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Ch-2 Physical Quantities and Measurement

The document outlines the process of measuring the density of irregular solids and liquids, building on previous knowledge of density measurement. It includes detailed instructions for practical activities, such as using a beam balance and measuring cylinders, to determine density through mass and volume calculations. Additionally, it explains the concept of relative density and provides examples of density calculations for various substances.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views18 pages

Ch-2 Physical Quantities and Measurement

The document outlines the process of measuring the density of irregular solids and liquids, building on previous knowledge of density measurement. It includes detailed instructions for practical activities, such as using a beam balance and measuring cylinders, to determine density through mass and volume calculations. Additionally, it explains the concept of relative density and provides examples of density calculations for various substances.

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handaruhaan
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Physical Quantities and Measurement (Theme : Previous leaming demonstrated the measurement of the density of regular solids. In this class children will develop the ability to measure the density of an irregular solid and also of a given liquid. They will also understand that due to the difference in the value of densities of a solid and liquid, a piece of solid can float or sink in a liquid. and effectively communicating the same. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Revising previous concepts learnt by children. Building on children's previous learning. Demonstrating the process of measurement of density of an irregular solid. Physical Quantities and Measurement S Mat > Demonstrating the process of measurement of : : density of a liquid. @ measure density of an irregular solid > Engaging children in practical tasks involving @ Measure density of a liquid measurement of density of an irregular solid « discuss the concept of floatation based on and a liquid relative densities of solid and liquid > Engaging children (in group/pairs/individually) «Xpress result of measurement in proper unit in an investigation to find out which object with proper symbol floats in which liquid, given solids of different « solve simple numerical problems based on densities and liquids of different densities. formula of density This is to be followed by discussion. « compare densities of matter in three states, » Guiding children to predict the result of the solid, liquid and gas previous investigation and compare @ Make careful observations including predictions with the outcomes. measurements » gather data using formal units < make conclusions from collected data @ make predictions using scientific knowledge > Measurement of density of irregular solids using: + Eurekacan + Measuring cylinder Measurement of density of fluid: + Basic concept + Concept of floatation and sinking of a substance (relate to density) Comparison of densities in the three states of | matter. 19 DENSITY Each body has a certain mass and a definite volume. The volume occupied by a body increases, if its mass is increased. Similarly, the mass of a body increases on increasing its volume. Further, it is found that 1. Equal masses of different substances have different volumes. For example, the volume of cotton is much larger than the volume of an equal mass of lead. This is because the particles of lead are closely packed while those of cotton are very loosely packed. In other words, lead is denser than cotton. 2. Equal volumes of different substances have different masses. For example, the mass of iron is much more than the mass of an equal volume of wood. This is because the particles of iron are more closely packed than those of the wood. In other words, iron is denser than wood. Thus, to explain that equal volumes of different substances have different masses or equal masses of different substances have different volumes, we use a term called density. It is defined as follows : The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume i.e. Density of a substance __ Mass of the substance © Volume of the substance The density of a substance is represented by the symbol d. If mass of a substance is M and its volume is V, its density will be [=F] UNIT OF DENSITY “ i Unit of mass Unit of density = Garrone 20 In the S.I. system, unit of mass is kg and unit of volume is m*, so S.1. unit of density is kg m°> (kilogram per cubic metre). In the C.GS. system unit of mass is g and unit of volume is cm3, so CGS unit of density is g cm (gram per cubic centimetre). Relationship