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Signal Operations for Engineers

The document discusses basic operations that can be performed on signals. There are two parameters that can be varied for signals: amplitude and time. For amplitude, signals can be scaled by a constant, added, subtracted, and multiplied. For time, signals can be time shifted by adding or subtracting a time offset, time scaled by compressing or expanding the time axis with a scaling factor, and time reversed by reversing the time variable. These operations allow manipulation of signals and their amplitudes over time.

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Junaid Kaleem
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214 views5 pages

Signal Operations for Engineers

The document discusses basic operations that can be performed on signals. There are two parameters that can be varied for signals: amplitude and time. For amplitude, signals can be scaled by a constant, added, subtracted, and multiplied. For time, signals can be time shifted by adding or subtracting a time offset, time scaled by compressing or expanding the time axis with a scaling factor, and time reversed by reversing the time variable. These operations allow manipulation of signals and their amplitudes over time.

Uploaded by

Junaid Kaleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals Basic Operations

Signals And Systems

239 Lectures 33 hours

 Gowthami Swarna

More Detail

There are two variable parameters in general:

1. Amplitude
2. Time

The following operation can be performed with amplitude:

Amplitude Scaling
C x(t) is a amplitude scaled version of x(t) whose amplitude is scaled by a factor C.

Addition
Addition of two signals is nothing but addition of their corresponding amplitudes. This can be best
explained by using the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3

3 < t < 10 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

Subtraction
subtraction of two signals is nothing but subtraction of their corresponding amplitudes. This can be
best explained by the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2

-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 - 2 = -1

3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2

Multiplication
Multiplication of two signals is nothing but multiplication of their corresponding amplitudes. This can
be best explained by the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 0 ×2 = 0

-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 1 ×2 = 2

3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) × x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0

The following operations can be performed with time:

Time Shifting
x(t ± t0) is time shifted version of the signal x(t).

x (t + t0) → negative shift

x (t - t0) → positive shift

Time Scaling
x(At) is time scaled version of the signal x(t). where A is always positive.
|A| > 1 → Compression of the signal

|A| < 1 → Expansion of the signal

Note: u(at) = u(t) time scaling is not applicable for unit step function.

Time Reversal
x(-t) is the time reversal of the signal x(t).

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