutions provided by the members of the team (PO11) are relatively compared to provide
the best idea for development (PO6).

MAPPING OF COURSE OUTCOMES WITH THE PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

191ECC411L.1 3 3 1

191ECC411L.2 3 3 3

191ECC411L.3 3 3 2

191ECC411L.4 2 3 1

191ECC411L.5 2 2 2

191ECC411L 3 3 3

JUSTIFICATION OF THE MAPPING:

191ECC41 Feedback amplifiers are designed, analyzed (PSO1) and applied for developing quality
1L.1 products (PSO2).

191ECC41 Various types of LC oscillators are to be identified,,analyzed (PSO1) applied (PSO2) and
1L.2 new ideas are innovated (PSO3).

191ECC41 An overall impact of electronic circuits design on tuned amplifiers (PSO1) and is applied
1L.3 in real- time scenarios (PSO2) providing solutions to existing problems (PSO3).

Designing the multivibrator circuits (PSO1) to develop quality products as per the
191ECC41

6
 1L.4 industry demands (PSO2) .

191ECC41 ADC and DAC circuits are analysed (PSO1) is required to cater to the industrial needs
1L.5 (PSO2) for real-time scenarios (PSO3).

7
 CIRCUITS DESIGN AND SIMULATION L T P C
191ECC41L LABORATORY

0 0 4 2

OBJECTIVES:
1. Analyze feedback amplifier and its gain - bandwidth characteristics.
2. Design Oscillators, tuned amplifiers.
3. Understand the operation of wave shaping circuits.
4. Design filters using OP-AMP and to analyze the frequency response.
5. Analyze the performance of various sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal circuits using PSPICE
tool.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. Series feedback amplifier

2. Hartley Oscillator and Colpitts Oscillator
3. Single Tuned Amplifier
4. RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits
5. Inverting, non-inverting and differential amplifiers (using OP-AMP)
6. Instrumentation amplifier (using OP-AMP)
7. Astable, Monostable multivibrator and Schmitt trigger (using OP-AMP)
8. RC phase shift and Wein bridge oscillator (using OP-AMP)

SIMULATION USING SPICE:

1. Wein Bridge Oscillator (Using Transistor)
2. Double tuned Amplifier (Using Transistor)
3. Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis (Using Transistor)
4. Analysis of power amplifier (Using Transistor)
5. Active Lowpass, high pass and band pass filter (using OP-AMP)
6. A/D and D/A converter(using OP-AMP)
TOTAL: 60 PERIOD
S
OUTCOMES:
On completion of this laboratory course, the student should be able to:
 Analyze the performance of various amplifiers designed using transistor and OP-AMP.
 Design oscillators, wave-shaping circuits and multivibrators.
 Design and simulate oscillators, tuned amplifier, wave-shaping circuits and power
amplifier using SPICE Tool.
 Apply the knowledge to design filters, converters and instrumentation amplifiers
 Analyze the performance of filters, multivibrators, A/D and D/A converter using SPICE.

8
191ECC411L - CIRCUITS DESIGN AND SIMULATION LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

CYCLE I

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. Series feedback amplifier

2. Hartley Oscillator and Colpitts Oscillator
3. Single Tuned Amplifier
4. RC Integrator and Differentiator circuits
5. Inverting, non-inverting and differential amplifiers (using OP-AMP)
6. Instrumentation amplifier (using OP-AMP)
7. Astable, Monostable multivibrator and Schmitt trigger (using OP-AMP)
8. RC phase shift and Wein bridge oscillator (using OP-AMP)

CYCLE II

SIMULATION USING PSPICE:

1. Wein Bridge Oscillator

2. Double tuned Amplifier
3. Schmitt Trigger circuit with Predictable hysteresis
4. Analysis of power amplifier
5. Active Lowpass, high pass and band pass filter (using OP-AMP)
6. A/D and D/A converter(using OP-AMP)

EXPERIMENTS BEYOND SYLLABUS

1. Design of Regulated Power Supply using PSPICE.

9
 PIN DIAGRAM AND SYMBOL OF SOME BASIC COMPONENTS

Sl. No Symbol PIN Diagram

1 PN DIODE

2 ZENER DIODE

3 BC107
TRANSISTOR

Top
view

4 BFW10 JFET

Bottom view

5 2N2646 UJT

Bottom view

10
EXPT NO : SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
DATE :

AIM:
 To Design, Construct and Test the Current (Voltage) Series feedback amplifiers and
to plot the frequency response.
 To calculate the following parameters.
1. Mid Band Gain. 2. Bandwidth and Cut off Frequencies.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT /
S.NO. RANGE QUANTITY
COMPONENT
1. Transistor
2. Capacitors

3. Resistors

4. Function Generators
5. CRO
6. Bread board
7. Regulated Power supply
8. Probes
9. Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

11
MODEL GRAPH:

CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK DESIGN:

DESIGN SPECIFICATION:
VCC = , β = , f= ,RL = , Ic = , hie= ,VBE = 0.7 V S=

Assume IE = IC VCE = VCC / 2 = VE = VCC / 10 =

RE = VE / IE =

RC = (VCC - VCE - VE)/ IC =

VB = VBE + VE =

VB = VCC * R2 /( R1+R2 )

R2 /( R1+R2 )= VB / VCC

S=1+ RB / RE

RB =

R1* R2 /( R1+R2 ) = RB

12
R1=

R2=

Input Impedance

Zin = ( RBhie ) =

Coupling and bypass capacitors can be thus found out.

