Unit = 1 _ _Intoodvetion ee AP Ih is detinel oc that science which descsibes and checks thot covdition. ect oF } bode: undes_the action of fosces. Dt i's the foundation of roost engineering clences + It can he cote oa od Os below: z Poe a extremely small 058. and. size: te atomic di'ctances Wechg oth at un Netanies of Tncompressible widssPe SE Enaineesing mechanics 1s thot _beanch oF rnechae — Mhich deals with the jaws and B principles _oF red hey Along with dhety application tp engineering problems, The Rnoskdge of Engineering _pechanies is ves escent a) fox an engineer n_ plannt yig_1 des! ning and Conchaructly, of verious oe of stoudiaes and mechanics Zn order ty | ot take up his Jo skill fully an engineer most have 4 T Kvvorll edge Engi ing. _echanic< in O mast ¢y sterol And scientific Wanner oie ee } ae a + K _ Bosic concept T : In _Mechanice #¥ tose! — the ify moth Cx Dp b bilge call oa ¢ the scaly 5 i he we, cI eh change due to “chonee rat Grasital Y bi ome | Cie ae Dod ee pncigites the erated ona A Time | 5 Mens the = The _sutetave event ere a About itsarincdawe om ; 5 consenico ge fa ca ie nT 24 hows, anwhay, nv CO ‘Clocy3 B. Space. The Geomelaic -wegion in which study of — body is imvalved scaled spaces A point in the space Moy be _-voteaced with aepecl to psedetesmined pint by a set of fineou amd omqulas meosuserrents . The seteBence__pair|_is_ called Ahe ogi... cet of _meosusements as cotdintes. =" IF codirates involve — only in_mu Wolly 6 enpendtcul aa. inectit Wn as_tostesion Ordinate: TE the cosdinale tnyohe angle ord dictonces it 1S teemed as polax cosdinate cycton. mMedSuxEme yf « jiecencal is detined Os The #_displcement ; ictance atidei A ch —1espee} ip. Ady * -t__oceleration '— The tate ; er hag re In defined as velocity « of charg © i aSA Mv: L Feacofeent woh pasticle ! — Poaticle is _o rrotesial bod, cvthichsis a cm} that ths dimension canbe tacoted’ | 305 neplgible in. compotton do the pilex. =dimansion tnvnle “an the: Problems The>moxe. of the pastticle-1s_0ss.umed ty | be commented ato“ po Lando posticle is somedines = es hen, an-appluing Bea force on & k 4 5 | = Defromed = body * | body 08 0 fracture. it there 8 appen Esta { % si So YY | dhe shape and size of it Such a_kody is cated defy os b ca 2c we Refesence Frome oles 3 ne cfetce frome ae ue ces in, ae K ames” [ne _emanad} 2M 0p Point oe, 3 ze dhe. oxigin « As the a wnoves ie elie es tn both rn os et sTdelinek 1A tee ol wee6 Bae cteling fetes on “Ri bay i pe amen 2 see thot bsonch of | Mechanles of rigid body 1 _rihich deals nutth the force: | ond _thelx. effetis . wimeh ahile Bal Pea bod ot vests In general states deals fea _-statio! bodies 0s well as movi _ot con arnt velocity unker He influence of vosions Kink of fotc0s: _% concept of fosce awd force. systern Force '— a ft force ican ee which produces 7 odwa' fons is O f j ge tity. : me OR A fosce js an agent which stops os tends ‘ cto motion « Chostacterictics of a fpac > Magnitude : > Point _of application : => line nf action SS Ss > __ direction 3 te_line di Soe Kk a | Ste advection is downward « &# 2 Buns ee O8 Ce. = When two ot more forces act ero bale tae aed caliedats foam a cyctem of forces « _Folliovsing -Suclem of forces ase ~ Ne O coplanar _ orice = The. Povee hese In _ action Sod eit Sige _ coplanocs, forces: © Cohiineoa ee 1 The’ foes whose lines of achim _lie_on the same line. are. known as _collineax forces. @_coressent Tee ae eae eihich need ak8 es e i Ho Re ont a. iPlesert osce_ Ss tem NSE Soe : 3 1 Dsces TE. dwo Poscee acting. on & body — ome re “one aties another by the sides of 0 —telangle, dhelx “© resultant is 6 presented by dhe closing side of #hé ps tolangle taken fm Te vat dhe last - pols See 8 = Z TE yore than fuo_concusrent_ a ££ foxes one aching Gk bad to fowees oe din pa evar bb m7 triangle law!