Electrica Machine-

n duction otors
L2. C-EEE-2105, 5-21
1 209.19
 1

Q1 Explain the consteucion of an induction motor

statpr
Himo

An induchon moton consists essctially of hwo main pacts

m() Stutorc and () Rototc. The otort 1s separrated frronm the
stutorç bya small aitr gap Which tranges jr<Om 0-4 mm to4 am
depending on the power. of the motoft.
Stator Statotc is the stationary pdict o the motott.F
consists ota steel hcame which encloses a hollow cylindrical
COTre made up ot thin laminalions of silicon stecl to raduce
hysteresis and eddy cuterent loss. A numbett of evenly spaced
slots dice prrovided on the innerc periphercy of the laminalions
he insulated conductors are placed in the statotr slots and
aTre sutably connected to Tocm a balanced 3:P Starc otr dela
Connected cisucult.
The 9-P statot Ninding, s Mound fr a deninte number o
b poles as pott trequtment of speed. Gitreater the numbetc
af poles, lessetc the speed o the mator and vice-Vetsa
 When 3-9 supply is given to the statoj inding, a 1qaina
magnetic tield ocanstant magnitude is prdcluced
This rcotating reld, induCes curicen: in the totov by
electromag netic induction.

2. Roton: End1u Coppert Dai in uON

otort

Hig-Squiterel eage roor

he reotorr, mounted on, a shatt, is a holow aminated

corre having slots, on if outet pet ipheTty- Ihe ninding
placed in these slots called rotott winding may be onë
o of the Tollowing two types
p abo Squirgeel cage type ILWound/phasewound/
ip ting rotor.
bosigs yloo) Sauirurrel cage Protop: COnsists ot a
laminated cyist ad
GOTCE having patallel slots on Its outeTt pbriphsici

One copperT OTC auminium batr is placed in each slot.

All these bars are Joined at ench end hy metal rings.
called end Taings. ims Torms a petmanenty shotut-circuit
Ninding which 19 indesiructible. Ihe entiTe construchon
batrs tnd end ting cesem pes a sguirtTel cage and hence
he name
 3

Ihe totorr ts not connected electrically to the supply

but has cutgtent induced in it by transtotmat action
hrom the stator.
Those inducton motoris which emplby
arre called squivrel cage ind uc tibn sAuircel nge Yator
mdtops, ot o
3- inducthon molotrs use squirtd age rotor as rt har
simple amd rcbust ConstructTon

(i) Nound Ittur /Phase weund /Slip ring Yejor

Slip rin

Fig: SR CSlip ring rotor)

Itconsists of a laminated cylindroical co and CaTCe
a - winding simi larc to the onc on the stator. The
Potor winding is unttoremly distributed in the slets and
is usualy start connected. Ihe open cnds of the rotor
arre btcought out and Toined to thrce
insulatecd
Hinding
mounted on the Trottic shatt aith one brruch
slip teings
restring on the ench sip ring

Those inducticn motops hich employ vacicusly Weund

potor arce called NOund rotors/slip ring rotors
Q2 Explain the basieJgenetcal preinciple o an iduction motor,

A three induction motop ie., 3-p induction motor hasa

Stator coil/inding which ts supplied by -9 altecmating
balanced voltage and has balanced cyrents in he
Ihe totop is not excited Jrcom any sOurcce and
WITding. a
h2s only magnetic coupling With the statar

When 9-P AC is given to the

supply stator winding
a eotating magnetie field otf constant magnitude is
prcoducedtnd this ofuting magnetíc field cut the
cotorc cirauit.Due te this., the rotaring stator fied idices
an emt in the totott conductorr by electromagnetic
induchion. Since, the rtotor citrcuit is a closed set of
conductors, a cutrrent ows in me rotoo cipCuit.This
rototr cutTrent then prToducess a trotor jield.
The interactjon ot staor and rotor feld producess a
orsque which causes the Trotation o the rotor in the
direction of me stutor potating field.
As perc Lenz's law, the trotor field ill tpy to oppose the
Veroy cause o f's prtoducTon flthough, the speed of
stator ield changes in the iductiot motore. Sut intercacto
of stator and rtdtor tfeld tnducess a torque ís such
 5