Input coupling capacitor is given by

XCin = Z in/ 10 =

XCin = 1/ 2 fCin=

Cin = 1/ 2 f XCin =

output coupling capacitor is given by ,

Zo = (Rc  RL) =

Xco= Zo / 10 =

XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =

Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =

By-pass capacitor is given by ,

XCE = hie / 1+ hfe

XCE = 1/ 2 fCE

CE = 1/ 2 f XCE =

Av=hfe * RL eff/hie

RL eff =(Rc  RL) =

13
DESIGN (WITH FEEDBACK):
Remove the emitter capacitance (CE)

β = -1 / RE =

Gm = - hfe/ [(hie + RE )  RB] =

D = 1+ β Gm =

Gmf = Gm / D =

Voltage gain=Avf= -hfeRc

hie+ hfeRE

Zif = Z iD =

Zof = ZoD =

Observation:
Vi =

WithoutFeedback WithFeedback

Freq(Hz) Vo(v) Av=Vo/Vi G=20logAv(dB) Freq(Hz) Vo(v) Av=Vo/Vi G=20logAv(dB)

14
PROCEDURE:
The connections are made as shown in the circuit. The amplifier is checked for its correct
operation. Set the input voltage to a fixed value. Keeping the input voltage constant. Vary the input
frequency from 0Hz to 1MHz and note down the corresponding output voltage. Plot the graph:
gain (dB) Vs frequency Hz. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph. Remove C E and follow the
same procedure.

Viva Questions
1. What is an amplifier?
2. Explain the basic concept of feedback.
3. Give the types of feedback.
4. Mention the terms feedback factor and open loop gain.
5. Compare the negative feedback and positive feedback.
6. What are the different types of feedback techniques?
7. Why bandwidth is increased in a negative feedback amplifier?
8. Mention the advantages of feedback amplifier.
9. Give the feedback factor and open loop gain for voltage shunt amplifier.

PARAMETER GAIN BANDWIDTH

WITH OUT
FEEDBACK

WITH FEEDBACK

15
RESULT:
Thus the feedback amplifier was designed, constructed, tested, frequency response was plotted and
the following parameters were calculated.

16
EXPT NO: HARTLEY OSCILLATOR AND COLPITTS
DATE : OSCILLATOR

AIM :
To design, construct and test the Hartley and Colpitts oscillator. To obtain its output waveform for
the designed frequency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT
S.NO. RANGE QUANTITY
/ COMPONENT
1. Transistor
2. Capacitors

3. Resistors

4. DCB

5. DIB

6. CRO
7. Bread board
8. Regulated Power supply
9. Probes
10. Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

17
DESIGN :
VCC = , β = , f= ,RL = , Ic = , hie= ,VBE = 0.7 V S=

IE = IC

Assume, VCE = VCC / 2 =

VE = VCC / 10 =

RE = VE / IE =

RC = (VCC - VCE - VE)/ IC =

VB = VBE + VE =

VB = VCC * R2 /( R1+R2 )

R2 /( R1+R2 )= VB / VCC

S=1+ RB / RE

RB =

R1* R2 /( R1+R2 ) = RB

R1=

R2=

Input Impedance , Zin = ( RBhie ) =

Coupling and bypass capacitors can be thus found out.

Input coupling capacitor is given by

XCin = Z in/ 10 =

XCin = 1/ 2 fCin=

Cin = 1/ 2 f XCin =

output coupling capacitor is given by ,

18
Zo = (Rc  RL) =

Xco= Zo / 10 =

XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =

Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =

By-pass capacitor is given by ,

XCE = hie / 1+ hfe

XCE = 1/ 2 fCE

CE = 1/ 2 f XCE =

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR DESIGN

Frequency f = ____________Hz

f = 1/ 2 √ LC

Assume, C = 0.1 µF L = L1 + L2 L1= L2=

MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connection is made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).

3. Note down the practical frequency and compare it with the theoretical frequency.

19
OBSERVATION:
Amplitude =

Time period T =

Frequency f p = 1/T =

Theoretical frequency fT =

Practical frequency fP =

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

DESIGN :

VCC = , β = , f= ,RL = , Ic = , hie= ,VBE = 0.7 V S=

Assume IE = IC
VCE = VCC / 2 = VE = VCC / 10 =
RE = VE / IE =
RC = (VCC - VCE - VE)/ IC =

20
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC * R2 /( R1+R2 )
R2 /( R1+R2 )= VB / VCC
S=1+ RB / RE
RB =
R1* R2 /( R1+R2 ) = RB
R1=
R2=
Input Impedance , Zin = ( RBhie ) =
Coupling and bypass capacitors can be thus found out. Input coupling capacitor is given by
XCin = Z in/ 10 =
XCin = 1/ 2 fCin=
Cin = 1/ 2 f XCin =
output coupling capacitor is given by ,
Zo = (Rc  RL) =
Xco= Zo / 10 =
XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =
Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =
By-pass capacitor is given by ,
XCE = hie / 1+ hfe
CE = 1/ 2 fCE
CE = 1/ 2 f XCE =

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR DESIGN:

Frequency f = ____________Hz

f = 1/ 2 √ LC

Assume C1 = 0.1µF , C2 = 0.1µF

C = C1C2 /(C1+C2)

L=

21
MODEL GRAPH:

OBSERVATION:
Amplitude =

Time period T =

Frequency f p = 1/T =

Theoretical frequency =

Practical frequency =

RESULT:
Thus the Hartley and Colpitts Oscillators were designed, constructed, tested, and the output
sine waveform was observed.

