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The document outlines the process of measuring the density of irregular solids and liquids, building on previous knowledge of density measurement. It includes detailed instructions for practical activities, such as using a beam balance and measuring cylinders, to determine density through mass and volume calculations. Additionally, it explains the concept of relative density and provides examples of density calculations for various substances.
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and Measurement
(Theme : Previous leaming demonstrated the measurement of the density of regular solids. In this class
children will develop the ability to measure the density of an irregular solid and also of a given liquid.
They will also understand that due to the difference in the value of densities of a solid and liquid, a piece
of solid can float or sink in a liquid.
and effectively communicating the same.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Revising previous concepts learnt by children.
Building on children's previous learning.
Demonstrating the process of measurement of
density of an irregular solid.
Physical Quantities and Measurement
S
Mat > Demonstrating the process of measurement of
: : density of a liquid.
@ measure density of an irregular solid > Engaging children in practical tasks involving
@ Measure density of a liquid measurement of density of an irregular solid
« discuss the concept of floatation based on and a liquid
relative densities of solid and liquid > Engaging children (in group/pairs/individually)
«Xpress result of measurement in proper unit in an investigation to find out which object
with proper symbol floats in which liquid, given solids of different
« solve simple numerical problems based on densities and liquids of different densities.
formula of density This is to be followed by discussion.
« compare densities of matter in three states, » Guiding children to predict the result of the
solid, liquid and gas previous investigation and compare
@ Make careful observations including predictions with the outcomes.
measurements
» gather data using formal units
< make conclusions from collected data
@ make predictions using scientific knowledge > Measurement of density of irregular solids using:
+ Eurekacan + Measuring cylinder
Measurement of density of fluid:
+ Basic concept
+ Concept of floatation and sinking of a
substance (relate to density)
Comparison of densities in the three states of |
matter.
19DENSITY
Each body has a certain mass and a
definite volume. The volume occupied by a
body increases, if its mass is increased.
Similarly, the mass of a body increases on
increasing its volume. Further, it is found that
1. Equal masses of different substances
have different volumes. For example, the
volume of cotton is much larger than the
volume of an equal mass of lead. This
is because the particles of lead are
closely packed while those of cotton are
very loosely packed. In other words, lead
is denser than cotton.
2. Equal volumes of different substances
have different masses. For example, the
mass of iron is much more than the mass
of an equal volume of wood. This is
because the particles of iron are more
closely packed than those of the wood.
In other words, iron is denser than wood.
Thus, to explain that equal volumes of
different substances have different masses
or equal masses of different substances
have different volumes, we use a term
called density. It is defined as follows :
The density of a substance is its mass per
unit volume i.e.
Density of a substance
__ Mass of the substance
© Volume of the substance
The density of a substance is represented
by the symbol d. If mass of a substance is M
and its volume is V, its density will be
[=F]
UNIT OF DENSITY
“ i Unit of mass
Unit of density = Garrone
20
In the S.I. system, unit of mass is kg and
unit of volume is m*, so S.1. unit of density is
kg m°> (kilogram per cubic metre). In the
C.GS. system unit of mass is g and unit of
volume is cm3, so CGS unit of density is
g cm (gram per cubic centimetre).
Relationship between S.L and C.GS. units :
kg _1000g
Im? ~ (00cm)
Il
= ec
= jo00 2°"
Examples : 1. The mass of an iron cube
of volume 10 cm} is equal to 78 g.
Therefore, density of iron = 79.47
=7:8 gem.
2. The mass of 1 cm? of water is I g,
‘ 1
hence, density of water = —8; = 1 gem
lem
3. A piece of copper of mass 8-9 kg has
volume 0-001 m’, The density of copper
ee 3
is = Door? = 8000 ke me
1. The density of a substance does not change with
any change
2. Almost all substances expand on heating and
contract on cooling, but their mass does not change.
So, the density of a substance decreases with the
increase in temperature and increases with the decrease
in temperature. Exception is water which contracts on
heating from 0°C to 4°C and expands on heating above
4°C. So the density of water increases from 0°C to 4°C.
and then decreases above 4°C (ie. the density of water
is maximum at 4°C which is equal to 1000 kg m-3).
shape or size.
‘Concise PHYSICS — Middle School —DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF A
REGULAR SOLID
1, First measure the mass M of the given
regular solid by using a beam balance.
2. Now, to find the volume V of the given
regular solid, use the following formula :
Volume of a cube = (one side)?
Volume of a cuboid
= length x breadth x height
4
Volume of a sphere = 5 7 (radius)?
Volume of a cylinder = x (radius)? x height
(where 7 = 3-14)
The side of a cube or length, breadth and
height of a cuboid or radius of a sphere or
radius and height of a cylinder can be
measured with the use of a metre ruler.