that, topque of roloting magnctic fed of statop

ield opposes the versy Cause that prcoduces it. And
try to makes line up ith the stator field. But it cant
line up. Thus, the dirtechion of rotating rotor is such
hat the direcijon of rotating magnctic feld.
This is the prin ciple of induction motor

a4 Explan why does the totop rrotate ? 4

Stalor Stator Stator

Roto
Rotor Kator
10Relahive monon. t-c
tg-R[0.) &e)
 Q3 Classity the AC motons 4
herte arce diterent types AC motorcs which are
given
below
1. As regarcds theirc prrinciple of opercation:
a) Synchrconous motors
6) fAsynchronous motops (ic, isolatad mag nehie fiek
patterp)
Arsvnchtonous motors furthert cdassiiéd into tWo
types-
Induction mators. ommututor motpyes
Squirtel Cage ) Series SingleAphase
unlvetts ad
Slip ring etternal (i) Compensated comductie
offe Tesistance)
inductiwely
Cip Shumt Simple
compensated
Repulsionhrig
Compensated
boO )Repulsion start induelir-
2. As reaatrds the type of curtcent:
Single phase.
Ci) Three phase. 0e y
. As rregarrds theit 6peed
Constant- speed
(ii VaTrianle speed
 ) Ad ustable speed
4 As reqards theite structurce teafures-
Open Véntilated
ü) Enclosedom ) Rpe ventilated
GR) Semi enclosed Reverted frame cye d

Q5 Why so called induciion motor 42.

heice is no electrical connection betwecn stator
and tcotor field of a matop as like transfacmerc.
Nhen 3-0 C power supply is given to the staton
Winding Pttoduces a rotating magietic tield (RME)o
Constanit magnitude hich cut the rrotor drcuit.
Due to this, the totating stator held induces an e.mt
h halwhich causes cuterent and torque is prroduced
in the troton winding accotrding to Fartadays law ot
electrromagnetic induction.

hats Why s0 called induction motop.

 6 Differtcntiate betwecn induchion motbp and dc moton
4
heredcate some ditference between ind uction motop
and motor Which
atce given below
Induction motor D.C motor
Inducthon motor is defined as|1. In ase of dc motopis
Atenaing curremt Motopsenctgizcd by ditect curacent
Which is ertérgi zed Tron Af
andmaín sourçce Jort
the
, the man Sourrce of induclon
motorts dtre AC. DC motors aTce d.c.
2- Ihe main patcts ot the indutpn 2- The main paTt of he dç
motott is o stator, roton and motors aTe atcmature,tield,
AC SOutCe. CommutatoP, DTTushes,beaTcings
etc.
.It does not cequITte a . In dC motons Commuta tor?
Commutaton and brrushes and catrbon brushes utte

mandatony
4It does not receve elcdtric 4DmMators directly receive
pOWett bY Conduction. electric poneTT by conductron.

5. 9- imduction motors ate 5. D.C moto ps are self- startin

self starting, but 1-p mators motons and it does not require
atce not sef sturting,and it Extetrnal starting device.
needs some extefcnal staring
devices
6.The dirtection o he motpr 6 Io d.c motops the dirertion o
tcotati on 1s depending on the moton rotution can be Jound from
ol vldirection of rotering"magreic he Flemming left hand trule.
|fteld (RMF)
 7. Metion/give the advantagey and dsadvaniages of a poly-
phase induction motor. 43/4
ts equryalent, o a statíc transtprn
An inductíon motorcapable
uhose secondaty 1 ot Trotating with tespect to
The
Usually.jthe statop is treated as prima
the primaiy.
and the teotor is treated a the secondary. which
901Thete disadvantages
ae some advantages and
atte given belon

Advantag es.
rugged constructives
odl 1 lHs vety simple, robust and extpemely
y u , low COst NIth teliable in operarion
trea onably small and it suficientl
has
3lhe losses atte

fafunorsa high etticieng

2E 1 4. Minímum maintenance
moton.
5. tis mosty a trouble-tree
It is
6.self stapting and does not requjte exfernal
V99
0013Do startng devices.
7ts powetr tactor ís teasonably god at tull lcad operaju

Disadvantuges
be vatgied witout sactaticing ts
1 hy speed can not
ejficiency e, it is es5enthaly a Constant speed' motoe.
an incraase in load
1397h 2. 1s spee d decreases with shunt moto ».
isi Ijeriote to that of a dc
patod . lts starting torque
l t bi 4.It uns af a bw lagging peT actop Nhen ft is lightly loaded
 15