Hartley Oscillator
Theoretical frequency =

Practical frequency =

Colpitts Oscillator
Theoretical frequency =

Practical frequency =

22
EXPT NO : SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
DATE :

AIM:
To design, construct and test the operation of Single Tuned Amplifier. To obtain its
frequency response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT /
S.NO. RANGE QUANTITY
COMPONENT
1. Transistor
2. Capacitors

3. Resistors

4. Function Generators
5. CRO
6. Bread board
7. Regulated Power supply
8. Probes
9. Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

23
DESIGN :

VCC = , β = , f= ,RL = , Ic = , hie= ,VBE = 0.7 V S=

FT =
IE = IC
Assume,
VCE = VCC / 2 =
VE = VCC / 10 =
RE = VE / IE =
VB = VBE + VE =
VB = VCC * R2 /( R1+R2 )
R2 /( R1+R2 )= VB / VCC
S=1+ RB / RE
RB =
R1* R2 /( R1+R2 ) = RB
R1=
R2=
Input Impedance , Zin = ( RBhie ) =
Coupling and bypass capacitors can be thus found out.
Input coupling capacitor is given by
XCin = Z in/ 10 =
XCin = 1/ 2 fCin=
Cin Cin =
output coupling capacitor is given by ,
Zo = QL *XLRL
As QL *XL is large
Zo = RL

Xco= Zo / 10 =
XCo = 1/ 2 f Co =
Co = 1/ 2 f XCo =

24
By-pass capacitor is given by ,
XCE = hie / 1+ hfe
XCE = 1/ 2 fCE
CE = 1/ 2 f XCE =
Theoretical frequency,

f T= 1/(2 √ LC)

C=0.1uF

L=

MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the CRO in the output and trace the waveform.

3. Calculate the practical frequency and compare with the theoretical frequency

4. Plot the frequency response and find the bandwidth.

OBSERVATION:
Vin =

Gain
Output Voltage,
Frequency(Hz)
Vo(Volts) Av=20 log (Vo/Vi)
(dB)

25
Bandwidth = f 2–f 1

Lab Viva Questions

1. What is Tuned amplifier?
2. Define Q-factor.
3. Write the expression for resonant frequency.
4. Give the classification of tuned amplifiers.
5. What is loaded Q and unloaded Q?
6. Write the advantages of tuned amplifier.
7. Give the other name for tuned amplifier.
8. What are the characteristics of an ideal tuned amplifier?
9. Define the bandwidth of a tuned amplifier.

RESULT:
Thus the Single Tuned Amplifier was designed, constructed, tested and the
frequency response was plotted.

Theoretical Bandwidth =

Practical Bandwidth =

26
EXPT NO : RC INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR
DATE : CIRCUITS

AIM:
To observe the output of differentiator and integrator circuits at various frequencies.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT
S.NO. RANGE QUANTITY
/ COMPONENT
1. Capacitors

2. Resistors

3. Function Generators
4. CRO
5. Bread board
6. Regulated Power supply
7. Probes
8. Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DIFFERENTIATOR:

27
MODEL GRAPH

28
INTEGRATOR

MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION:

Input Signal output Signal

Amplitude Time Amplitude Time

Period Period
(v) (ms) (v)
(ms)
Differentiator

Integrator

PROCEDURE:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set up the input voltage using Function generator and vary the frequency in regular Steps.
3. Observe the output waveform in CRO.

Lab Viva Questions

1. Define integrator.
2. Define differentiator.
3. What is wave shaping circuit?
4. What are the components used in wave shaping circuits?
5. What is a linear waveform-shaping circuit?
6. How high pass RC circuit is used as a differentiator?
7. How low pass RC circuit is used as an integrator?
8. What should be the input for an integrator circuit to obtain the ramp signal in the output?
9. What will be time constant of an integrator to obtain saw tooth waveform in the output?

RESULT :
Thus the integrator, differentiator were constructed and their outputs were observed.
EXPT NO : INVERTING, NON- INVERTING AND
DATE : DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS.

AIM:
To design and determine the characteristics of operational amplifier circuits

i) Inverting Amplifier

ii) Non-inverting Amplifier

iii) Differential Amplifier

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl. No: Apparatus Name Range Qty.

1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 1
2 Resistors 1 KΩ 1
3 Bread Board - 1
4 Regulated Power Supply + 15V, Dual 1
5 Function Generator (1Hz – 1MHz.) 1
6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20 / 40MHz, Dual Trace 1
7 Connecting Wires & CRO Probes

THEORY:
Inverting Amplifier:
The signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal and the non-
inverting input terminal is grounded. This is the most widely used of all Op-amp circuits. The
output voltage (Vo) is fed back to the inverting input terminal through the Rf - R1 network
where Rf is the feedback resistor. The
The gain of the inverting amplifier is

Gain (Av) = - (Vo / Vi)

Negative Sign indicates a phase shift of 180 between Vi and Vo.

Vout is equal to

Vo = - Rf / R1 (Vi)
Non-inverting Amplifier:
The signal is applied to the Non-inverting input terminal and the output is fed back to the
inverting terminal through the feedback resistors. The circuit amplifies without inverting the
input signal. Such a circuit is called Non-inverting amplifier. The gain of the non-inverting
amplifier is

Gain (Av) = Vo / Vi

Vout is equal to

Vo = [1 + (Rf / R1)] Vi

Differential amplifier:

The differential amplifier circuit amplifies the differential voltage between the two input
terminals. The output voltage is given by,

Vo=(R2\R1)(V1-V2) Volts

DESIGN & CALCULATIONS:

Inverting Amplifier:
Gain =
Let, Ri = 1KΩ
Av = - (Rf / Ri)
Rf =
Non-inverting Amplifier:
Gain =
Let, Ri = 1KΩ
Av = 1 + (Rf / Ri)
Rf =
Differential Amplifier:

Gain =
Let, Ri = 1KΩ
Av = (Rf / Ri)
Rf =

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
INVERTING AMP LIFIER

Rf =
7

+12V
Ri = 1K 2
- Output
LM741 6
3
FG, 1KHz +
1V (p-p) CRO
-12V
Sine I/P
4
 NON-INVERTING AMP LIFIER