3. Knowing mass M and volume V, calculate
density d of the substance of the given
regular body by using the formula
M
d=
For example, if mass of a cube of iron is
M=210¢
One side of cube = 3 cm
~. Volume of cube V = (one side)’
= (3)3 = 27 em}
wn M _ 210g
Density of =o=
ensity of iron d = 37 = 55
= 7-78 g m3
VESSELS FOR MEASURING VOLUME
In class VII, you have read that we use
different vessels for measuring the volume of
liquids. Some of the vessels are given below.
(i) Measuring eylinder : Itis made up of
glass or plastic and is graduated in
Physical Quantities and Measurement
(i)
(ii)
millilitre (mL) with its zero mark at the
bottom. The graduations then increase
upwards as shown in Fig. 2.1. We have
measuring cylinders available of
different capacities, such as 50 mL,
100 mL, 200 mL, 500 mL etc. The
capacity of a measuring cylinder is
marked on it.
Fig. 2.1 Measuring cylinder
Measuring beaker ; A measuring
beaker is made up of glass, plastic or
metal like aluminium. It is used to take
out a fixed volume of liquids (say milk,
oil, etc.) such as 50 mL, 100 mL,
200 mL, 500 mL, | litre from a large
container. The capacity of a measuring
beaker is marked on it.
ee £
Fig. 2.2 Measuring beakers
Eureka can : A Eureka can is a glass
(or polythene or metal) beaker with a
side opening near its mouth which is
known as spout. Thus, the beaker can
contain a volume of liquid up to the
spout. Any excess of liquid overflows
through the spout. It is shown in Fig. 2.3.
24Spout
Beaker
Fig. 2.3 Eureka can
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF AN
TRREGULAR SOLID
To determine the density of an irregular
solid, we have to measure its mass and volume.
The mass of the body is measured with the
help of a beam balance. To measure the volume
of the solid, we use the displacement method
i.e. a solid when immersed in a liquid,
displaces volume of liquid equal to its own
volume. The measurement of volume of an
irregular body by displacement method can be
understood by the following activities.
1, Measure the mass of the given solid using a common
beam balance. Note the mass. Let it be M gram.
2, Take a measuring cylinder. Fill it partly with
water as shown in Fig. 2.4 (a)
vec Lm
Te
(a) bo)
Fig. 24 Measurement of volume of a solid
using a measuring cylinder
. Note the level of water. Let it be V, mL.
4. Now, tie the given solid with a thread and gently
. Find the difference, V, ~ V,. It gives the volume
1. Take an Eureka can. Place the Eureka can on
lower the solid in water contained in the
measuring cylinder as shown in Fig. 2.4 (b).
Take care that no water splashes out. Note the
level of water again, Let it be V, mL.
V of the solid ie.
V=(V,-V,em?
Then, calculate the density of the solid by using
the following formula:
Mass M ,
=> gem
Density =
Volume
IfM =78g, V = 10 cm’, then
the table with a measuring cylinder under its
spout as shown in Fig. 2.5 (a). Pour water into
the can until it starts overflowing through the
spout. When the water has stopped dripping,
remove the measuring cylinder. Empty it, dry it
and again place it under the spout.
Now tie the given irregular solid by a thread.
Immerse the solid gently into the water contained
vet
Eurekacan Measuring Eureka can Measuring
@) cylinder a cylinder
Fig, 2.5 Measurement of volume of a solid
using Eureka can
Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8in the Eureka can as shown in Fig. 2.5(b). The solid
displaces water equal to its own volume which
overflows through the spout and gets collected in
the measuring cylinder, When water stops dripping
out through the spout, note the volume of water
collected in the measuring cylinder.
3. Dry the solid. Measure the mass M of the given
solid with a beam balance.
Let mass of solid M=310 g
Volume of solid V = volume of water collected
in the measuring cylinder = 40 m'
MassM
Volume V
310g
Density d=
=7-75 gem.
* 40cm?
DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF A
LIQUID
To determine the density of a liquid (say
milk, oil, etc.), its mass M is measured by a
common beam balance and its volume V is
measured by a measuring cylinder. Then
density is calculated by using the relation
a=M,
v
ACTIVITY 3
‘To determine the density of milk.
1. Take a beaker, Measure the mass of the empty
beaker using a common beam balance. Let the
mass be M, gram.
2. Now take a measuring cylinder and pour milk:
into it to a certain level say 50 mL.. Thus, volume
of milk V = 50 mL or 50 em’.
3. Transfer the milk into the empty beaker.
Measure its mass again. Let the mass of beaker
with milk be M, gram.
4, Find the difference My ~ M, which gives the
mass M of the milk. Thus, mass of the milk
M=(M,~M,) gram, Let M=515 gram,
Physical Quantities and Measurement
5. Calculate the density of milk using the following.
formula :
Density
DENSITY BOTTLE
A density bottle is a specially designed
bottle which is used to determine the density
of a liquid. Fig. 2.6 shows a density bottle.
It is a small glass bottle having a glass stopper
at its neck. The bottle can store a fixed
volume of a liquid. Generally the volume of
bottle is 25 mL or 50 mL. The stopper has a
narrow hole through it. When the bottle is
filled with the liquid and stopper is inserted,
the excess liquid rises through the hole and
drains out. Thus, the bottle always contains
the same volume of liquid each time when it
is filled.