between S.L and C.GS. units : kg _1000g Im? ~ (00cm) Il = ec = jo00 2°" Examples : 1. The mass of an iron cube of volume 10 cm} is equal to 78 g. Therefore, density of iron = 79.47 =7:8 gem. 2. The mass of 1 cm? of water is I g, ‘ 1 hence, density of water = —8; = 1 gem lem 3. A piece of copper of mass 8-9 kg has volume 0-001 m’, The density of copper ee 3 is = Door? = 8000 ke me 1. The density of a substance does not change with any change 2. Almost all substances expand on heating and contract on cooling, but their mass does not change. So, the density of a substance decreases with the increase in temperature and increases with the decrease in temperature. Exception is water which contracts on heating from 0°C to 4°C and expands on heating above 4°C. So the density of water increases from 0°C to 4°C. and then decreases above 4°C (ie. the density of water is maximum at 4°C which is equal to 1000 kg m-3). shape or size. ‘Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF A REGULAR SOLID 1, First measure the mass M of the given regular solid by using a beam balance. 2. Now, to find the volume V of the given regular solid, use the following formula : Volume of a cube = (one side)? Volume of a cuboid = length x breadth x height 4 Volume of a sphere = 5 7 (radius)? Volume of a cylinder = x (radius)? x height (where 7 = 3-14) The side of a cube or length, breadth and height of a cuboid or radius of a sphere or radius and height of a cylinder can be measured with the use of a metre ruler. 3. Knowing mass M and volume V, calculate density d of the substance of the given regular body by using the formula M d= For example, if mass of a cube of iron is M=210¢ One side of cube = 3 cm ~. Volume of cube V = (one side)’ = (3)3 = 27 em} wn M _ 210g Density of =o= ensity of iron d = 37 = 55 = 7-78 g m3 VESSELS FOR MEASURING VOLUME In class VII, you have read that we use different vessels for measuring the volume of liquids. Some of the vessels are given below. (i) Measuring eylinder : Itis made up of glass or plastic and is graduated in Physical Quantities and Measurement (i) (ii) millilitre (mL) with its zero mark at the bottom. The graduations then increase upwards as shown in Fig. 2.1. We have measuring cylinders available of different capacities, such as 50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL, 500 mL etc. The capacity of a measuring cylinder is marked on it. Fig. 2.1 Measuring cylinder Measuring beaker ; A measuring beaker is made up of glass, plastic or metal like aluminium. It is used to take out a fixed volume of liquids (say milk, oil, etc.) such as 50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL, 500 mL, | litre from a large container. The capacity of a measuring beaker is marked on it. ee £ Fig. 2.2 Measuring beakers Eureka can : A Eureka can is a glass (or polythene or metal) beaker with a side opening near its mouth which is known as spout. Thus, the beaker can contain a volume of liquid up to the spout. Any excess of liquid overflows through the spout. It is shown in Fig. 2.3. 24 Spout Beaker Fig. 2.3 Eureka can DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF AN TRREGULAR SOLID To determine the density of an irregular solid, we have to measure its mass and volume. The mass of the body is measured with the help of a beam balance. To measure the volume of the solid, we use the displacement method i.e. a solid when immersed in a liquid, displaces volume of liquid equal to its own volume. The measurement of volume of an irregular body by displacement method can be understood by the following activities. 1, Measure the mass of the given solid using a common beam balance. Note the mass. Let it be M gram. 2, Take a measuring cylinder. Fill it partly with water as shown in Fig. 2.4 (a) vec Lm Te (a) bo) Fig. 24 Measurement of volume of a solid using a measuring cylinder . Note the level of water. Let it be V, mL. 4. Now, tie the given solid with a thread and gently . Find the difference, V, ~ V,. It gives the volume 1. Take an Eureka can. Place the Eureka can on lower the solid in water contained in the measuring cylinder as shown in Fig. 2.4 (b). Take care that no water splashes out. Note the level of water again, Let it be V, mL. V of the solid ie. V=(V,-V,em? Then, calculate the density of the solid by using the following formula: Mass M , => gem Density = Volume IfM =78g, V = 10 cm’, then the table with a measuring cylinder under its spout as shown in Fig. 2.5 (a). Pour water into the can until it starts overflowing through the spout. When the water has stopped dripping, remove the measuring cylinder. Empty it, dry it and again place it under the spout. Now tie the given irregular solid by a thread. Immerse the solid gently into the water contained vet Eurekacan Measuring Eureka can Measuring @) cylinder a cylinder Fig, 2.5 Measurement of volume of a solid using Eureka can Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8 in the Eureka can as shown in Fig. 2.5(b). The solid displaces water equal to its own volume which overflows through the spout and gets collected in the measuring cylinder, When water stops dripping out through the spout, note the volume of water collected in the measuring cylinder. 