Q-9. What is slip ? Explain the efect of slip on the rotorc

Ncirccuit. 415
boan Ans: Slip ts detined as the dtfrerence between tme,
Synchronaus,speed, Ns of the roating. stator field
and the actual Tcotor speed, N.
i.e, Slip speed = Ns-N rev/s
t is, usualy exprccsed as a petccentuge of sync hronous
Speed e.,
S l i p N s N 100

Wherce, the quantity Ns-N sometimes called shp sped

and obviously tcotorc speed Ntc Ns (1-5) Tpm
=

Efect of sip on the rcotor cirtcut

0

The folloing, case ate the etfect of ship on the totort

efrcutt
Case-1: When the rotor is sturionary, $=1,Undert
these conditions tre petr phase rcotor emf B2
has a Jreeguency equal to that of supply ttequency t

TeTOl
C At ary slip 'S, the relative spetd between
between

stutort field and the rotorr is decrteased.

se Consequenty, the rotore emf and jreauency
arce reduced proporctionally to SE and
Sf rrespectively. At the same time,pert
phase rotorc Tteactance,X, being Trequency
dependent, it is aso reduced to SA2
Thus ar any sltp S. We have
Kotot emt perc phase,=SE2
Kotort rceactance pert phase, SX2
=

Rotorr req uency

Where, E,a and f arre the cotrespending values
a Stundstill..
 17

Slip amd trrequency of trojor curgent 4

-10. Detine
or7y Show that, Hie reotore curTcent frequency
Trachional slip X Supply freaquency
Ans:
Frequency of Totor curcrent is deined as the
slip) and
products oft pert unit slip e, frachional
suPP Trequency.
ie trequency of rotbr curent ferT umt sip XuPply
or(trachional Trequen
Sip)
Nhen he otorr is stutjonatry, the trequency of rororz
Curgcent fs same as the uppyJTrequeñicy. But when
the rotorr starts revolving,then the trequency depends
upon the relative speed oTT on slip speed.
In he TO
stationary condition
Ns 120fpo
-).
Let at ary
amy slip speed,the drequency of rotbr cuRgent
be f. Thus
Ns-N= 120 -ü)
P
From equation ) &i)- Dividing ) by 0.He gef
Ns-N 120f Xo P
nE
N P 120 120
 oft Ns-N
Ns
Ns N Wherce,
brr, S SNg-N
f Ns N
OTC, T S

i fhul oi fxs =

rea This is the

f e sxf required equatien
Tlherre force O Totot cuTurent trquam

Teauency ot rotor curert=fractional sip X

Suppy treue
Frove d
0S
 19

11. Derive the equation c Starcting lotxgque 3/4

Ams
Srarcting torcque ts dejined as the tbrque developed
at the instont of starcting of an induction mator
In otherc votcds. starting. torque is the tarrque an electrial
notot develops When sarching at zetto
Spec
Let E Rotor emf per phase at standstill.
2=KotoTT Tteactance perr phase at standstill
R2=Kotor Tesistance pett phase.
ND, R+X = Rootr impedance per phase
atr standstil.
E2 = Rotort cuTIEeNt/ phase

and CasP2 Rotott poert facb

hus, starting torque, ls OC E2h, CasP2

Ts=KE2 1,Cos2
X
REtX2
 Ts K )
R+
ro Hherre, K= 3
2TT Ns
Purting this value in the equation 4).We obtain--
ot h T
R +M)
ERe
(+ )
Ihis is the requir ed expression fore starhing, torque
12 Dra and, discues the Torque speed chatracterisiícs
of an induction motor
Ans; We know that,
TC k S
R+(62
s seen that, as slip is ncreases speed is dectrease-
The following arte the atrrangement of torque
charactemisties cuTVe-
vercsus speed
 21

lorque High slip regin max low slip teglon

TC

T CS
3-P
Tot
S=1 50
Nt-0 Ntr=Ns Speed
Ng
Gienerating TIEgion.
F:Torque/Speed chancarteristies curve
Non. the following atte the case) of torcqua /speed
chattacter isties
Case-1: At high slip regfon
T OC E2Ra5

R S0 R s negigible,
Thus
2
SX2
Wherte i2 P2 X2
T aro at standstil caxdito
 the
When the load on the motorr incraases, the sped of
motore decredses ar high slhp.
When Nt 0
5 Ns-NrNo-0 N1
Ns Ns
S=1
Shanr
Iheraroru, we have a starchíng torque ohich a
above ia ute.

