D defn pever el lechenies®, Pasi Ibremee bebueey paver éleeboni ies and Unter ele Power eleelronies is dhe art arn energy fo one form to another Oe) efferent, clean and robust meaner fer convenient vil ‘tation. mee! tower elechomies @ power raking is amore, @ power loss is less ® Jk deato waill high wrtageans erent @ Suattching is only on/off conditien © G-poink celeckiag is not mecessarg © Ae deea mot require heat sinK @ CfPicteng is high Exerple @ mene 1. “Thyvister 2. powier diode 3. power elechumies ete. Limear elechontes © power reting is Ue power loss fs more— 5 ® th dud exif Ina velfage and aomrent @© switching js im 9 region. cok. regi active regio, sorting rginy @ A point seleckion is necessary GL requires heal sinky nae : @ Cfretency is lw ® Examiple: — . ( Died ‘ ne BIT @ FET ete Main Use of povier elechonies —9 sattching Purpose2 Thyricle (sea) en _ € ta 3. TriAe ° Gq wy ; ; k 4 LASER Crake biggeed 4 aha / 4 7 , to oe GTO 9 . a tim 8D Reverse Veeetoy Chorseteristies of « Povier diode. Showe Pook, reverse ewen| Tea = [26m 47 The erent ig foward ised unelioh inde. ig due do Ae get offeck of ‘majority end “nigerily corrions . Qmee « diods.. 6 i) 4 fenae eondveling neds amd then iby ford aurrenf is redveed |o Zem the. dicde cenlinnes to conde! doe 40 inrily earner ‘hot re oun otored in pon quencing and y ayplerial » Tha Amicrorily canons yeqyive a eortein tine te Veeombine with Opposite Gharges and do be mevbralized: “Whig of the dick. Hime is calted Reveree recovery time 0:05.44 Ten. here br is reverse reeer Nome, which fh measured foun inthe Por cvessiny of dirk eurven| to 29% +f peck reverse event Trp, to = be tte tn = tine de clove ebarye iq debt reyion be = time fo store charge in semicon dveter materialThe pec reversed torrent gam be slered geprened “ eo The reverse reeoverg chenye ex be unified es Gens tetegte +b tele Ta tn In 2Gep _- @ . tvs Foam ey @ on @ ta di_. 2008 ta at tr tad = 26h -_-© aya Rovere vecevery Hime Lars 9M rate of fou of the. died. corre in me 6) Shovage choge Can (b) peak reverse enrenl Tagne @ shorage omge Ong by” = Lx 00 xox) y = 205 ne © peak reverse arrenft - arrent Tog = Tn Jeane = 9048 Q Single phase hf oneve. reek cirevi ore. A rectifter is a eitevit That converts ay ae simal inlo « vumidive chive Signal. vd _Doving “i puilive half ofele dite input Voltage th— lode condects and the impuk Viltage appears inp % he load and aorss the reéistor R we gek output village Vo equ -tovs voyat chegtive hat cg for He inp vifage Wo the diode 7 blocking mod. and owrpuk is zerd, average Voluce} oulpel Vet aype— Vae = i fi ty db 4, . a Vinjsin tt A 7 , = LPT gina al, Von Sint dt Nem 7 = cool ron = Nn 2 be) ae refine oO Race ako frm fader (ey Riple Lae @ pur CD Rectbiectin Retiot Rectitiestion ratio is oifined an the. ratio 4 output de power fo output ae power 7 $lis Kenowry ay the of eteney of the efrevite | = Pac . Pas (0) L efor ¢ 4L ig measure 4 tee shepe of supe lg! Geis defn cao tHe rable of. ontpel Viens fo Vee " : OO Beemfleer ge = Meas + gensidort 1 peaidorgOR Pa « tev A is @ measure of as ripple engtent his the ratio od Vac h Vue. . Va F = Vac a Ve. = Nem’ —Vac” Vie = (GF 2 [pPm4 © trol Ubieatin fete he tense vliltention Peeler is defined a2 Pe Me 3 rans Voltage apace TUE Vets Ts > ys corrent- Secondary Where the significa ep “ur Is that f aay ideal wien TUF 24 because TVE 15 one Kind of eff een and if exe be mere then 4007, , Gat rely TUR TS leo thay dbo \ if he ur qe recifier iy 0.285°, 4h signif The — nw wipq 2 ronofoemer muck be. a5 Hine larger theg that when sk is used ty deliver. power fin apne ae Yaage- set we ho TUE aloo spies tha CL hea high nthe fr = and bf Also dnufermer ha -b cerry a de sorrento and vee mm oe a poklem in transfrernee cures—— - ry >) @ 5) Define DE, HEWPE, CF DES- Displacement fide is denoted gy DF = emg Where Q = displecement angle HF:- pe meas harmonic facto e the herman fk of he inp qurrenf, is defined ~ pee (Exe aK] % ta ~ ondey dunsrmer erent 6” I) - Piers tronsfermer emrent. PEE pe means poet Sop ptr fl ts ‘pve o Pe= Nets ogeg 2 Isr Vs 1s “oP Ts a Outpae pr = fac Vods the “or: ont factor ahich is a oneasure + peak siren 2 (pene) o@ compare te ik rms pak vue. Ls ofe 4s [Pest Is i © E comple a}. for hl S1@) duter arm offetney (2 form oe (ARE RF (aj TUF @ prVefa diode (9) cF of tat clrent cy input Pr - + waa @ Veen (ud L = ‘es {inet S /meala . J ‘ ee a re , Wea $ - r| * Ingin off dt on Fete] ° he * Le ae {, Sinest de = Vem = oie Vim eh T = sibelTice Mee 0.01 Ym e RK ze Pac = Vae.tee = (0-912 Vin) Now KR Vee’ = +( trap a Te Vans = Vn e Z Trms = Mew 2 ag Vn Pae = VemsTrms a 05) io ® effitensy q = &. BIE) ay, Jo 9) ®@ cepa Noms 2 _0-5Vem Vie gon vm TOA SRR O RF = Saye = fbe7-1 = 4.2] o yy, WyuF. ae T Nets” yans Valtege f bon secon dory we = he "en Now|$-= ve xT a a Yee Le cap Vo loud. os Value of trinformer seundery enrent 15 Ie Same o> Niet of fn T= eve m TUPS i (o2ive7a oe = gage Vt qs £ OFFA KEE © O-FOF KOS (9 prV= vm (De cpeay = = fea. typul oorert = ve Te = rms Nave + sap ewvvert = 0G Ve ap 2 Be =a 4s 0 () Inpet power fe Pater for a reststive load | PF = Pas Pac osm) A Se “Mis “, ccaea oneB® Dereibe the opuckiey e} single plroe vhf we vec fiw caith Rt lew! Constckr the fang Fyn ls “ pena _ Nin 8 Pi eonveb— | oF} 1 { "8 obifthek, Pon , 4, th obove fr du. Hh inductive. load tie torreon period of disd. Di vail extend beyend Ie? unbl the arent becomes Zer) ab wab= wer. Th average Voltage of the in ductor is zero, no average oulput viltage is . : wt A Vaie= Let der f, Vd % he frm NZ = a Vin Sint de Pp > - ue . S4"P ces] i i. 38 he = avn (1- cos (+9) ] —y aver age ped exrrent tue = a —¢ finn die above ean average Voltage and emrent com be inereane J lat ameking =o amacthis ts possible by edding free shading pisclieds. showy in pre logy a att Ie _ 38 sled © The ffet of dhe. died isto preventa meg oliveVallage_ appesting acres the load and 0 w reat: tho magn chi shored nergy” is inerecse? . : at toy te eorvenk- fer p, te tronefoed do Dog and ‘this prren ie cated commutation of the diodes , Whey caabem the nega — eye sharks ond tre indvetion auivent pow thregh Den hen no ed-fect ond, Half wave Batery her gers / 4f The outpot | rtp ae vedi fle is connected to o loattoryy , ths reek fie tan be vsed m7 @ ole cherger., ia £ p>, piode dy amy diet Tre ample x WHY dink. arts ~tanducting ean ve fend Vin sink = £ As Siqgt 6 At * Diode Rier is trned off une Veh at O- tors Charging enrent (= Ye-E = Min St uil e = et a z pos ie? 7s 7X,“ © Exouple Da Ezpy, copay 100 wh, ay charting Tra Th, Primary Vp =leov COWt, dams. pablo yeur ® cate copduckion smgle $ af tne died © current (imnitteg resis fais OR © Povier toting Pa of R. © SHerging He he ty heuis D hevis © rectifier ad-¢5-¥/ Candoerig. cing Ss 20 = 99 _ PARIND ZO eae 163 2a 8 © ang charging cvrent The Tae = = vinstns =f (un) “ q aR Voth (Cvmessut - bun ]® 2 an Pinesse tice - EB-+ Eot'] : . aK f= vei (r~) + Vom eos A Elan) te | PP © Om De } i (2¥mn OSAP LBA oy e) ‘@ rams bite eoren| me oan (Yasgat—e) qo) wa ! > Am YW in ge oan ay, © ear [Ce “+8 rx) + AR sy ann 4 im cers} s a (a Sass * ie) (Bisie~ exo. 9) $5 iy 2KO13 QR 4-2¢ = — 9X$4-sqK12 COs a3] = C74 f= BTims XK = (ZAAG216 5 286.4 W @ Power delivered — Pye +o the baller Pace Ela 2X T= COW ho Pac = 10° he = Ho = 6beM = 62 _ pray, © redife effietnes U — Pe 7046 2864 Ey, Qa Peak inverse Velduge Pov of dre diode PIV= vq +€ = $o.agP+ID = 9NEE) " nj! phot fa eee veel eid) eegtredaped cLamed’: inf eve bsped Noy rue aa ed DPoving lhe. posi tive rtf tle Diode. p> j tonducle amd during ts megetive he cycle. Dide be: condocks | — : % , 1% The average ot pul vate oye Vie ® Fl Vn Sin wt dé ‘ { io 2 BN = essvol| % | | lz or Pp tomemenhy ved jr inbshys 2 = 0-68¢6 Va Brit e reef] ey : “J (: - “fre. inp Pealyd Voltage wxvesape, is an Uke a9 bebe wt Diew. Volug Moy mr y a Daring peitive half ayers poner be Supplied Ho Head tg 3 Drand Dy \ During maetive aspen died. Pyand Dy conducls . Peak inverse: VoHsyer’ Very@ Fer Prams ace pomm eters af a Ay ave rep bey Epample 2.4 f f" Defies EF uw) RE ree » perv i) oF : Th avg oulpul Vilbege, Vie= 1a = 0.6066 Yn / ong load evrrent Sie = ee = a ae Kno Valve foe e Viens = Wri = Te “elma geo = _ fat ffseruy® “epee r “C- “e] welts [3 sh sig aust] Ie am vn 4, Lim = inte eo 7 ope Be ele i=} | mds. = de- bac { L wa fay ao a cases vita oy ahobye et onefe factr 65 Yi avn 2 nas = ily » Kip fot RF = oe Junt-1 = 0.482 = 13-2% D toe = Be = Lee V/A spans © Qs Ty Wn se aK NZ x v) Pr Ve 2m C fer centre (uvred ] vt) ef = Ba Nh = 0. 70K Nm Ghee por pererwmee, f. fa Wome, nlf ‘s pipet lenproved S compared voit that of a hat} weve, reebfer.arinianitch dhe harmenie tambent af te. rime Lime event - The wtp is prlstating de, exmprsising «de parband an a pork = T, = Ve Pees (7) Mos a Vee =a Va dt ws [es %) J 1 a-% = _¥m coo 005 Res — Simm * any | Non Sijg'd © 27/ ¢ oy a = Nm Pb rey an 2 zs = — vm eos 1-% Ss 29% ly Lt O82 Von The vms Aes f out put Valkug eo Ke evo Sinz0ib eos yn av |( sa J ome PHGrete 2)-a0ners yagi] t (“ee (+4 * 4 (snewea, — cosam sin rng) - [Nn 4 | =e 4 2-#)/" (ae /g Cs 3 ine: = 0.94) Vin Trang = oa a islemey ©) EF (RF Ca)TOF 2) er/ @ eeridle? oa} °@) eff a) efficiency 1: se, Vee. Neetae (o. (0.