Rf =

7
+12V
Ri = 1K 2
- Output
LM741 6
3
+
FG, 1KHz CRO
-12V
1V (p-p)
Sine I/P 4
TABULAR COLUMN:
1. Inverting Amplifier:
Input Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V) Gain = - (Rf /Ri) Vin
1

2. Non-inverting Amplifier:
Input Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V) Gain = 1 + (Rf /Ri) Vin
1

3. Differential Amplifier
Vo=(R2\R1)(V1-V2) Volts
R1(Ω) R2(Ω) V1(V) V2(V)
Theoretical Practical
MODEL GRAPH:

1. Inverting Amplifier 2. Non-inverting Amplifier

Input Signal Input Signal

Amplitude Amplitude
(Volts) (Volts)

Time (ms) Time (ms)

Output Signal (amplified and out of phase) Output Signal (amplified and in phase)

Amplitude Amplitude
(Volts) (Volts)

Time (ms) Time (ms)

PROCEDURE:
1. Inverting Amplifier:
i) Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
ii) Set sine wave input voltage at any fixed frequency say, 1 KHz and vary the
input voltage and find the output voltage.
iii) Observe the input and output waveform simultaneously using Dual Trace
CRO.
iv) Tabulate the readings and verify it using theoretical calculations.
v) Draw the input and output waveforms in Graph sheet.
2. Non-inverting Amplifier:
i) Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
ii) Set sine wave input voltage at any fixed frequency say, 1 KHz and vary the
input voltage and find the output voltage.
iii) Observe the input and output waveform simultaneously using Dual Trace
CRO.
iv) Tabulate the readings and verify it using theoretical calculations.
v) Draw the input and output waveforms on a graph sheet.
3. Differential Amplifier:
i) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
ii) The input voltages are given from regulated power supplies.
iii) Observe the output using a digital multimeter.
iv) Tabulate the readings and verify it using theoretical calculations.
RESULT:
EXPT NO : INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
DATE :

AIM:

To Design, Construct and TestInstrumentation Amplifier Circuit using Op-amp IC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No: Apparatus Name Range Qty.

1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 3

2 Resistors 10 KΩ 7

3 Bread Board 1

4 Regulated Power Supply (Variable) + 15V, Dual 4

5 Multimeter 1

6 Connecting Wires & CRO Probes

THEORY:

An instrumentation amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that is used to amplify the

output of sensors and transducers in measurement and test equipment. These signals will
generally be in the microvolt range. Instrumentation amplifiers are used where great accuracy
and stability of the circuit is required. The most commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit
is shown in the figure. The gain of the circuit is

The ideal common-mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero.

DESIGN & CALCULATIONS:

Let R1= R2 = R3 = Rgain = 10 K then

Vout = (1+2) (V2-V1)

Vout = 3 (V2-V1)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER USING 741 IC.

10K

+12V
7

10K
2
-
LM74 1 6
3
+
10K +12V

7
4

2
- Output
10K -12V LM74 1 6
10K 3
+

10K
4

-12V

+12V 10K
DMM
7

2
-
LM74 1 6
3
+
4

-12V
TABULAR COLUMN:

INPUTS OUTPUT
SL.NO.

V1 V2 Theoretically Practically

PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON IC Power Supplies and apply the input voltages at non-inverting input terminals.
3. Observe the output voltage using a Digital Multimeter for different input voltages.
4. Note the readings and verify its values with theoretical calculations.
PSPICE CODING

*IA
X1 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
RF1 2 5 1K
V1 1 0 SIN 0 10V 1KHZ
RX 5 X .0001
VCC1 3 0 DC 15V
VCC2 0 4 DC 15V
*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* |||||
.subckt uA741 1 2 3 4 5
*
c1 11 12 8.661E-12
c2 6 7 30.00E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 10.61E6 -1E3 1E3 10E6 -10E6
ga 6 0 11 12 188.5E-6
gcm 0 6 10 99 5.961E-9
iee 10 4 dc 15.16E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
q1 11 2 13 qx
q2 12 1 14 qx
r2 6 9 100.0E3
rc1 3 11 5.305E3
rc2 3 12 5.305E3
re1 13 10 1.836E3
re2 14 10 1.836E3
ree 10 99 13.19E6
ro1 8 5 50
ro2 7 99 100
rp 3 4 18.16E3
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 40
vln 0 92 dc 40
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18 Rs=1)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=1p)
.model qx NPN(Is=800.0E-18 Bf=193.75)
.ends
X2 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
V2 I O SIN 0 .00001V 1KHZ
RVCC3 E 3 .001
RV F 4 .0001

RV2 I 1 .00001
VCC4 0 F DC 15V
VCC3 E 0 DC 15V
RF2 A B 1K
R A 2 .001
RS 5 B .001
RSD B C 10K

X3 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
RF3 D 5 1K
RY X D .0001
RSS D 2 .001
RG C 0 1K
VCC5 G 0 DC 15V
RVCC5 G 3 .001
VCC6 0 H DC 15V
RVCC6 H 4 .001
RL 5 0 0.8K

.OP
.PROBE
.TRAN 0 10MS
.END
RESULT:
EXPT NO : ASTABLE, MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR AND
DATE : SCHMITT TRIGGER (USING
OP-AMP)

AIM:
To Design, Construct and Test an Astable Multivibrator and Schmitt trigger using
Op-amp 741 IC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No: Apparatus Name Range Qty.
1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 1
2 Resistors 1 KΩ 2
4.7 KΩ 1

3 Capacitor 0.1 F 1

4 Bread Board 1
5 Regulated Power Supply + 15V, Dual 1
6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20 / 40MHz, Dual Trace 1
7 Connecting Wires & CRO Probes

ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
THEORY:
The astable multivibrator is a circuit that generates a square wave. It is also called as free
running oscillator as no input signal is required. The principle of generation of a square wave
output is to force an op-amp to operate in the saturation region. A fraction of the output
=R2/(R1+R2) is fed back to the (+) input terminal. The output is also fed to the (-) terminal
after integrating by means of a low pass RC combination. In Astable Multivibrator there are two
quasi stables. The frequency is determined by the time taken by the capacitor to charge from -
Vsat to +Vsat.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SQ UARE WAVE G ENERATOR

Rf = 4.7 K

7
+ 12V
2
- O utput
LM741 6
3
+
0. 1µ F -12V 1K
4

CRO

1K

MODEL GRAPH:

+ Vsat

+ Vsat

Amplitude
(V)

Time (ms)
- Vsat

- Vsat

Time
DESIGN & CALCULATIONS:

Let R1=R2=1K then,

 = R2 / (R1+R2)
 =1/2 =.5
Design
Given frequency = f=1Khz and T=1/f
Let C = 0.1F.
T = 2RC ln[(1+) / (1-)]
Find R where R = Rf
ln[(1+) / (1-)] =1.09

TABULAR COLUMN:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM AT PIN NO: 6 WAVEFORM ACROSS CAPACITOR

Square wave Signal Ramp wave Signal

Amplitude 25v 3.2x5 16v

Time Period 1ms 2.0x.5 1ms

Frequency 1000hz 1000hz

PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the RPS and CRO.
3. Observe the Square waveform at output pin of the IC and the Ramp waveform across the
capacitor.
 4. Note the readings and plot the waveforms on a graph sheet.
5. Verify the observed frequency with the calculated frequency.

PSPICE CODING
*ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
RF 5 2 2.9K
R1 5 6 10K
R2 6 0 10K
R 6 1 .001
C 2 0 .1U
VCC1 0 4 DC 15V
VCC2 3 0 DC 15V
X1 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* |||||
.subckt uA741 1 2 3 4 5
*
c1 11 12 8.661E-12
c2 6 7 30.00E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 10.61E6 -1E3 1E3 10E6 -10E6
ga 6 0 11 12 188.5E-6
gcm 0 6 10 99 5.961E-9
iee 10 4 dc 15.16E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
q1 11 2 13 qx
q2 12 1 14 qx
r2 6 9 100.0E3
rc1 3 11 5.305E3
rc2 3 12 5.305E3
re1 13 10 1.836E3
re2 14 10 1.836E3
ree 10 99 13.19E6
ro1 8 5 50
ro2 7 99 100
rp 3 4 18.16E3
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
 ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 40
vln 0 92 dc 40
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18 Rs=1)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=10p)
.model qx NPN(Is=800.0E-18 Bf=93.75)
.ends

.OP
.PROBE
.TRAN 0MS 10.01MS UIC
.END

*MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
vcc1 3 0 DC 15V
VCC2 0 4 DC 15V
VIN 8 0 DC 5V PULSE(0 -5V 0 1NS 1NS 40US 80US)
R1 5 6 10K
R2 6 0 10K
RS 6 1 .0001
C1 2 0 .1U
D1 2 0 D1N4001
.model D1N4001 D(Is=14.11n N=1.984 Rs=33.89m Ikf=94.81 Xti=3 Eg=1.11
+ Cjo=25.89p M=.44 Vj=.3245 Fc=.5 Bv=75 Ibv=10u Tt=5.7u)
* Motorola
* Semiconductor Databook (mid 1970s)
* 03 Jun 91 pwt creation
D2 1 7 D1N4001
X1 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* |||||
.subckt uA741 1 2 3 4 5
*
c1 11 12 8.661E-12
c2 6 7 30.00E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 10.61E6 -1E3 1E3 10E6 -10E6
ga 6 0 11 12 188.5E-6
gcm 0 6 10 99 5.961E-9
 iee 10 4 dc 15.16E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
q1 11 2 13 qx
q2 12 1 14 qx
r2 6 9 100.0E3
rc1 3 11 5.305E3
rc2 3 12 5.305E3
re1 13 10 1.836E3
re2 14 10 1.836E3
ree 10 99 13.19E6
ro1 8 5 50
ro2 7 99 100
rp 3 4 18.16E3
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 40
vln 0 92 dc 40
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18 Rs=1)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=10p)
.model qx NPN(Is=800.0E-18 Bf=93.75)
.endS

RF 5 2 10K

C4 8 7 .1U
R4 7 0 1K

.OP
.PROBE
.TRAN 0 10MS
.END

SCHMITT TRIGGER

THEORY:

Schmitt trigger is a circuit that converts any waveform into a square waveform. It is also called a
sine to square wave converter. Vin is applied to the inverting terminal of the Op-amp. Feedback voltage
is applied to the non-inverting terminal. LTP is the point at which output changes from high level to low
level. This is circuit finds applications in triangular waveform generation, wave shape pulse generator,
A/D converter etc.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SCHMITT TRIG GER CIRCUIT

7
+ 12V
220 2
- Output
LM741 6
3
F G, 1KHz +
4V (p-p) CRO
-12V 2.2K
Si neI/P
4

220

DESIGN & CALCULATIONS:

VUT = (R1 / (R1+R2)) * (+Vsat)

VLT = (R1 / (R1+R2)) * (-Vsat)

+Vsat = +Vcc = +15V and -Vsat = -Vcc = -15V

Let R1 = 2.2 K and R2=220  then

VUT = 0.5V

VLT = 0.5V
R2=

MODEL GRAPH:
Input Waveform:

TABULAR COLUMN:

INPUT WAVEFORM OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Sine wave Signal Square wave Signal

Amplitude

Time Period

Theoretical VUT = VUT =

Practical
VLT = VLT =
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit as per the circuit diagram..
2. Switch ON the equipments and set 4V (p-p), 1KHz sine wave in the Function Generator.
3. Observe the Input and Output waveforms and find its Upper Threshold and Lower Threshold
Voltages and verify its values with the theoretical calculations.
4. Note the readings and plot the waveforms on a graph sheet.