Glass stopper
Hote.
|— class tote
Fig. 2.6 Density bottle
Note : 1. Since the density of water is
1 g cnr, so the mass (in g) of water needed
to fill the bottle completely, will give the
volume (in mL) of bottle.
2. Nowadays, it is not named as specific
gravity bottle.DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF A
LIQUID USING THE DENSITY BOTTLE
To determine the density of a liquid
using the density bottle, we have to measure
the mass of liquid and mass of water taken
in it by using the common balance, the mass
of water in the density bottle gives the volume
of liquid.
This can be understood by the following
activity.
=> Genivens .) ——§+m
‘To determine the density of a
density bottle.
1, First wash the bottle and dry it. Then measure
the mass of empty bottle usin
Let the mass be M, g.
2. Remove the stopper of the bottle and fill it with
water, Replace the stopper. Wipe the outside of
the bottle dry. Measure its mass again. Let the
mass be M, g.
3, Empty the bottle and dry it. Now fill the bottle
with the given liquid. Replace the stopper. Wipe
the outside of the bottle dry. Measure its mass
again. Let the mass be M, g.
a beam balance.
4, Calculate the mass of water (M,~ M,) and the
mass of liquid (M, ~ M,). Since density of water
is 1 gem, the mass of water contained in bottle
gives the volume of bottle.
‘Thus, mass of liquid = (M, ~ M,) g and volume
of liquid = (M,~_M,) em’
. Mass of liquid
. Density of liquid = Volume of liquid
(M3 —M))g
= (M, -M,)em?
For example,
Mass of empty bottle M, = 30 g
Mass of bottle filled with water M, = 60 ¢
Mass of bottle filled with liquid M, = 54 ¢
24
The mass of liquid M = 54 g-30g= 24g
Volume of liquid V = 60 — 30 = 30 em3
ee M_ 24g
Density of liquid = 5 = 3555.7
=08 gem
RELATIVE DENSITY
The relative density of a substance is
defined as the ratio of the density of the
substance to the density of water. The symbol
used for relative density is R.D. Thus,
Relative density of a substance
Density of the substance
EP. Density of water
For example, density of iron is 78 ¢ cm
and density of water is 1 g cm™. Hence,
Relative density of iron
Densityof iron
Density of water
78g0m"
Igem> ~
But density of a substance is the mass of
1 cm} of that substance, therefore we can also
express the relative density of a substance as
follows :
0
Relative density of a substance
Mass of I cm’ of the substance
Mass of Icm’ of water
Mass of V cm’ of the subst
Mass of V cm’ of water
Mass of any volumeof the substance
Mass of the same volume of water
Thus, relative density of a substance can
also be defined as the ratio of the mass of any
volume of the substance to the mass of an
equal volume of water.
‘Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8For example, if we say that the relative
density of iron is 7-8, we mean that a piece
of iron of any volume has mass 7-8 times that
of an equal volume of water.
UNIT OF RELATIVE DENSITY
Relative density is just a number. It has
no unit. It is a dimensionless quantity. It is a
ratio of same quantities.
MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE DENSITY
OF A LIQUID
The relative density of a liquid is
measured by using a density bottle. Thi:
be understood by the following acti
To determine the relative density of a liquid using
a density bottle.
1. Take an empty dry density bottle. Find its mass
M, g by using a beam balance.
2. Now fill the bottle completely with water and
insert the stopper. The extra water overflows
through the hole in the stopper. Dry the outer
surface with a blotting paper and then measure
the mass of bottle again on a beam balance.
Suppose, the mass is M; g.
3. Now empty the bottle and dry it. Fill the bottle
again completely with the given liquid, and insert
the stopper. Again, the extra liquid, if any, will
overflow through the hole in the stopper. Dry and
‘measure the mass of bottle again. Suppose the
mass now is M, g. Thus
Mass of empty boitle = M, ¢
Mass of botile + water = M, g
Mass of bottle + liquid = M,
Mass of water = (M)~M,) &
Mass of liquid = (M,~M,) g
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Relative density of liq
Mi
1. Density bottle measures the relative density of a
ii
2. Since density of water is | g cm, so density of
a substance in g cm™>
= relative density of the substance.
3. Since density of water is 1000 kg m3, so density
of a substance in kg m3
=1000 x relative density of that substance.
4, Specific gravity usually means relative density with
respect to water.