%7V)/R Pee Vac. Tae, Tee. (°- 406 Vim) R 56 Fy Mow . y Fee Stil LOK or sone 0.90% Y"l ® RF el Loeg Voy = 04824 = 18.297 7 d) b 3 a i Vs = mh = OP0F von. ' Ig 2 9. vere = 0.4964 oypies Va = ave4s = Ah Rates SOETUF = Pac BVs15 orn)” D X 0.7067. K0-9954 7 96699 2G any @g Pov = Une 40 Une Valtege = av ©) Sl oPaala -¢ of ¥ Oridge walks A op Bridge vel fr is comoronliy ee " high power werieting The diodes ave mum boered m order of coyduckien sequineen and each en dockion al are st 196° phare of Dy, Ps, Dg —? Positive gr of bid De, Dy De Neg gio of ahd, oe ree heading dots a5 arent eth is wile, ov bed = . The vec fer grea 3 prlse feels ogg, out ihee Vay = Vom Sin | _ Maw *~6¥n 8in( +28) Ver 2 Vin Sin( 9-120) Vee = Ov sin (9 t450'- 7] Very. = Veg. sig (oad), ee = 96 vn in (ovr i) fen inpuk T= 2m, we gh a pile in o/p output jehare me 568° 1° Bi So “hte an et ee wie 0248SSE rane output Voltage Ye Vrms = | anf 6 = 1.6554 Vin ovat aldo] oo@ > “Define » = oy ime Thytelor, Deseribe Han opersieg- - ye tothe feo y 2 of poe serie devee_s. fe used ” x teysively in power elechon ies drevit . they arts operted w loisfaaees Atlee opesting from Ay conducting stale. to conducting shite, pore once Kh «) =I labeting saret | Sra Ai bel Peete Abas Tat ' Pp e4 7 tsb] Gate von a é ear eae Labehing currents fhe ainiianem Vale. of em sovenl espe Ahan helding erent) het sill guetabne- sustain conduction ima mediately after siciteh 07) Helding averenlt fe ain eda_ evrrent +9 aad ane : tai thyris im th on state. "| mean Aes tyre The Lserd emod earent ofa a mtlee rane the i lataliing eurrent to. latch mle the cent ‘hale. "e 7 if How fiose omede erent is reduced Welna ite hay corel To rious t device. revels to 1 tee loleclcing ewathiog! .@ “Two bean sister nae of : Thy istr. A Thyviske enbe e7 cued on two cormplemennfory trom sisters one pnp taosster. G,, ond her apn transistor Ax. here celleeda current dey f prnsistr @ Fa= %4 Ip + Leaoy cole towne gonctim cahere «of 18 darren gam end Leet is dhe kakage eurrent A thu, est] activ cur ent ta fe Ry aaa ale ‘ » Tek = Aalig + Tevor * where ag fs _errent G27 0nd 1 eaor iy He leckage warren fra Now — "La = = Tg t Ter, ; th = Ayah Toane tii oan by ol fp =a Tat tae ( FL Gy) + a x Ty+ Tq): Teeo; T 6s 2 k= fp4Te, 4 Tp 2 (AFH Tye Ala T exo) Tego Ty = Aetgt Feo + Tepe (= (Ar+%2),@t 3) Dy fee bahar Angishe and Tronsis fo thy have lower “7 stele con duction losses and higher prover be handling capacity ‘Tray sistas gqenoatiy heve superior wt ebigp ie saifebing speed and lmer suarbehicng loses persarmenee in terms~De- De copvirkes ~~ @ Define be chopper. Write any tna. applica of Dé chopper, De. chopper is ene. which is required fo coq « Feed vitlage, de Soureee into & Voriakle voltage de sevree « GL ts aloe Kap on de converter, ‘ — A de converter temysted as de equinklent to an ae roms former becase if cay be, veed-fo step up or step al ao de volege. * Sovree * Applietionss CD redioy aor eb i dedrie.ifenebiles @ trolley ears . @ marine heeds. hoists @ forkuft boure! ® Mine haulers. © Regenerative breok ing Q pe Voltage ragvleters Aa corhug @ * > provide smooth accelerstion compel > high o Pfedeny Dp Dynami response. ‘S pe motes to vel) energy beck info tA supelyQ pringcipte -| step dean, oportion of de cherrer: Lompsider filssing kt, and ware shaper. oe vu Sutfeh, r pl Ket, {ppp