3. Dry the solid. Measure the mass M of the given solid with a beam balance. Let mass of solid M=310 g Volume of solid V = volume of water collected in the measuring cylinder = 40 m' MassM Volume V 310g Density d= =7-75 gem. * 40cm? DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF A LIQUID To determine the density of a liquid (say milk, oil, etc.), its mass M is measured by a common beam balance and its volume V is measured by a measuring cylinder. Then density is calculated by using the relation a=M, v ACTIVITY 3 ‘To determine the density of milk. 1. Take a beaker, Measure the mass of the empty beaker using a common beam balance. Let the mass be M, gram. 2. Now take a measuring cylinder and pour milk: into it to a certain level say 50 mL.. Thus, volume of milk V = 50 mL or 50 em’. 3. Transfer the milk into the empty beaker. Measure its mass again. Let the mass of beaker with milk be M, gram. 4, Find the difference My ~ M, which gives the mass M of the milk. Thus, mass of the milk M=(M,~M,) gram, Let M=515 gram, Physical Quantities and Measurement 5. Calculate the density of milk using the following. formula : Density DENSITY BOTTLE A density bottle is a specially designed bottle which is used to determine the density of a liquid. Fig. 2.6 shows a density bottle. It is a small glass bottle having a glass stopper at its neck. The bottle can store a fixed volume of a liquid. Generally the volume of bottle is 25 mL or 50 mL. The stopper has a narrow hole through it. When the bottle is filled with the liquid and stopper is inserted, the excess liquid rises through the hole and drains out. Thus, the bottle always contains the same volume of liquid each time when it is filled. Glass stopper Hote. |— class tote Fig. 2.6 Density bottle Note : 1. Since the density of water is 1 g cnr, so the mass (in g) of water needed to fill the bottle completely, will give the volume (in mL) of bottle. 2. Nowadays, it is not named as specific gravity bottle. DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF A LIQUID USING THE DENSITY BOTTLE To determine the density of a liquid using the density bottle, we have to measure the mass of liquid and mass of water taken in it by using the common balance, the mass of water in the density bottle gives the volume of liquid. This can be understood by the following activity. => Genivens .) ——§+m ‘To determine the density of a density bottle. 1, First wash the bottle and dry it. Then measure the mass of empty bottle usin Let the mass be M, g. 2. Remove the stopper of the bottle and fill it with water, Replace the stopper. Wipe the outside of the bottle dry. Measure its mass again. Let the mass be M, g. 3, Empty the bottle and dry it. Now fill the bottle with the given liquid. Replace the stopper. Wipe the outside of the bottle dry. Measure its mass again. Let the mass be M, g. a beam balance. 4, Calculate the mass of water (M,~ M,) and the mass of liquid (M, ~ M,). Since density of water is 1 gem, the mass of water contained in bottle gives the volume of bottle. ‘Thus, mass of liquid = (M, ~ M,) g and volume of liquid = (M,~_M,) em’ . Mass of liquid . Density of liquid = Volume of liquid (M3 —M))g = (M, -M,)em? For example, Mass of empty bottle M, = 30 g Mass of bottle filled with water M, = 60 ¢ Mass of bottle filled with liquid M, = 54 ¢ 24 The mass of liquid M = 54 g-30g= 24g Volume of liquid V = 60 — 30 = 30 em3 ee M_ 24g Density of liquid = 5 = 3555.7 =08 gem RELATIVE DENSITY The relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water. The symbol used for relative density is R.D. Thus, Relative density of a substance Density of the substance EP. Density of water For example, density of iron is 78 ¢ cm and density of water is 1 g cm™. Hence, Relative density of iron Densityof iron Density of water 78g0m" Igem> ~ But density of a substance is the mass of 1 cm} of that substance, therefore we can also express the relative density of a substance as follows : 0 Relative density of a substance Mass of I cm’ of the substance Mass of Icm’ of water Mass of V cm’ of the subst Mass of V cm’ of water Mass of any volumeof the substance Mass of the same volume of water Thus, relative density of a substance can also be defined as the ratio of the mass of any volume of the substance to the mass of an equal volume of water. ‘Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8 For example, if we say that the relative density of iron is 7-8, we mean that a piece of iron of any volume has mass 7-8 times that of an equal volume of water. UNIT OF RELATIVE DENSITY Relative density is just a number. It has no unit. It is a dimensionless quantity. It is a ratio of same quantities. MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE DENSITY OF A LIQUID The relative density of a liquid is measured by using a density bottle. Thi: be understood by the following acti To determine the relative density of a liquid using a density bottle. 