DENSITY OF A SUBSTANCE IN ITS
DIFFERENT STATES
A substance can exist in three states
(i) solid, (ii) liquid and (iii) gas. For example,
ice, water and steam are the three states of the
same substance, water. According to the
molecular model, we have read that the
molecules of a solid are closely packed,
molecules of a liquid are loosely packed while
those of a gas are very loosely packed. Therefore,
a substance is highly dense in solid state, less
25Density and Relative density of some common substances
Substance Density Relative density
in g em? in kg m3
Solid
0-25 250 0.25
07 700 07
0-92 920 0-92
1.97 1970 1.97
27 2700 27
78 7800 78
Brass 84 8400 84
Silver 10.3 10300 103
Lead 1s 11500 15
Liquid
Turpentine oil 087 870 0:87
Alcohol 08 800 08
Water 10 1000 10
Milk 1.03 1030 1.03
Glycerine 1:26 1260 1-26
Mercury B6 13600 13.6
dense in liquid state and still less dense in
gaseous state. Thus, the density of a substance
in solid state is more than that in liquid state
and density of a substance in liquid state is
more than that in gaseous state.
Exception : The density of ice is less than
water. The density of ice is 0-917 g cm™,
that of water is 1.00 g cm™ and that of steam
is 0-00057 g m=.
The table above gives the density and
relative density of some common substances.
FLOATING AND SINKING
If we place a piece of cork and an iron
nail on the surface of water, we notice that the
cork floats while the nail sinks. This is because
26
----- === Concise PHYSIC Middle School
the density of cork is less than the density of
water, while the density of iron (of which the
nail is made up of) is more than the density
of water, Thus, a body floats on a liquid if its
density is less than the density of the liquid,
while a body sinks in a liquid if its density is
more than the density of the liquid,
Some examples :
1. A solid iron ball with a density of
7-86 g cm® will sink in water which has
a density of 1-0 g cm”. The same iron
ball will float in mercury which has a
density of 13-6 g cm*.
2. A small cork will float on water because
the density of cork is less than thedensity of water, whereas an iron nail
will sink in water because the density of
iron nail is more than the density of
water.
PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION
When a body is immersed in a liquid, the
following two forces act on it :
(1) The weight of the body W acting
vertically downwards. This force has a
tendency to sink the body.
(2) The buoyant force of the liquid F,
acting vertically upwards. The buoyant
force is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by the immersed part of the
body. This force has a tendency to move
the body up. This is why buoyant force
is also called upthrust.
Now there can be the following three
possibilities :
Case 1 : The weight of the body W is
greater than the buoyant force Fy. In this
case, the resultant force on the body is
(W — Fg) which acts downwards. The body
will sink in the liquid to the bottom under the
influence of the resultant force (W — F,). This.
is shown in Fig. 2.7. This happens when the
density of the solid is greater than the density
of the liquid.
w
Fig. 2.7 When density of body is greater
than the density of liquid, the body sinks
Case 2 : The weight of the body W is equal
to the buoyant force Fy. In this case, the
Physical Quantities and Measurement
resultant force on the body 1s zero, ie. the
apparent weight of the body is zero. The body
will float just inside the surface of liquid. This
is shown in Fig. 2.8. This happens when the
density of the solid is equal to the density of
the liquid.
fF
Fig. 2.8 When density of body is equal to the
density of liquid, the body floats just inside the
liquid surface
Case 3 : The weight of the body W is less
than the buoyant force. In this case, the
resultant force acts on the body upwards. The
body will float partially above the surface of
liquid. Only that much portion of the body will
immerse inside the liquid by which the weight
of the liquid displaced Fy balances the total
weight of the body. This is shown in Fig. 2.9.
This happens when the density of the solid is
less than the density of the liquid. Now while
floating, F, = W, so apparent weight is zero.
Fig. 2.9 The body floats partly submerged when
density of body is less than the density of liquid
Thus, a body of density greater than the
density of liquid, sinks inside the liquid, while
a body of density equal or less than the
density of liquid, floats on the liquid.
27‘The dependence of a solid/liquid on its
density to float/sink in a liquid can be
understood by the following activity.
p>—_—Cacanis) enn
1. Take a cork, a piece of wood, an ice cube, an iron
nail, a small brass coin as solids. Take water,
turpentine and glycerine in different beakers as
liquids, Label the beakers as A, B and C.
2. Place each solid one by one on the surface of
liquid contained in beaker A. Note whether the
solid sinks or floats. Record your observations.
3. Repeat step 2 with the liquid of beaker B and C
respectively.
Beaker | Cork | Wood | Ice | Iron | Coin
Water
‘Turpentine
Glycerine
From the table of density of some substances,
record the density of solids and liquids used
above.
part 1s equal to the total weight of the body.
This is the law of floatation, ie. while
floating,
Weight of the floating body = Weight of
the liquid displaced by its immersed part (i
buoyant force).
In other words, according to the law of
floatation, the apparent weight of a floating
body is zero. A body floats with its major
portion outside the surface of a liquid of
higher density than that of a liquid of low
density. This can be demonstrated by the
following activity.
=>——Caeriviry 7)
1. Take two identical small blocks of wood. Label
themas A and B. Take water in a beaker labelled
as P and glycerine in another beaker labelled
asQ.
2. Place the wooden block A on the surface of water
in beaker P and the wooden block B on the
surface of glycerine in beaker Q (Fig. 2.10).