_o map cecultort of “all: a the force acting on a bod — wna be obtained : 2 oes f, © = c a gat 4 ope Dee awe f = 8 fee faa : Elio fac pa a ces _.ctly fruMamnensly on. 0 babs oe gatos ie eyvde ank_creclbn he i 5 0 ' _token_in tubes th he resultant is In, nognilide ae b tosing _of the moments _of_all __ the. foxees_o.bout any point is equal to the moment of. theix_sesuttowl once tre=sax Ahout the same poir ~ Pavof :- z 7 et R he dhe wesultant otf fasces ‘F nd te onh_'0' be tte moment centse - a tr i oS 5 be / 4 7 >, ® % vet di du ond de be _the vapmert! ccs _of the Force QF and -F Hively y. = “Then. we have 40 pxove that Ras 6.ds* fds ———@ i Now, Join of _Rd: RY Brho cose ela = Ao (Reo) Z th flo x Rx —O ; “here , Se ee an ee R& denotes the omprent| of Rin x defection, __-simlanty. ih ke, : a 4 fix ond fon ace the A couple consists of a pale of equal ard _oppaite _Powalte! forces which ave: _sepexated by. a. definite _* distance + = > Th tory effect of f th E ES. Zeqyo: i > _The_sotational effect Lmoment) of couple about _s ony point is a constant 2 ait ie sneed_ Ry @ singe Toca —+ = hele equal and appesite fee poccalle! re ue 2 (qid_b iffexent point constitude is called torque:[p a = The. fosces 20N1 BON. 40N, son and GON ove ‘acting ot one__of the angulaa points of 0_aegulan _ hexagon. to war asthe. othes ne onguloe points, token ones.» Find She ond ct the “wecultant fowces+ ane seca eee son __ 4oN — Algebaic_ sum_of hevizentap { a _ foxces: Yy st PBs, 9049068364 Lo ae gocosed + qyeos 30 “4 650 €05 S00" 7 Ye + 40nd + 20 + 30x = = S0xO + 60x EC) = 60 +1sVa 4209+0-30 = 40-30 +15 3 2 OIE = 953 = 35:99 _N Blgthre sum OP wentcal force. ai Fy 220.810. 30 + 406m 60'+ S0+-S2 singe 3 3 7 3045 + 40x 3 sD + GOG BO “jos anes at = 6S +903 rrr ry i = = 4s1-GON- ie18 La a = Aivection, & tana = ZF baa ___éfn | tr dana> 151+ 2Go. B a 35°98 — Tas ee) F960 The pling Bike oct af a nad é ©_20N_ inclined of 0° trwards ’ P Neath iain 2 @__asN towards ne Noth _# © _S0N_toviards Novith weet and _ ue @_32N inetined at 40° foward oth “we Fird the magnitude aed_atsectian i dhe eat a foxes + -# ope 4 st r +eFY = 2o0sM30 42954 30sIn4e" s 73.5-sm4o° ce SLO ye CS 4 9-2) H 20 $9 = 33-99N : eae Resulfant (RJ= JERE RW” = ficzo-a)s 0399)" = for 9-4541139-038t = $56 N BD dixecton + tan as ZFV ; 2Fy 23 ax, tandk> ae = ii a Ostet A = tan eee ree eewy Thiee_ forces of 9P:.3.P and i. qe as 19 the | _thaee sides. of an. equilateral trongle— 1d. 2_100 nA In oder + Find . the ma nine ard positon | : _ the . vesultayt. oa ZV 3P cinco". 4p singo - = = _2_0:866P : acs = Resultant (R)= [eres = preps ogedt. = fo tsP o- 7499s Lae. Pg pth j + : oy b faye eh¥ = 4 Ovbep ees tan ZFH fief Se : om ot = tan=(0:S3?) Sacer aes ols 2998) i Let__% be the + dichnce of the -sesyltpnt_ for) point _B | Ea dante monte ombouf B, _- Kh > hs oe Loo suey ett A Pop =z 959° 8 b tre me 2 - He Lso-dpm as”Le 7 eine P_hoxizental line P@Rs jg 12.1. long stheve = ss ORe ks sam forces of s00pn 1S00N, alooon ond _C00N act of Pr QR ands. —wespectively — —with dovnword dixection.the line of zoction “of these forces make angle of 90 60145" and ap ~ respectively with Ps» find the magnitude ditectty ~ ord positin.of the resultant Fosees a LH on 601 pse0N — yaar 00 here, zu taht pee ein sist =e, ~ Ss , ae ey Ln 3 ZFH = 1500 Cosb0' +1000 60545" + 600 C0549" = 216 + FOF+ 106 + 433-012 = IRW-R ZFV= @ -l000- 100 cin Go — 1000 singo*~s00s/N30" = _(-1000 ~109)-939 ~ 707-106-250 ic Emer 14g ef ZF + (2A) abe Sa bee stag) 4 639g ye oe = {o572546- 054 4 10602433°25 4 St 64: 932949 i Tana = zFV ne = 3256-184 R 4FV zFH 2890118 Von ar fan ame cg eae- 230 Ns Let x be the + distance of the vesultant fom. point Pa —tosing —morend about Py Re we 1600 sin oo x4: 1000 singsig + Soocinz” sie Oe on “POF 97-2949% ~ #789> O29 SIIG1LEV+ SESE 8434 3000 or: Kz 13383 3764-942049 | ie ach omBYwrits 3 > Equilibsiam an e Fquilibsw f ~ panticle a lax aa Posticle willbe in 4 equ libxiueen rif id isi ~alinsana, of eindes_unt Perel tel ve to an sates “wntesnal arefe sence or _when The aesultantt_of al! “jhe forces acting on it is zeqd» It isin _equilibsitm » i To find the unknown senctioys uct wldpye— 2 ~The i One genesally elie fo becaentat ond wees yeatical comporents ciara | se Here , peace eae Ee YH ic waltlends, oem - a Fx 210) oe eee ek = wee 20. — A Sea b “Where _ ra LFA Algebaic sum a al tse horizontal compre ~ Ea a an Bae ae vexticol_c componesl — Hence eeanrs a lei axe = ZFX =0 S 25 i 26 b Lee eae the. bod. seaction foxces applied Fosces si toag id body is. called free _bo a torn: All the seamece, | WANE CES SAYS otce Me es Ore nealected in the process. | a Ine Pao Con he —zepmeccited. by. Follarsing compone: ~_|supports anh [Reaction Fanny convection |t |suppart and : “Vi the b Connectionc enISTIRG just hei xernovel \ @ lines of EBD : a Fixct gail the syster ould he divided info int _of action a the foxes oxt indur reds < = ss ; «&) ot ) osdinate 5 es_ane in tke horizenial and vertical disection should be a “Dimension inauding sla rauding slopes ox amgles axe needed in tiny kK nf} of _the force a ystems Th Deinig eats rat ©. an vd oh wdh_its_ Known Mam}Ude sphclecel oF tene Is. “atceted wth vertical a aonnward. andthe, xeactiion forces acts __ Pes pendicular to the sustace:_ Ft —>_f\n electric kt ight: n cele Ngkt fide weighty ASN hongs Fw —% point __¢_by two shrin ee ond Oe The_shaiy; —Aicistnelined at Go’ to the hovizental and Be ak 4 ~ 4S tothe vedfal as. shonin figs ——. a WLLL) oo J ay a __ Z a ee i —— using Lawat's theiiere or disci Ne determine the _ vce CF edt ge ——let_Tye—and Toe be the Fencion fy ie E tosce jn th a 4ie LR Sin G0" 152 0-f il | EF H = Tye C0506 ac Cos 60 =O ;Sow x oe _A string fiBea: attached tp two f hed ; ql : t Points A_amd 9 has..dwo equal_vieights of. Joao —attoched to it at. B and c.- The weights Pest a the position AB and _c9 inelined..o¢ angles of ao ond. Go" Tespectively do the vewtical chown fe fly Find the tenuin in the positon AB. pe and cod the ching a if the inclination of the postion Pe with i the yeaticale ts yoo. ts F sabe nas Es Worm he be RTO RT ne My A NE SHwee «68260 6 ld Teh» Too and TF, * in the stuinge ea —“ 266 025 : k 3 Digs ‘y TaB 2 L%32-05N Paoins — RSs aya Tec. Loo fiptsy — Psinesor Meg, 5 booo Ny - 4, fui wns theo foint_c. > Tec “5 Teo ae 000 ynj2o* sin} 20° sini2o* si 3 Top 7 $009 ee Te, lo00N+ al P repeg! Fol Aight string ABCD whose exferemily pic Fired “has wes Atv and Wo attached to th © 04. Band ce St pacees round _o small smart —pey__at_D Cogying..a.weight of ott! ak the force end FE as chown tn <3 ee eee eee If in the equisissium position, fc hesizentale ani AB and CD make Jsv' and 190" with Bo find O Fension in the portion AB s Be and cH of the taing. and_. O_magnitudes of