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1st, Practical Lecture. (Density)

The document discusses methods for determining the density of liquids and solids. It describes how density is calculated by measuring the mass and volume of a substance. For liquids, mass and volume are measured directly using a graduated cylinder. For regularly shaped solids, geometric equations are used to calculate volume from physical measurements. Irregularly shaped solids have their volume determined through liquid displacement.

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31 views4 pages

1st, Practical Lecture. (Density)

The document discusses methods for determining the density of liquids and solids. It describes how density is calculated by measuring the mass and volume of a substance. For liquids, mass and volume are measured directly using a graduated cylinder. For regularly shaped solids, geometric equations are used to calculate volume from physical measurements. Irregularly shaped solids have their volume determined through liquid displacement.

Uploaded by

roshnarozhgar1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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10/28/2023

Density of Liquids and Solids


Organic Chemistry (Practical)
1st stage (2023-2024)
Department of Biology

Dr. Sangar Salih Ahmed

Density
➢Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its
volume.
➢The density of a substance can be used to identify a
liquid or solid.

❑The units of density are


normally expressed as g/mL
or g/cm3. (A mL and a cm3
are different expressions of
the same unit (1 mL = 1 cm3).

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10/28/2023

Density of liquid
➢ The density of a liquid can be determined by
weighing a known volume of the liquid.
➢ To determine the density of a sodium chloride
solution, first, weigh a clean, dry 10-mL graduated
cylinder. Next, sodium chloride solution is added to
the graduated cylinder and it is reweighed. The
volume of sodium chloride solution in the graduated
cylinder is recorded by reading the level of liquid in
the cylinder at the bottom of the meniscus.

Figure 1
Weighing an empty 10.0 mL graduated cylinder.

Figure 2
Weighing a 10.0 mL graduated cylinder
containing sodium chloride solution.

❑ Knowing the mass (42.639 g - 37.198 g = 5.441 g) and volume of the


sodium chloride solution (5.13 mL) in the graduated cylinder.
❑ The density of the solution is calculated to be (5.441 g / 5.13 mL =
1.06 g/mL).

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10/28/2023

Density of regular solid


➢ Solids can be regularly shaped (cylindrical, cubical, spherical, etc.) or
irregularly shaped. An object’s shape determines which of the
following two methods is used to determine its volume. The
dimensions of a regularly shaped object can be measured with a ruler
and the volume calculated using the appropriate geometric equation.
➢ A cylindrical rod of aluminum metal with its length and radius is
depicted In (Figure 3).

❖The metal’s volume can be calculated by measuring its


length (L) and its radius (r) using the geometric relationship
for the volume of a cylinder, V = πr2L, where V is volume
and π is 3.1416. If the aluminum rod has a mass of 29.7 g,
the density of aluminum can be calculated to be 2.7 g/cm3.

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10/28/2023

Density of irregular solid


❖ The volume of Irregularly shaped solids is most easily
determined by the displacement of water or some other
liquid.
❖ The solid (which must not react with the liquid and have a
density greater than the liquid) is placed in a calibrated
container (usually a graduated cylinder) containing measured
volume of the liquid. The solid will displace an amount of
liquid equal to its volume. The difference in the liquid’s
volume in the cylinder before and after the object is added is
equal to the volume of the irregularly shaped object.

100 mL graduated cylinder with the smallest calibration unit of 1 mL:


a) volume of water is 16.3 mL;
b) Meniscus indicates 18.7 mL after the addition of 20.837 grams of copper
shot.
❑ Therefore, the volume of the copper shot is (18.7-16.3 = 2.4 mL).
❑ From this data, the density of copper is determined to be (20.837/2.4 = 8.7
g/mL).

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