B
Relate your observations of sinking or floating
of a solid in a liquid with their densities. What
do you conclude ?
Conclusio:
LAW OF FLOATATION
When a body floats in a liquid, the
weight of the liquid displaced by its immersed
28
Density of solid Density of liquid a
Cork Water
Wood Turpentine
ee Glycerine
Iron
Brass
a re 7" Bt ¢
Fig. 2.10 Less portion of wood submerged in
glycerine than in water, while floating
You will notice that both the blocks A and B float.
The block A floats in water with its less portion
outside the water surface than the block B which has
its major portion outside glycerine surface.
Conclusion :
1. The density of wood is less than the density of
water as well as the density of glycerine,
2. The density of glycerine is more than the density
of water.
Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8SOME APPLICATIONS OF FLOATATION
(i) Floatation of an iron ship : A nail
made of iron sinks in water, but a ship
made of iron does not. The reason is
that a nail is solid and the density of
iron is greater than that of water. The
weight of the nail is more than the
buoyant force of water on it. So the nail
sinks in water. On the other hand, the
ship is hollow and its empty space
contains air. This makes the average
density of ship less than that of water.
Therefore, a ship floats on water.
(ii) Floatation of man : Itiseasier for aperson
to swim in sea water than in river water.
‘The reason is that sea water contains salt
and so its density is more than the density
of river water. The weight of a man gets
balanced by the less immersed part of
his body in sea water as compared to
that in river water. Thus, it is easier to
swim in sea water than in river water.
(iii) Floatation of ice on water : A piece of
5 , 9
ice floats on water with its jolt part
inside the water and only <&th part of
it outside the water. The reason is that
the density of ice is 0-9 g cm™ (or
900 kg mr) while the density of water
is 1 gcm* (or 1000 kg m*). Hence, the
weight of water displaced by tn part
of ice immersed inside water becomes
equal to the total weight of the ice piece.
(iy) Submarine: A submarine can be made
to dive or to rise to the surface of water
as and when desired. The reason is that
a submarine is a water-tight boat which
can travel under water like a ship
Water tank Water tank
Fig. 2.11 A submarine
(Fig. 2.11). A submarine is provided
with water tanks. To make the
submarine dive, the tanks are filled with
water so that the average density of the
submarine becomes greater than the
density of sea water and it sinks. To
make the submarine rise to the surface
of water, these tanks are emptied. This
makes the average density of the
submarine less than the density of sea
water, so the submarine rises up to the
surface of water.
(y) Icebergs : Very huge and large pieces
of ice floating on sea water, are called
icebergs. They are dangerous for ships.
The reason is that the density of ice is
less than the density of sea water. The
density of ice is 0-9 g cm and the
density of sea water is 1.02 ¢ em>.
Hence, an iceberg floats in sea water with
its large portion submerged inside the
water and only a little portion of it is
above the surface of water (Fig. 2.12).
Iceberg
TL
Fig. 2.12 An iceberg floating on sea water
Physical Quantities and Measurement 29Thus, aship can collide with the invisible:
part of iceberg under the surface of water.
Hence, it is dangerous for ships.
(vi) Whales : The whales can sink or rise
at their will. Whales are sea animals.
They have a special organ in their body
which is called swim bladder. In order
to come to the surface of water, they
fill the bladder with air. This decreases
the average density of the whale and so
it rises to the surface. To dive into the
sea, they empty the bladder. This
increases the average density of the
whale and it goes down.
(vii) Balloons : A hydrogen or helium filled
balloon rises in air. The reason is that
the density of these gases is less than
the density of air. Therefore, the
buoyant force experienced by the
balloon due to air, becomes greater than
the weight of the balloon. Hence, the
balloon rises up under the influence of
the net upward force.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A block of glass is 30 cm long, 25 cm
wide and has a thickness of 2 cm. Find
its density if its mass is 7-5 kg.
Solution : Volume of glass block
= length x breadth x thickness
= 30 cm x 25 cm x 2 cm
= 1500 cm’
Mass of block = 7:5 kg = 7500 g
M
Density d = —~
ensity d = 77
30 (Concise PHYSICS — Middle School —
2. A piece of iron of volume 30 cm” has a
mass of 234 g. Find the density of iron.
Solution : Given, mass M = 234 g¢
Volume V = 30 cm*
M
Density d = <>
_ 234
~ 30cm"
3. The mass of 10 cmé of silver is 103 g.
Find : (a) the density of silver in kg m™,
(b) relative density of silver. State the
assumption made in part (b).
Solution : Given, mass M = 103 g and
volume V = 10 cm
M
v
=78 gcm>.
(a) Density d=
_ 103g
~ 10 cm’
= 10:3 x 1000 kg m?
= 10300 kg m3,
(b) Relative density of silver
Density of silver
= Density of water
= 103 gem
10300 kg m*
= Fo00ke m= = 103
Assumption : The density of water is
1000 kg m?.