ay / a Kp]. | Pe t us , Ce fey te t taher) sulteh is ebosed f time +), impult Moltag ¢ Vs eppears aeresshe wn) Suit is of open & time to, output Vo Suite “me be power ByT, mosFeT, THOT ebe, aver ut Voltage _ + Sgt oetpul vo d Va= bf Ve at -l = tis © fees avg \ead ewrremf Ta = Va 2 KV, R loach, Hege is Zero across tre, Ioed.’ vattehing Mode Reuloboy * @ whe is suilehing mode vayuloh We Converters com ve Vsed sal bing mode. regublers to convert x de Voltaq e@, aprmally unragst lated «lo a related de ovtput Voltage: thre are oy toonie opalagies A. Quack requl obese 2. Bows requlelurs : 4 %. Buek— boost regulelors | 4> Cok requlalers. The regulation is moray achieved “4 Pam at ofred Penene and dhs suite ching device, is gon QIT, MOSFET or TaBT THe elements are sho — ef suiehing regsblers- | pe eager outeut F Tiomiske ewig fs nereonty o9i by + ond ao avec % Core less +} indvelrs Urmife te eonbel high Pe quency opeystion rT - a” Feng ®Oper sing wine ai of Guck seule ond colli for colina Gurrenk A Inducer and valtye fr capadifer . (usreg power ear) Saiteh L Na [my t 4 hte cunwmed trek event rises ond fo Uncorty praca awiteh her « frit, 4 ‘em Wmear resishineesSe bo sui teh is Oy at oft < Toy i rT frre kvl. — A= fle ui. t Ve . > —1 v . =Vs¢vi tv =2° “8 s = Vis Vs—Vo Propging keL— T= tet tq mete is off ab in 2 < Tap Te- Ti-Zo te te Ppriging VL VitVe=0 Co VM =-Vo Prpplaing KeL3 ©" 4e' = 46 Now fom Volt second halenee_ fm oy outpel Vol tege Mee Lge here, | : Geis . Duby eyele K= wa fat = (Lvie Tey = Ko ay foizo c fer sfoble condi ‘| N tharg im ~diseing] $0 {vat =O 3 (Ns-vo) Ton + (Vo) [t-To) 20 4 (-% +1) aefom current seed balance fr avg de varenk fave -{e tet feve> 0 [fe stone ent omg discher ging] se [fedb= 0 b (1.- To) ™ + (fu-ts) (T-11) = ° = i TT =0 : ~ {T, = Ta 1 . ce Pipore in a ducer eorenbs on EN cag Inin [| Now . Te : VEek i wy 4k n,- Vo eb oe + iw, I,-Na ) Te LCs ” OT isa Hmelt = (vs-kY5) KT f ” ? BN haga ; —4_wx,) =0 . 2g lees «ee Se b provide unidivediiqal ofp torend end One pelavi! Kv, = kf vs epeloiby oy Velbeye— needed 2k ye > an ip isdiscentinsevs grmesbuing Siler is . @ = GH} Pa rewine obec ekE inane ef rs LL Sherk clet acreis diede path , Sxanple 5.55 a a Buck regulebr Vg =12¥, Va = 5V ot R= se, pv= conv f= 15 Re, Ohqneh @ the doy oyele > K Va = Ks “> Ke e 2B soaug = Wizr, (o Fier iduetoonee K (1-H : OTL= i . Lo ete) YS _ ONG L-Oti67) 12 . f Bt, ~ 2.G000 X 0.8 = 449.937 MH. | pud fete” - eros _ Krk vs = BfLe vs| Went fe . Le (0.9c#) 909 2 5-89 my 225000 erifeal ei e Ge = HEH 1a047 ___& = o.44¢ © PME 16X25 000 X|5- 33X10 o® ra gt Rew ul abs , (using Povier mes Fer) In boost regulator fixe. onkpat Atge \s ree they fue deter Input Voltage and so dhe. name & boost” ve! me 4 * 4 ts de ite f, bm 1 Dol cqcle oat . . | | |. Switeh wil) be om for oct¢ Ta guiteh ull ‘wn raf Tm dear ave _ bois . * L ty + to vs i Me ead] tip t ya. bo io (an - Ms Vevo average op ge by oy SE ceend nine [mt 20 Ten Fa +f, veatef WujdE=o on > V5 Toy + (xo—va) (1-10) = 2 Vs KT + (SG) U-¥)T 0 ¥ Vs (k+1-¥) ~ vo (1-x) =2 z 2 Ve= Vo/(t-K) hore -K41 $0 4-KK4 2 Vos v5 =e Ver Ve 3 thels whe Shep up cheppe avg Tv “ using arp ~ See method (rede da Iq eo reyslalr, Prdochy - orrent ois aAesey SLAM | c "matt |" (f-4 fo)4b=0 on Sore vrrenk Tp= Og ° coher Suite on/p ripple. -I, Toy + (C.