1. Take an empty dry density bottle. Find its mass M, g by using a beam balance. 2. Now fill the bottle completely with water and insert the stopper. The extra water overflows through the hole in the stopper. Dry the outer surface with a blotting paper and then measure the mass of bottle again on a beam balance. Suppose, the mass is M; g. 3. Now empty the bottle and dry it. Fill the bottle again completely with the given liquid, and insert the stopper. Again, the extra liquid, if any, will overflow through the hole in the stopper. Dry and ‘measure the mass of bottle again. Suppose the mass now is M, g. Thus Mass of empty boitle = M, ¢ Mass of botile + water = M, g Mass of bottle + liquid = M, Mass of water = (M)~M,) & Mass of liquid = (M,~M,) g Physical Quantities and Measurement Relative density of liq Mi 1. Density bottle measures the relative density of a ii 2. Since density of water is | g cm, so density of a substance in g cm™> = relative density of the substance. 3. Since density of water is 1000 kg m3, so density of a substance in kg m3 =1000 x relative density of that substance. 4, Specific gravity usually means relative density with respect to water. DENSITY OF A SUBSTANCE IN ITS DIFFERENT STATES A substance can exist in three states (i) solid, (ii) liquid and (iii) gas. For example, ice, water and steam are the three states of the same substance, water. According to the molecular model, we have read that the molecules of a solid are closely packed, molecules of a liquid are loosely packed while those of a gas are very loosely packed. Therefore, a substance is highly dense in solid state, less 25 Density and Relative density of some common substances Substance Density Relative density in g em? in kg m3 Solid 0-25 250 0.25 07 700 07 0-92 920 0-92 1.97 1970 1.97 27 2700 27 78 7800 78 Brass 84 8400 84 Silver 10.3 10300 103 Lead 1s 11500 15 Liquid Turpentine oil 087 870 0:87 Alcohol 08 800 08 Water 10 1000 10 Milk 1.03 1030 1.03 Glycerine 1:26 1260 1-26 Mercury B6 13600 13.6 dense in liquid state and still less dense in gaseous state. Thus, the density of a substance in solid state is more than that in liquid state and density of a substance in liquid state is more than that in gaseous state. Exception : The density of ice is less than water. The density of ice is 0-917 g cm™, that of water is 1.00 g cm™ and that of steam is 0-00057 g m=. The table above gives the density and relative density of some common substances. FLOATING AND SINKING If we place a piece of cork and an iron nail on the surface of water, we notice that the cork floats while the nail sinks. This is because 26 ----- === Concise PHYSIC Middle School the density of cork is less than the density of water, while the density of iron (of which the nail is made up of) is more than the density of water, Thus, a body floats on a liquid if its density is less than the density of the liquid, while a body sinks in a liquid if its density is more than the density of the liquid, Some examples : 1. A solid iron ball with a density of 7-86 g cm® will sink in water which has a density of 1-0 g cm”. The same iron ball will float in mercury which has a density of 13-6 g cm*. 2. A small cork will float on water because the density of cork is less than the density of water, whereas an iron nail will sink in water because the density of iron nail is more than the density of water. PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION When a body is immersed in a liquid, the following two forces act on it : (1) The weight of the body W acting vertically downwards. This force has a tendency to sink the body. (2) The buoyant force of the liquid F, acting vertically upwards. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body. This force has a tendency to move the body up. This is why buoyant force is also called upthrust. Now there can be the following three possibilities : Case 1 : The weight of the body W is greater than the buoyant force Fy. In this case, the resultant force on the body is (W — Fg) which acts downwards. The body will sink in the liquid to the bottom under the influence of the resultant force (W — F,). This. is shown in Fig. 2.7. This happens when the density of the solid is greater than the density of the liquid. w Fig. 2.7 When density of body is greater than the density of liquid, the body sinks Case 2 : The weight of the body W is equal to the buoyant force Fy. In this case, the Physical Quantities and Measurement resultant force on the body 1s zero, ie. the apparent weight of the body is zero. The body will float just inside the surface of liquid. This is shown in Fig. 2.8. This happens when the density of the solid is equal to the density of the liquid. fF Fig. 2.8 When density of body is equal to the density of liquid, the body floats just inside the liquid surface Case 3 : The weight of the body W is less than the buoyant force. In this case, the resultant force acts on the body upwards. The body will float partially above the surface of liquid. Only that much portion of the body will immerse inside the liquid by which the weight of the liquid displaced Fy balances the total weight of the body. This is shown in Fig. 2.9. This happens when the density of the solid is less than the density of the liquid. Now while floating, F, = W, so apparent weight is zero. Fig. 2.9 The body floats partly submerged when density of body is less than the density of liquid Thus, a body of density greater than the density of liquid, sinks inside the liquid, while a body of density equal or less than the density of liquid, floats on the liquid. 27 ‘The dependence of a solid/liquid on its density to float/sink in a liquid can be understood by the following activity. p>—_—Cacanis) enn 1. Take a cork, a piece of wood, an ice cube, an iron nail, a small brass coin as solids. Take water, turpentine and glycerine in different beakers as liquids, Label the beakers as A, B and C. 2. Place each solid one by one on the surface of liquid contained in beaker A. Note whether the solid sinks or floats. Record your observations. 3. Repeat step 2 with the liquid of beaker B and C respectively. Beaker | Cork | Wood | Ice | Iron | Coin Water ‘Turpentine Glycerine From the table of density of some substances, record the density of solids and liquids used above. part 1s equal to the total weight of the body. This is the law of floatation, ie. while floating, Weight of the floating body = Weight of the liquid displaced by its immersed part (i buoyant force). In other words, according to the law of floatation, the apparent weight of a floating body is zero. A body floats with its major portion outside the surface of a liquid of higher density than that of a liquid of low density. This can be demonstrated by the following activity. =>——Caeriviry 7) 1. Take two identical small blocks of wood. Label themas A and B. Take water in a beaker labelled as P and glycerine in another beaker labelled asQ. 2. Place the wooden block A on the surface of water in beaker P and the wooden block B on the surface of glycerine in beaker Q (Fig. 2.10). B Relate your observations of sinking or floating of a solid in a liquid with their densities. What do you conclude ? Conclusio: LAW OF FLOATATION When a body floats in a liquid, the weight of the liquid displaced by its immersed 28 Density of solid Density of liquid a Cork Water Wood Turpentine ee Glycerine Iron Brass a re 7" Bt ¢ Fig. 2.10 Less portion of wood submerged in glycerine than in water, while floating You will notice that both the blocks A and B float. The block A floats in water with its less portion outside the water surface than the block B which has its major portion outside glycerine surface. Conclusion : 1. The density of wood is less than the density of water as well as the density of glycerine, 2. The density of glycerine is more than the density of water. Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8 SOME APPLICATIONS OF FLOATATION (i) Floatation of an iron ship : A nail made of iron sinks in water, but a ship made of iron does not. The reason is that a nail is solid and the density of iron is greater than that of water. The weight of the nail is more than the buoyant force of water on it. So the nail sinks in water. On the other hand, the ship is hollow and its empty space contains air. This makes the average density of ship less than that of water. Therefore, a ship floats on water. (ii) Floatation of man : Itiseasier for aperson to swim in sea water than in river water. ‘The reason is that sea water contains salt and so its density is more than the density of river water. The weight of a man gets balanced by the less immersed part of his body in sea water as compared to that in river water. Thus, it is easier to swim in sea water than in river water. (iii) Floatation of ice on water : A piece of 5 , 9 ice floats on water with its jolt part inside the water and only <&th part of it outside the water. The reason is that the density of ice is 0-9 g cm™ (or 900 kg mr) while the density of water