4. A piece of iron when immersed in water
taken in a Eureka can displaces 25 mL
of water. Its mass is 195 g. Find the
density of iron in kg m°.
Solution : Given, Mass of iron piece M = 195 g
= 0.195 kg
Volume of iron piece, V
= volume of water displaced
= 25 cm’ = 25 x 10% m>Solution
Density of iron d =
<|z
0-195 kg
~ 25x10% m?
= 7800 kg m*.
5. A block of silver displaces 200 mL of
water in a measuring cylinder. If the
density of silver is 10300 kg m™, find the
mass of block.
Given,
d = 10300 kg m?
Volume of block V
= volume of water displaced
density of silver
or V = 200 cm‘ = 200 x 10° m*
. M
Since =y
Mass of block M = V x d
= (200 x 10% m?) x (10300 kg m)
2.06 kg.
6. The mass of a copper piece is 44 g. A
measuring cylinder contains water to a
level of 12 mL. The water level rises to
17 mL mark when the copper piece
dipped in the measuring cylinder. Find :
(i) the volume of copper piece, and
(ii) the density of copper.
Solution : Given : Initial level of water
V, = 12 mL. Final level of water V, = 17 mL.
Mass M = 44 g
Volume of copper piece V = V,- V,
= 17-12=5 mL (or 5 cm’)
: M_ 44g
Density of copper d= 45 = 5s
=88 gem)
7. The mass of density bottle is 51-50 g
when empty, 76-50 g when full of water
and 71-85 g when full of an oil. Find :
(a) capacity of density bottle, and
(b) density of oil.
Solution : Given, Mass of empty density
bottle M, = 51-50 ¢
8.
Mass of bottle with water M, = 76:50 g
and mass of bottle with oil M= 71-85 g¢
(a) Mass of water in bottle = M,- M,
= 76-50 — 51-50 = 25-00 ¢
Since density of water is 1 g cm™,
therefore, capacity of density bottle
V = 25-00 mL.
(b) Mass of oil in bottle M = M,—M,
= 71-85 — 51-50 = 20-35 g¢
Density of oil d
Mass of oil M 8
_ MassofoilM_ _ 2035g —
= Vouumeof oll V ~ 25am? ~ 08l4 Bem"
The mass of a density bottle is 35 g
when empty, 65 g when filled with water,
and 59 g when filled with alcohol. Find
the relative density of alcohol.
Solution : Given, Mass of empty density
bottle M, = 35 g
9.
M:
of bottle + water M, = 65 g
Mass of bottle + alcohol M, = 59 g
Relative density of alcohol
Mass of alcohol
© Mass of equal volume of water
M;-M, 59-35 _ 24
M,-M, = 65=35 ~ 30 798
The table below gives the density of
some solids and liquids. For each solid,
list the name of liquids in which that
solid will (a) float, (b) sink.
Physical Quantities and Measurement 31Solid Density | Liquid Density (ii) Wood — (a) floats on mercury, water
in kg m* in kg m* and glycerine
1s fron 7300 | Mercury | 13600 (b) sinks in none.
2. Wood 700 Water 1000 (iii) Cork — (a) floats on mercury, water
3. Cork 250 Glycerine | 1260 and glycerine
(i) Iron— (a) floats on mercury (b) Sinks antag
(b) sinks in water and
glycerine.
rg
Equal masses of different substances have different volumes.
Equal volumes of different substances have different masses.
‘The density of a substance is defined as the mass of a unit volume of that substance.
vvy
Ifa body has mass M and volume V, its density dis given as
Mass . . Mass
«Mass = Volume x Density, Volume = enciny
2
Density = Joes
vvv
The S.L. unit of density is kg m-3 and the C.GS. unit is g en
1g cnr = 1000 kg mr
‘The density of a substance is not changed by the change in its size or shape.
‘The density of a substance decreases with increase in its temperature if the substance expands on heating. This
decrease is more in gases, less in liquids and still less in solids for the same rise in temperature. However, the
density of water increases when heated from 0°C to 4°C and then decreases when heated above 4°C.
> The density of a substance is more in its solid state, less in liquid state and stil less in its gaseous state, Exception
is ice whose density is less than the density of water.
A density bottle is a sp
relative density of a liquid.
The relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water.
Thus,
VVY
Vv
ly designed bottle to store a fixed volume ot
uid. It is used to find the density and
y
Density of the substance
Density of water
The relative density of a substance is the ratio of the mass of any volume of the substance to the mass of an
equal volume of water.
Relative density of a substance =
v
v
‘The relative density is just a number. It has no unit as it is a ratio of same quantities.
When a body is partially or completely immersed in a liquid, it experiences an upward force due to the liquid
which is called buoyant force or upthrust.
The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body.
When a body is immersed in a liquid, the buoyant force on it depends on : (i) the volume of the bod!
in the liquid (larger the volume of the body immersed in a liquid, greater is the buoyant force). (ii) the density
of the liquid in which the body is immersed (more the density of liquid, greater is the buoyant force).