Wi and Wo. a ai sol\let__ Tag. Te At pully Tes 2 300N Applying Lomi's_themrm ‘ lap = The 2 oe Sing stni90" sinaso’ OTT TR B mE AL sMgo'.. sinisor aie "Tp wh sin LED _ eee 0S ta 0 ; eTeS —* Al smooth cphere of netaht _yi_is eupposted hy oe —itiing fortened too _polnt onthe srmoth vegticy SON the other end te’ tw conlact with polit p On the yall as Schpwne ty fyy. a FF the length of the ctrine Me i ~29ual fo _the dine of th Yh e ont} | —in_the _statng and motion on, the wall « — Sols qhsv i 54 ees Unit -4 Distributed forces ond disdalbuted Race —*_ conspact Concepct of _centes_of gravity —> Grrawily © —~Opplies. a Fore to each pasticle of the body it. - —Weight should be sepresented by many. small” forces o —distaibutted over phe. center. bod y.: These_de tesibut i foes Moy be. e4.ueed_to_a_single_fotce_. that : tS Weight ets _ theo oh Oat anigue point in the = body on. ovtcide_the body Le cal ted Center of gray Mw The mint: Athaoygh wich whale we | cH -of the badly ets “inmespéctive “af the position. of Yie 7 —hody ts _kvawn as center ot_gaaxity (CG): sth % centyind ! Plone fig ug Cuch Os cquase, clycle, — taiaygle , tyaper} um ote: hove. ; all. mass: The centey of on ‘ ‘ Os _centsiod. ee a E in , : ues a Stal Posts ts_knmin as dads of stmmmetegs Te thes __homo gene. cose ex DY One? “a Tol neti enals_ tl anang jee ston co eS Bi eet Tle ol bon : eI asKe centroid. of composite. ines; — 3S sw hope \ | 2: | me oa | Quasaten Ciycle_ ave 2% 2% 3Z Je T : { 3 Semararxcubo ane 3 = #_Centroid of composite oaea > — oN: | shape aie \ Rectangle. 2: Taiangle M | es hy % quotes ciacle BR tI Ps ar_| rea t Sexi - circulot A 14%, | Le eer!BE Second moment _ of ineatia ~The _ product of ~080__ord its distance from Anos is” Korn as p37 Moment of areas TE this quantify 1s again multiplies RY the same distance, dhen thes yN—ablaned— 'S. called fhe second moment of areas Yn} b_mm*, cmt, amb ete: S Fixed eee of 0900. thout _Y-auiss O42 Ax A Steere cee fda —Elact iniinent of _ovrea about X= ans. Ox Ad = “ Second ynoment of area ave xd A and Fyt da ‘ = Efnoment of inevlia ‘ It con be 12 = Ania yoment of inertia 2 _folax_moment of ner tia «_ Anihas E ston - pean’ tt — When _ body moves os tendes to move “on Onother_ body 0 force opposing the motion develop __at the contact “surfaces. This Fice which oppose the motion ox tendency of motion is called. Faictional fore. xCouce of faction 1- The couse of the esishve —fosce of friction are _molecuiag abhesee” cuahace aap nestinl the sted, effect adnesion is the —moleculas_ -occe_baought into ctose contact with ‘each other tying to slide obsects spelt each other requis: ec heating these adesive bonds. Gia tages) — ; @__Griction helps us to walk: Faiction helps us 10 wate on the boaxd on on a p — popes ge (QD Backes makes uce of faiction +0 stop vehicles. @_. Friction helps to toonemit power from the aantors and engine to they machines *y-naing— _ use of pelts and clutches:Ar 38 Types of friction *- eS eens eee _.. Ft_is the follesing fro dupes ts — ® statle Friction — Us i pe pe © Dynamic Friction My ge a @_stotic fatetion '- Te fe phe. friction experienced _by a bode _. Whendt ic at sector in the othew words _ itis fhe tutetion phen. the body tends +o move: ® mic_friction t- Tt is the Puiction experienced — aby a body. When jt isin motion es te also Calig _ _Kinetic_faiction » These axe two ei _@ sliding Ffaictiont- TH ic the. dion experienced by 0 body vihen if d& clidec oves another body: ' _@. rere oO Pade i it a coll he chi jenc oyes the other et oe = of Da Fichton. & of ele» coulomb's ae or fav fc faction — Se amerie ee eeee aenal | a aa re Siting yalue is weduced the of fxiction is Senet eet to_the force whack tend move aS LH Hi | are Pe ee39 2 The maanttude of | iti ~ constant. mati to. oe _ two. surfaces, => The foscec_of friction depends on the aonahnecc samothineee af dhe unin ? 