SPICE CODING

*SCHMITT TRIGGER

VS A 0 SIN 0 9V 1KHZ
R 2 A .5K
R1 5 6 1K
R2 6 0 1K
R3 6 1 .0001
VCC1 0 4 DC 15V
VCC2 3 0 DC 15V
X1 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* |||||
.subckt uA741 1 2 3 4 5
*
c1 11 12 8.661E-12
c2 6 7 30.00E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 10.61E6 -1E3 1E3 10E6 -10E6
ga 6 0 11 12 188.5E-6
gcm 0 6 10 99 5.961E-9
iee 10 4 dc 15.16E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
q1 11 2 13 qx
q2 12 1 14 qx
 r2 6 9 100.0E3
rc1 3 11 5.305E3
rc2 3 12 5.305E3
re1 13 10 1.836E3
re2 14 10 1.836E3
ree 10 99 13.19E6
ro1 8 5 50
ro2 7 99 100
rp 3 4 18.16E3
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 40
vln 0 92 dc 40
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18 Rs=1)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=10p)
.model qx NPN(Is=800.0E-18 Bf=93.75)
.ends
.OP
.PROBE
.TRAN 0 10MS
.END

RESULT:
EXPT NO : RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR AND WIEN
DATE : BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP IC -741.

AIM:

To Design, Construct and Test RC Phase Shift Oscillator and Wien Bridge Oscillator circuit
using IC 741 and to observe its output waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No: Apparatus Name Range Qty.

1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 1

2 Resistors

3 Capacitor 0.1μF

4 Bread Board 1

5 Regulated Power Supply + 15V, Dual 1

6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20 / 40MHz, Dual Trace 1

7 Connecting Wires & CRO Probes

THEORY:

A phase shift oscillator is a simple sine wave electronic oscillator. It contains an inverting
amplifier and a feedback network. In order to produce the oscillations, the conditions of
oscillations of should be satisfied., which is the loop gain should be equal to unity and the
overall phase shift should be equal to 0 degree or 360 degree. The amplifier circuit which is in
Inverting configuration will produce a phase shift of 180 degree . The other 180 degrees phase
shift will produced by the RC feedback network. The overall phase shift of the circuit was 360
degrees. So the phase condition is satisfied. By adjusting the feedback resistor, the gain is made
unity by which the gain condition is also satisfied. Then the frequency of oscillation is given by,

DESIGN & CALCULATIONS:

Given Frequency =

Let C = 0.1F and

R=

R1 = 10R and

Rf =.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT

Rf > 29 R1
7

+ 12V
2
- Output
LM741 6
3
+
CRO
-12V
4

R1 = 10 R

C = 0.1µ F C = 0.1µ F C = 0.1µ F

R= R= R=
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:

AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

Theoretical

Observed value

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

THEORY:

A Wien Bridge Oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine waves
without having any input source. In Wien bridge oscillator a bridge circuit is connected between
the amplifier input terminals and output terminals. The bridge has a series RC network in one
arm and a parallel network in the adjoining arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge,
resistors R1and Rf are connected. To maintain oscillations, total phase shift around the circuit
must be zero and loop gain equal to unity. First condition occurs only when the bridge is
balanced. Assuming that the resistors and capacitors are equal in value, the resonant frequency of
balanced bridge is given by
DESIGN & CALCULATIONS:

Given Frequency =

Let C = 0.1F and

R=

R1 = 10R and

Rf =

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:
TABULAR COLUMN:

AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY

Theoretical

Observed value

PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the equipments and observe the output waveform on CRO.
3. Note the readings and verify its frequency with theoretical frequency.
4. Plot the waveform on a graph sheet.

PSPICE CODING
* RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
R1 2 C 3k
RF 5 2 990K
*cf 5 2 .0001u*
C1 A 5 .170U
*CF 5 2 .1U*
R2 A 0 300
C2 B A .10U
R3 B 0 300
RL 5 0 10K
C3 C B .10U
R4 C 0 300
R 1 0 .000001
*C11 5 0 .0001U*
*vi A 0 sin 0 20mv 1khz*
*RI 2 A 6K*
*RF 5 2 180K*
*R 1 0 .0001 *

V1 0 4 DC 15.0V
V2 3 0 DC 15.0V
X1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 lm709c

* connections: non-inverting input

* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* | | | | | compensation
* |||||/\
.subckt lm709c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
*
c1 11 12 8.660E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 716.2E3 -1E3 1E3 720E3 -720E3
ga 6 0 11 12 1.257E-3
gcm 0 6 10 99 39.74E-9
iee 10 4 dc 100.6E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
q1 11 2 13 qx
q2 12 1 14 qx
r2 6 9 100.0E3
rc1 3 11 795.8
rc2 3 12 795.8
re1 13 10 276.8
re2 14 10 276.8
ree 10 99 1.988E6
ro1 8 5 50
ro2 7 99 50
rp 3 4 11.69E3
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 42
vln 0 92 dc 42
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=10p)
.model qx NPN(Is=800.0E-18 Bf=166.7)
.ends

.OP
.PROBE
.TRAN 18MS 18.90MS UIC
.END
WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
*wbo*
RI 2 0 2.183K
RF 5 2 6.966K
C1 5 A .1U
R1 A 1 350
C2 1 0 .1U
R2 1 0 350
*C 5 0 .01U*
RL 5 0 1000K
VCC1 0 4 DC 22V
VCC2 3 0 DC 22V
X1 1 2 3 4 5 UA771
*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* |||||
.subckt ua771 1 2 3 4 5
*
c1 11 12 3.750E-12
c2 6 7 7.500E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 55.92E6 -1E3 1E3 56E6 -56E6
ga 6 0 11 12 141.4E-6
gcm 0 6 10 99 44.71E-9
iss 3 10 dc 97.50E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
j1 11 2 10 jx
j2 12 1 10 jx
r2 6 9 100.0E3
rd1 4 11 7.074E3
rd2 4 12 7.074E3
ro1 8 5 60
ro2 7 99 40
rp 3 4 10.00E-3
rss 10 99 2.051E6
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 25
 vln 0 92 dc 25
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=10p)
.model jx PJF(Is=25.00E-12 Beta=205.0E-6 Vto=-1)
.ends