Vv
v
32 -— 4 Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8vv
v
If the density of body is more than the density of liquid, the body sinks.
If the density of body is equal to or less than the density of liquid, the body floats.
A body floats with only that much portion of it submerged inside the liquid by which the weight of the liquid
displaced (or buoyant force) balances the total weight of the body.
by its submerged part (i.e., buoyant force on it).
> The apparent weight of a floating body is zero.
More the density of liquid, more is the portion of the floating body outside the surface of liquid.
If-abody floats in different liquids, its different volumes get submerged in different liquids, but in each liquid
the weight of liquid displaced by the sumberged part of body (i.
weight on the body).
According to the law of floatation, the weight of a floating body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced
bbuyoant force) remains same (equal to the
A. Objective Questions :
1.
Write true or false for each statement :
(a) Equal volumes of two different substances
have equal masses.
(b) The density of « piece of brass will change
by changing its size or shape.
(©) The density of a liquid decreases with
increase in its temperature.
(@)_ Relative density of water is 1-0.
(c) Relative density of a substance is expressed
in gem™,
(f) When a body is immersed in a liquid, the
buoyant force experienced by the body is
equal to the volume of the liquid displaced
by it,
(g) A body experiences the same buoyant force
while floating in water or alcohol.
(h) A body experiences the same buoyant force
when it floats or sinks in water.
(i) A body floats in a liquid when its weight
becomes equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by its submerged part.
(A body while floating, sinks deeper in a
liquid of low density than in a liquid of high
density.
wns: True—(c), @, (g), @, G)
False—(a), (b), (e), (f), (h)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
. Fill in the blanks :
(a) 1 kg is the mass of mL of water
aac.
(b) Mass = density x .
(c) The S.1. unit of density is ......
(d)_ Density of water i kg me,
() 1gem*
kg m3,
(The density of a body which sinks in water
8 sa than 1000 kg m°*.
(g) A body sinks in a liquid A, but floats in a
liquid B. ‘The density of liquid A i on
than the density of liquid B.
(h) A body X sinks in water, but a body Y floats
on water, The density of the body X is
than the density of body Y.
(i) The buoyant force experienced by a body
when floating in salt-water see that
when floating in pure water.
(i) The eis of a body floating in a liquid is
Ans: (a) 1000 (b) volume (c) kg m= (d) 1000.
(©) 1000 (f) more (g) less (h) more
{i) equal to (j) zero
333. Match the following :
Column A Column B
(@) kg m3 Gi) relative density
(b) No unit
(c) Relative density
(a) ron
(©) Wood
(iv) density
(v) density bottle
Ans: (a)-(iv), (b)-(), (&}-(v), (d)-(ii), (€)(iii)
4. Select the correct alt
ative
(a) The correct relation is
(i) Density = Mass x Volume
(ii), Mass.
(iii) Volume = Density x Mass
Density % Volume
(iv) Density = Mass + Volume
(b) The relative density of alcohol is 0-8. Its
density is
@ 08 (ii) 800 kg m3
(iii) 800 g em (iv) 08 kg m3
(©) A block of wood of density 0-8 g cm has
a volume of 60 m*. The mass of bloc
@ 608 g ii) 5g
(iii) 48g (iv) 0013 g
(d)The density of aluminium is 2-7 g cm
and that of brass 8-4 g cm. The correct
statement
(Equal masses of aluminium and brass
have equal volumes
(ii) The mass of a certain volume of brass
is more than the mass of equal volume
of aluminium
The volume of a certain mass of brass
is more than the volume of equal mass
of aluminium,
(iii)
(iv) Equal volumes of aluminium and brass
have equal mass
(e)A density bottle has a marking 25 mL on it,
It means that :
(the mass of density bottle is 25 g
(ii) the density bottle will store 25 mL of
any liquid in it
Gii)_ the density bottle will store 25 mL of
water, but more volume of | liquid
denser than water
(iv) the density bottle will store 25 mL of
water, but more volume of a liquid
lighter than water.
(D The correct statement
(i) The buoyant force on a body is equal
to the volume of the liquid displaced
by it,
(ii) The buoyant force on a body is equal
to the volume of the body.
The buoyant force on a body is equal
to the weight of the liquid displaced by
it,
(iii)
(iv) The buoyant force on a body is always
equal to the weight of the body.
(g) A piece of wood floats on water. The buoyant
force on wood will be :
(i) zero
(ii) more than the weight of the wood
piece
(iii) equal to the weight of the wood piece
(iv) less than the weight of the wood piece.
(h) The weight of a body is more than the
buoyant force experienced by it, due to a
liquid. The body w
@ Kk
(ii) float with its some part outside the
liquid
float just below the surface of liquid
float with whole of its volume above
the surface of liquid.
Ans: (a)(ii), (b)-(ii), (oii), (A)
(iii),
ii)
(iv)
(Gi),
|, (g)-Gii), (h(i)
B. Short/Long Answer Questions :
lL.