'nds_on the aoughness. or a) The Dice of fate tion 1S \ ‘pend, vate of “dhe aaa of contact surfaces: mete ; = ~ “ Friction beass O teaction between the * lows of kinetic ox _nynamic Euston > The fore of farction sll acts_in na dixection, 0 9posite to that in ae the body's moving « => ena a farictio e. a sconttanit Totio to the normal CEOS Sellen befueen_ the two_suxfaces _ But this vatio sit fg_tessthan that jn limiting faichion- of | >. For moder xco_of_fxiction_vemains ~canetaat « But * ceveoses lightly _yutth_ thet inereace 162 of — Speed. Sa ee 04 oO —% re is ~ Fate poral rea . Friction 40 the denoted by Ah ——— ot friction Tt Is : oan jee Ae E/N —— “Tabs ae Sie festlng fiction ~Wheve, Ft eficlent. of fatto STN EE eo it “peoctl0N between jhe, contact. ia m Wwewegnt OF The body |go eo ie Angle of Faictton * +o —The_ongle between. the sesultart” oF tynttin faction ay ond Abe normal teachin is key Os Ongle_ of factions © Foxee ace the Inctinced plane: © Foree acting hestzentolly ok af @ Force acting af came ongle with the ineli'ng Plane + Case be! s E O_ Minium Gea of, ) yuhich will “keep 7 -body in i \quilfbsium 1 when it ts at the point of Sliding oe downwards + ©) Masimum Proce Cfo) - when ull! keep the hed &4 wile nen ica the pled a 4 peal b or En ater 94JB2 Ate N pi Ps UN +] “& A _body, of weight 300N is lying on 0 vough posizenia! plane having 0 coefficient of Fric ton = 0 Find the magnitude. of the force +\hich can ~ ynove_the- bod nanile acting ot an te of 25° 40 eee inet niin, aan ~ — — fv 20 ~ ewe Peinas’ 20 = P “en Nz S004 Prot? =0 Serene vr NZ 300-0:42P 20 QE os ee = n P8o os Zfizo -* i Pcosos*-F=0 | : eee Tor P cosag*- WNZ0 zi an, PO9P = 0:3(300- 0:49 PJ #0 Eun ox; 0:9P —.90 = O26P Zo We goon ors Jep2@P- 90 =O or por6P> Jo- ar, Prgo e apn 1026 *Novi 990 singo' =p Zeyve0 N= Wie Gp N=wt lgosingn Zo i #fHE0 i N-WtJozo.. f cats N=EW- 90 ap —f ZFfH 2 OS ¢ a eae vei Ania) TS oa J) dolk+ Wi 1905 —_ tees tiicaay c — Se ee it Solving eg F -90c05 99' + 0 er, UN > 22 cosgg:The the tension in FBP ® the sopes Na rT. 1A Fa Ai 5 Ta: MN a A A & 2 + Fa= Ung Wp _condder block’! = Fy ~o = et Et OE Fn Tsina0% Ne wWa 0 sfiorg be T ~ oS + Ode T SD % OreT ENgo ld tO or, [-U6T= 0.3 m Ng Jost O rT: SBR oa ZF 20. - y som Tcosa0'- fy 20 Na cis mre kore os 6: 866 T- MINA REE pgs. #0 oF LET - BU ods 20 ~ -oes5 —Fp — ANA fea ee ee ~O3K 0 g5 ee = —~ mee ORM g Consider Block'B! 5 ~=- AVEO erence niacin, & a OE MN + UNG - p20 : a OSX 8 + 03x 285 -Pro = "VOWS + 0: 960 > 2 1 PF PRN. BD 3: : fg. = 119 8 Ex-- 3-4 = Aten, . Prin and Pray. 2 EBD Re 6 BG = st +. . a as z When Pic minim - sr > t ZFuyn-o ‘ N—sb0 costs*=0 * P+ IEN = 9 30 =o No 453-258 fo P+%36X4e3,¢ OW ZFxro : Ruz 48166 Nee - _? P+F — sDd.gin2s ; _ : -~Again _Case (51) £Fx to @ P- F-So0ginoce or, P— 0: 36x Hege3-Is - FD :30 20 on P= 944°434 =0 Ls Pane = BP 494 Ne A)— 8 OO # All_ the forces must be out gning, from co eel ae “pavof)— F Let BP, Q and & cs the _concucervent fosces in eqn libsium: os shown in fg: (a) ge Since the fore ave vector we Can move them to fapin «a! triangle. os shown "in fig. Os» Ops rv sihia tly Applying eine wwle we get i 1 ; i Hea ' fe Oe sgingo~B) “sinGasty)