.OP
.PROBE
.TRAN 9MS 9.5MS uic
.END

RESULT:
 SIMULATION USING PSPICE

STARTING A PROJECT:
1. Go to File=> New => Project…

2. Enter a name(ie Ece65_Kristi_Lab1)

3. Choose "Analog or MixedA/D"

4. Set the location. (You should create a new directory for your project since PSPICE will
generate a bunch of project files in this folder. If you are in the PSPICE lab,you may use
the Zdrive to save your files).

6. Click OK

7. Choose "Create blank project"and click OK

8. You should see a window where you can draw the schematic(i.e., yourcircuit
diagram).

9. To add parts for your circuit(i.e., resistors, etc.)

a. Go to Place=>Parts

b. Click on the library you want to use, or select multiple libraries by holding Ctrl or
dragging the mouse. In the part window you should see at least the ANALOG,
BIPOLAR, EVAL, SOURCE,and SPECIAL libraries(see below for more
information on “Parts Notes”)

c. Find the part you want to add and press OK

d. Click where you want to place the part on your schematic. (Press R torotate the
part by 90 degrees)

e. Use wires to connect part to complete your circuit

10. Run simulation by choosing simulation type(see below for more information under

“Simulation Notes”)

11. Plot your output(see below for more information under “SimulationNotes”)
EXPT NO : WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
DATE :

AIM:
To simulate a Wein Bridge oscillator using PSPICE software and to obtain its output waveform.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PC with PSPICE software

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
CODING:
.libeval.lib

vcc1 0 dc 15v

IS 6 0 PWL(0US0MA10US0.1MA20US0.1MA50US0.1MA10MS0MA)

r124 3 30k r2
3 2 1k

r3 2 0 1k r4
4 5 10k

c1 5 6 0.01u r5
6 0 10k

c2 6 0 0.01u r6
1 6 66k

r7 6 0 10k r8 1
7 2.2k c3 7 8
10u r9 1 8 33k
r108 0 10k
r111 9 2.2k
r13100 1k

c4 10 0 100u c5
9 4 10u

q17 6 2 Q2N3904 q29

8 10Q2N3904

.tran 0 1

.op

.probe

.end
O/P WAVEFORM:
RESULT:
Thus the Wein Bridge Oscillator output response has been simulated and plotted using PSPICE
Software.
EXPT NO : DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
DATE :

AIM:
To simulate double tuned amplifier circuits using PSPICE and to study its frequency response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PC with PSPICE software

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

V3

15Vdc

TX1

V
C6
C4
0.01u
R1 0.01u

12k
Q1
C1 C2

10u 0.1u
BC107A

V4
5mVac
0Vdc R8
100k
R2 R3
C7
2.2k 150
220u

0
 SIMULATION OUTPUT

SIMULATION OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the Double tuned amplifier was simulated using PSPICE and its frequency response was
observed.
EXPT NO : SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUIT
DATE :

AIM :
To simulate a Schmitt trigger circuit using PSPICE and to study its response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PC with PSPICE software

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SCHMITT TRIGGER:

V1

15Vdc

R1 C1
3.3k R2
0.01u
R6 3k

Q1 Q2
4.7k V

BC107A BC107A

V3
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 5V
FREQ = 1kHz

R4
R3
3.3k
1k

LTP = [ VCC + R1 / R3 (VBEcut in ]*R4- VBE cut in + VBE

[[R12R4/R3] + R3+R4]

UTP = [R4 /(R1+R3 +R4 )]*VCC- VBE cut in + VBE

Hysteresis = UTP - LTP

OUTPUT

RESULT:
Thus the Schmitt Trigger circuit was simulated using PSPICE. Output response of the same was
observed and plotted.
EXPT NO : ANALYSIS OF POWER AMPLIFIER
DATE :

AIM:
To simulate a Power amplifier circuits using PSPICE and to study its frequency response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PC with PSPICE software

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CODE
VS 1 0 SIN (0 5MV 10KHZ)
VCC 5 0 15V
CB 1 2 10UF
CC 3 6 10UF

CE 4 0 100UF

R1 5 2 2.7K

R2 2 0 605
RC 5 3 100
RE 4 0 25
RL 6 0 47
Q1 3 2 4 SL100
.MODEL SL100 NPN
.TRAN 0.1MS 0.5MS
.PROBE
.END

OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the Power amplifier circuit was simulated using PSPICE and its frequency response was
observed.
EXPT NO : ACTIVE LOWPASS, HIGH PASS AND BAND PASS
DATE : FILTER (USING OP-AMP)

AIM:
To simulate a second order low pass filter and a Wide Band Pass filter using Op-amp IC 741 and
also to determine its frequency response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PC with PSPICE software.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SECOND ORDER ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER

R1= 10 K Rf = 5.6 K

+ 12V
2
- Output
LM741 6
R = 1.5K Ri = 1.5K 3
+
(1Hz - 100 KHz)
-12V
1V (p-p)
4

Si ne I/P CRO
0.1µF
0.1µF
PSPICE CODING
*LOW PASS FILTER
vi A 0 AC 2V 1KHZ
R1 B A 10K
C1 B 0 .1U
C2 1 0 .1U
R2 1 B 10K
RI 0 2 1K
RF 5 2 10K
RL 5 0 100K
V1 0 4 DC 15V
V2 3 0 DC 15V
X1 1 2 3 4 5 UA741