2
Define the term density of a substance,
Name the $.1. unit of density. How is it related
to gem?
The density of brass is 8-4 g em™, What do you
mean by this statement ?
‘Concise PHYSICS — Middle School10.
A
12,
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Arrange the following substances in order of their
increasing density :
Iron, Cork, Brass, Water, Mercury.
How does the density of a liquid (or gas) vary
with temperature ?
A given quantity of a liquid is heated. Which of
the following quantity will vary and how ?
(a) mass, (b) volume or (c) density.
Describe an experiment to determine the density
of the material of a coin.
Describe an experiment to determine the density
of a liquid.
What is a density bottle ? How is it used to find
the density of a liquid ?
Define the term relative density of a substance.
What is the unit of relative density ?
Distinguish between density and relative
density.
Explain the meaning of the statement ‘Relative
density of aluminium is 2-7".
How does the density of a body and that of a
liquid determine whether the body will float or
sink into that liquid ?
A cork piece floats on water surface while an
iron nail sinks in it. Explain the reason.
Which of the following will sink or float on
water ? (Density of water = 1 g em”)
(a) Body A having density 500 kg m~*
(b) Body B having density 2520 kg mr
(c) Body C having density 1100 kg m=?
(d) Body D having density 0-85 g em.
Ans: Sink-(b) and (c), Float-(a) and (d)
State the law of floatation ?
The density of water is 1-0 g cm™. The density
of iron is 7-8 g cm, The density of mercury is
13.6 g em, Answer the following :
(a) Will a piece of iron float or sink in water ?
(b) Will a piece of iron float or sink in mercury ?
19.
20.
2
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
The
‘The diagram given below shows a body floating
in three different liquids A, B and C at different
levels.
(a) In which liquid does the body experience the
greatest buoyant force ?
(b) Which liquid has the least density ?
(c) Which liquid has the highest density ?
7 cr [
Liquid A
Liquid 8
guid
Fig. 2.13
Ans: (a) same in each, (b) A, (©) C
For a floating body, how is its weight related to
the buoyant force ?
Why does a piece of ice float on water ?
Explain why an iron needle sinks in water, but a
ship made of iron floats on water.
It is easier to swim in sea water than in river
water. Explain the reason.
Icebergs floating on sea water are dangerous for
ships. Explain the reason.
Explain why itis easier to lift a stone under water
than in air,
What is a submarine ? How can it be made to
dive in water and come to the surface of water ?
A balloon filled with hydrogen rises in air.
Explain the reason.
C. Numericals :
1
‘The density of air is 1-28 g litre~!. Express it in :
(a) gem (b) kg m*.
Ans: (a) 0.00128 g cm’ (b) 1-28 kg m™>
35.2. The dimensions of a hall are 10 m x 7 mx 5 m.
If the density of air is 1-11 kg m”, find the mass
of air in the hall.
Ans: 388-5 kg
3. The density of aluminium is 2-7 g em-3, Express
it in kg mr’,
Ans: 2700 kg m3
4, The density of alcohol is 600 kgm”. Express it
in g cm
Ans: 0-60 g cm?
5. A piece of zine of mass 438-6 g has a volume of
86 cm’, Calculate the density of zinc.
Ans: 5-1 g cm}
6. A piece of wood of mass 150 g has a volume of
200 cm*. Find the density of wood in
(a) C.GS. unit, (b) SL. unit.
Ans: (a) 0-75 g em, (b) 750 kg m3
7. Calculate the volume of wood of mass 6000 kg
if the density of wood is 0-8 g cm,
Ans: 7-5 m*
8. Calculate the density of a solid from the following
data :
(a) Mass of solid = 72
(b)Initial volume of water in measuring cylinder
= 24 mL
Collect some objects like cork, allpin, rubber, piece of wood, piece of plastic at your home.
Take water, oil, milk, sugar solutions in separate beakers. Place each object one by one, on
the surface of liquids taken into the beakers and see whether the object sinks or floats in
that liquid. Record your observations and based on them, compare the densities of the objects
and liquids.
(©) Final volume of water when solid is
completely immersed in water = 42 mL
Ans.: 4-0 g em?
9. The mass of an empty density bottle is 21-8 g,
when filled completely with water it is 41-8
and when filled completely with liquid it is
40.6 g. Find:
(a) the volume of density bottle
(b) the relative density of liquid.
Ans: (a) 20 mL, (b) 094
10. From the following observations, calculate the
density and relative density of a brine solution.
Mass of empty density bottle = 22 g
Mass of bottle + water = 50 g
Mass of bottle + brine solution = 54 g
Ans: Density = 1-14 g cm, relative density = 1-14
11. ‘The mass of an empty density bottle is 30 g, itis
75 g when filled completely with water and 65 g
when filled completely with a liquid, Find :
(a) volume of density bottle,
(b) density of liquid, and
(c) relative density of liquid.
Ans: (a) 45 mL (6) 0:77 g cm” (c) 0-77
Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8