CAse-2 At low slip rgion

TC
R+ (5
F sx). So)"is nealhgbie
hus T CS E 2
Nhttu E &Ra at stun
TOS condition.
When Ntt= SNs-N-Ng-=0
Ns Ns
bynchTzo nous sptud Then,
ie rotor speds dlosg to
t
We have slip equal to zero, lt we mpruase
dectuase slip sped the orqe also imcruax/dectuase).
Thus, We can say. alhen slip.$=0.torque is dlko T=0.
 2

Q14 Htom induction motort behaves as a generalized

an
Iramsforcmere 92
Ans: he following atrcangement are the requitud
tiguTe tott an mduction motor behaves as a
uogenerrali zed trTanstart meT ShatoP
hR X
www 0G000 ww
S
V

Kotor Hr
Hymatt y seondatr
mdm
s11 21ohub Aindmg
Aninduction matort 1s veTY simlate to a tansjortud
as Tatr as theirc prumciple of operation 1s concerme d.

Case-1: Both an mduction motoTT and transtoromerc

NOTTK on the principle o elechro magnetic induchion.
pribiw rln a tanstortmert, ac votage suPied to
is the priman
m the prim
Wndmg.his voltage prcoducs curercent
hubs mding, which 6efs up Hux P m the tron COtte
This lux links both the priwatry and the steomdty
himdim0
 Ars the fux is atertnating m natuTe an em.f
is mduced in the secondatry HIndng. Hene, theru
is no electrical comechion between the primary
amd secondatry widings of a trmstor meTC he
SeCondatty wmdings treceives energy Hrom the
Ptimaty by eiectromagnetic indichion
Similately, m am mduclion motort, the thrue
phase ac
SuPply is gven to the statot wmdmg
which sets up a TOTating magnelic feld This
TOtating magnetic field imduces emf in the
Trotorr conductotrs.Hence, the rotorr receives
enTtA
Fneray trom the statorr by elechvomagnetl c

b9999 mduchion
Case-2
The proimatey and secondatty
1 windmgs 0T
b transtotmat Tusemblb tho stotott and Totor
wmding, o an mductron motor, lhe fresistance
and
and la Kage Tuactanc ot stutor and teotoy wmding
of an mdiucton moto atw simi latt to the
pTrimat y dnd secondatty windmg oatranstormct
 25

Case
no-
The
Ihe opeTation of an mduciom motoqu undet
toad condition is similatt to a tramsfor mtt
undett open citrcuit condition. Simílarhy a thtu
phase mduction motor With Hs totore blocked hat
undert
behaves similat to oa transtor mett
cittcuit conditton.
as a
This is how, an imduction motott behaves

genetalized transtott mutt

-14 Draw the eqivalent cirtcuit o He trotor 2
Ans he followmg uru the equivalemt citrcuit
ot rrotott
R Xz
OO0OON)-

SEEr

ti -
tig-) R X
www

a.(51)

fi-C)
-15. Drcaw the cauivalent cittcuit o induction nclu-
Ans The folloning 2
ancangetnem atce tho
equivalent citccuit of an d uelion motore
www
X

Ro
E

-
1
ww w
f 0000
ww

fig-
T h u frequny tho rotox ATtenti when
he slip 00.
S009
5 the
equeney Yot uttunt,
fsf
: 0 9 X 50
15 H ot pS
5 X60 YM
9090 . p . (
Tha tre uaney of the rotvY utunty a
andstill
At ndtil, 9 1 d He
treauncy otvecMTTRnt, at tmdil)

1x 50 H
50 Ha (o
-2 GTiven that
f 50H2
equk ney
ots/polu/nox = %
Ne no, f 2 2X 6 polu
ten6 tatoe pol pioduced
Tottl no.of slot on he hatoy
3 Pots/plu /phous 6 poles X 3 phas

54 u)
SpALd of tho retahing staby fAu
OTt magntic eld,
Ns120f

120 X 50
6
1000 Yp.