*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* |||||
.subckt uA741 1 2 3 4 5
*
c1 11 12 8.661E-12
c2 6 7 30.00E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
 fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 10.61E6 -1E3 1E3 10E6 -10E6
ga 6 0 11 12 188.5E-6
gcm 0 6 10 99 5.961E-9
iee 10 4 dc 15.16E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
q1 11 2 13 qx
q2 12 1 14 qx
r2 6 9 100.0E3
rc1 3 11 5.305E3
rc2 3 12 5.305E3
re1 13 10 1.836E3
re2 14 10 1.836E3
ree 10 99 13.19E6
ro1 8 5 50
ro2 7 99 100
rp 3 4 18.16E3
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 40
vln 0 92 dc 40
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18 Rs=1)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=10p)
.model qx NPN(Is=800.0E-18 Bf=93.75)
.ends

.OP
.PROBE
.AC DEC 10 1HZ 100KHZ
.END

*HIGH PASS FILTER

VS A 0 AC 2V 10KHZ
C1 A B .1U
R1 5 B 53K
R 1 0 .00001
R2 C 0 53K
RF 5 2 5.86K
RI 2 0 10K
C2 B C .01U
RL 5 0 100K
VCC1 3 0 DC 15V
VCC2 0 4 DC 15V
X1 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* |||||
.subckt uA741 1 2 3 4 5
*
c1 11 12 8.661E-12
c2 6 7 30.00E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 10.61E6 -1E3 1E3 10E6 -10E6
ga 6 0 11 12 188.5E-6
gcm 0 6 10 99 5.961E-9
iee 10 4 dc 15.16E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
q1 11 2 13 qx
q2 12 1 14 qx
r2 6 9 100.0E3
rc1 3 11 5.305E3
rc2 3 12 5.305E3
re1 13 10 1.836E3
re2 14 10 1.836E3
ree 10 99 13.19E6
ro1 8 5 50
ro2 7 99 100
rp 3 4 18.16E3
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 40
vln 0 92 dc 40
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18 Rs=1)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=10p)
.model qx NPN(Is=800.0E-18 Bf=93.75)
.ends

.OP
.PROBE
.AC DEC 50 .1KHZ 300MEG
.END

*BANDPASS FILTER

VIN A 0 AC 2V 1KHZ
CH1 A B .1U
CH2 B C .1U
RH1 5 B 530
RH2 C 0 530
RI1 2 0 10K
RF1 5 2 10K
VCC1 3 0 DC 15V
VCC2 0 4 DC 15V
R 5 F .0001
X1 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* connections: non-inverting input
* | inverting input
* | | positive power supply
* | | | negative power supply
* | | | | output
* |||||
.subckt uA741 1 2 3 4 5
*
c1 11 12 8.661E-12
c2 6 7 30.00E-12
dc 5 53 dy
de 54 5 dy
dlp 90 91 dx
dln 92 90 dx
dp 4 3 dx
egnd 99 0 poly(2),(3,0),(4,0) 0 .5 .5
fb 7 99 poly(5) vb vc ve vlp vln 0 10.61E6 -1E3 1E3 10E6 -10E6
ga 6 0 11 12 188.5E-6
gcm 0 6 10 99 5.961E-9
iee 10 4 dc 15.16E-6
hlim 90 0 vlim 1K
q1 11 2 13 qx
q2 12 1 14 qx
r2 6 9 100.0E3
rc1 3 11 5.305E3
rc2 3 12 5.305E3
re1 13 10 1.836E3
re2 14 10 1.836E3
ree 10 99 13.19E6
ro1 8 5 50
ro2 7 99 100
 rp 3 4 18.16E3
vb 9 0 dc 0
vc 3 53 dc 1
ve 54 4 dc 1
vlim 7 8 dc 0
vlp 91 0 dc 40
vln 0 92 dc 40
.model dx D(Is=800.0E-18 Rs=1)
.model dy D(Is=800.00E-18 Rs=1m Cjo=10p)
.model qx NPN(Is=800.0E-18 Bf=93.75)
.ends

X2 1 2 3 4 5 UA741
RL1 F D 53
RL2 D E 53
CL1 D 5 .1U
CL2 E 0 .1U
RI2 2 0 10K
RF2 5 2 10K
VCC3 0 G DC 15V
RVCC3 G 4 .0001
VCC4 H 0 DC 15V
RVCC4 H 3 .0001
RL 5 0 10K
.OP
.PROBE
.AC DEC 100 30HZ 1THZ
.END
MODEL GRAPH:
LOW PASS FILTER:

BAND PASS FILTER:

RESULT:
EXPT NO : A/D and D/A converter(using OP-AMP)
DATE :

AIM:
To simulate and study the operation of A/D and D/A coverter using IC741 OP-AMP

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PC with PSPICE software.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Flash type Analog to Digital Converter

R-2R Ladder DAC:

 TABULAR COLUMN:
Analog to Digital Converter

S.No. VREF VIN B0 B1

1) 0 0 0

2) 0 0 1

3) 0 1 0

4) 0 1 1

5) 1 0 0

6) 1 0 1

7) 1 1 0

8) 1 1 1

Digital to Analog Converter

S.No. D2 D1 D0 Vth Vprac

(V) (V)
1) 0 0 0

2) 0 0 1

3) 0 1 0

4) 0 1 1

5) 1 0 0

6) 1 0 1

7) 1 1 0

8) 1 1 1

RESULT:
The operation of ADC and DAC circuits using OP-AMP were simulated and the output voltages
verified.
SEMILOG GRAPH Sheet
GRAPH SHEET
GRAPH SHEET
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