-%) (rt) °° caren ts Less dren lovek vege —1 KT + Gh) WT =e I. (-¥)- 40 (keI-)= 0 ty, (tr) here Ty ogy 2 bewwse Lis mel T.. = (eK) ' direlty connected to tre load,Ripple a) ‘indvoley cur emf | ‘Veet — analy ag Ve 7 Mint= tina ) al. ¢= K Uf Are A A) Cxnmple 5.6 for tansh caqulotor ie = b Vg = 9Vs y= 15v, 4, 29.58, foasn La I@ee, C= oN F @ duty eyele :- Vy = Vs 4-K Ke 1-Me eae 2 O.GCOF = 06.6, () Riople werent: of induefr or Noo Mel (4-21) Te V5 = t a KT 2 Or = Kvst RVs _ _00CC ZA 5 _ 0.99 be fi 25000X I5uxt0 ¢ 8A ©) peck current of indudur Ty Ta = Dogg + = 4.949 A ( Ripple vallage of capadtor pV Le = Meinl = vith) | —I,-¢ Cota Yonse) f , _ cou) KT(2) rife value of indvedun ee Tow) 74 I. Rs 15 4- tf “Os = Wa Vo _ ks (aR Ge VMs KS RUE R R ofl Les Kee ae 4 0.6667 (i- -a6ceg)x 90 , a OR ASK IO = 44.938MH Crier hye ‘copaeifrnee_ Vy = Ov 85 ue Ve = KMe se C= = O66? _ . a ggue BR R LRUTK1PKI0 @) Duck Beret Regulator A buck. woost requleter povides ay: oulpul Vag thot me be less ‘then or gree tney Hw inp velhegic — henee: - aime buck loot” . Ontpul Volag polerity: is capil cto thet \ inpeeviltege (fo sale, gaed inverting regulatorLavin‘ . ° kt) Ie 7] RE + £ # ; here. Cola Klay eh duty ogele K=$L L kr a led, denote ty ay : Switeh will ™ fer o Le= —2o Vsing KLS Te = ty-r ° avg Vo 2] vein Volt seeond balaneg_ J Vi dt =0 of Nest tf ‘Cu)ateo > vs Toy + (eNe) (T= tim) =9 J lee Wh (-RIT <0 fer K=a55 4h, «vy > vs k= Vo (Ink) fr 0 —I1, Tm -F (1, =0) (TT) = 2 -LKT + (inf) (I-K)T=° > TL (t-x) = 1. (K+i-¥) #0 9 (b+) +t > Fa ee] Ripple in) inductor sore Vee L (Beat~ Bet) % = 1 [soy tom) me O Pe yp vate polaihy spe ¢ @y) = x ~ high ffecioncsy 3 ve V. ~ Ko 2 inpak dic comtinvery dren 9 Mah ph eoenb con Fe Boog > Jimduelr ean innit Hof Rat mt SP Short eke robe is emma . 6) Eptample eps £ bck ionst Vos eV, ka oem, fr WKNE, L= 150 MH ex are ne fox 4260pet Vila ov kv avi wpet ca ip ie 5 0 ©. avg ool Veltag oe ee 4/ © peck to peak o/p ripple voltage pv Ie=e Vani = Vora Tr kr DV = ° . - fos = BERS ge sim 2po00 X 220K 10 © p-P induet ripple evremf- DL Ve sb Enge = frvtn _ tT Vs = v 4h 7 KT oT= MeK_ . 12Xx028 _-09A “Fl Veo K 1g0xio® © Peak. shay sister rent fp = Le ia = fe 4+ Of. 26 a9 a-K Z rats Rez Me. A 23.20 @ t ee crtel copacifamee » _Griticd_indwetone <- Veen) = 2 Lrtey) = PE 3 Vo = _KTo — fo evs we 7K af > Vo= ek ks. EM 5) 6- Ks sw Raw UL Ff UxasroxXorr, = =, fie - 2. (170-25) 2 = L656 ME 2K 25 000@ Whed are dee Linch 6 a single ofege De Pe caVersh TF Dve-b event hendling Umibalin af a simgle tren sictey The output power of Aree regulates ts small, te piede low, —> At higher trent dre eompenent Sige Iyeresaes and aloo imercene HAs component Logses and deereases effesoug ? There is mo isdladion beeen inpet and ontpvt Voltsze, Vdhich ts omestty desirable KR GF de reqelalor can produce de onlpet Voltage. le fillers ave used to reduce the ripple toy tent of ootpot- Voltage. % Oubpet volley e poloriby may be opprite | impel depending. Om tue tye ef reqeleter ‘