is 1 gcm* (or 1000 kg m*). Hence, the weight of water displaced by tn part of ice immersed inside water becomes equal to the total weight of the ice piece. (iy) Submarine: A submarine can be made to dive or to rise to the surface of water as and when desired. The reason is that a submarine is a water-tight boat which can travel under water like a ship Water tank Water tank Fig. 2.11 A submarine (Fig. 2.11). A submarine is provided with water tanks. To make the submarine dive, the tanks are filled with water so that the average density of the submarine becomes greater than the density of sea water and it sinks. To make the submarine rise to the surface of water, these tanks are emptied. This makes the average density of the submarine less than the density of sea water, so the submarine rises up to the surface of water. (y) Icebergs : Very huge and large pieces of ice floating on sea water, are called icebergs. They are dangerous for ships. The reason is that the density of ice is less than the density of sea water. The density of ice is 0-9 g cm and the density of sea water is 1.02 ¢ em>. Hence, an iceberg floats in sea water with its large portion submerged inside the water and only a little portion of it is above the surface of water (Fig. 2.12). Iceberg TL Fig. 2.12 An iceberg floating on sea water Physical Quantities and Measurement 29 Thus, aship can collide with the invisible: part of iceberg under the surface of water. Hence, it is dangerous for ships. (vi) Whales : The whales can sink or rise at their will. Whales are sea animals. They have a special organ in their body which is called swim bladder. In order to come to the surface of water, they fill the bladder with air. This decreases the average density of the whale and so it rises to the surface. To dive into the sea, they empty the bladder. This increases the average density of the whale and it goes down. (vii) Balloons : A hydrogen or helium filled balloon rises in air. The reason is that the density of these gases is less than the density of air. Therefore, the buoyant force experienced by the balloon due to air, becomes greater than the weight of the balloon. Hence, the balloon rises up under the influence of the net upward force. SOLVED EXAMPLES 1. A block of glass is 30 cm long, 25 cm wide and has a thickness of 2 cm. Find its density if its mass is 7-5 kg. Solution : Volume of glass block = length x breadth x thickness = 30 cm x 25 cm x 2 cm = 1500 cm’ Mass of block = 7:5 kg = 7500 g M Density d = —~ ensity d = 77 30 (Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 2. A piece of iron of volume 30 cm” has a mass of 234 g. Find the density of iron. Solution : Given, mass M = 234 g¢ Volume V = 30 cm* M Density d = <> _ 234 ~ 30cm" 3. The mass of 10 cmé of silver is 103 g. Find : (a) the density of silver in kg m™, (b) relative density of silver. State the assumption made in part (b). Solution : Given, mass M = 103 g and volume V = 10 cm M v =78 gcm>. (a) Density d= _ 103g ~ 10 cm’ = 10:3 x 1000 kg m? = 10300 kg m3, (b) Relative density of silver Density of silver = Density of water = 103 gem 10300 kg m* = Fo00ke m= = 103 Assumption : The density of water is 1000 kg m?. 4. A piece of iron when immersed in water taken in a Eureka can displaces 25 mL of water. Its mass is 195 g. Find the density of iron in kg m°. Solution : Given, Mass of iron piece M = 195 g = 0.195 kg Volume of iron piece, V = volume of water displaced = 25 cm’ = 25 x 10% m> Solution Density of iron d = <|z 0-195 kg ~ 25x10% m? = 7800 kg m*. 5. A block of silver displaces 200 mL of water in a measuring cylinder. If the density of silver is 10300 kg m™, find the mass of block. Given, d = 10300 kg m? Volume of block V = volume of water displaced density of silver or V = 200 cm‘ = 200 x 10° m* . M Since =y Mass of block M = V x d = (200 x 10% m?) x (10300 kg m) 2.06 kg. 6. The mass of a copper piece is 44 g. A measuring cylinder contains water to a level of 12 mL. The water level rises to 17 mL mark when the copper piece dipped in the measuring cylinder. Find : (i) the volume of copper piece, and (ii) the density of copper. Solution : Given : Initial level of water V, = 12 mL. Final level of water V, = 17 mL. Mass M = 44 g Volume of copper piece V = V,- V, = 17-12=5 mL (or 5 cm’) : M_ 44g Density of copper d= 45 = 5s =88 gem) 7. The mass of density bottle is 51-50 g when empty, 76-50 g when full of water and 71-85 g when full of an oil. Find : (a) capacity of density bottle, and (b) density of oil. Solution : Given, Mass of empty density bottle M, = 51-50 ¢ 8. Mass of bottle with water M, = 76:50 g and mass of bottle with oil M= 71-85 g¢ (a) Mass of water in bottle = M,- M, = 76-50 — 51-50 = 25-00 ¢ Since density of water is 1 g cm™, therefore, capacity of density bottle V = 25-00 mL. (b) Mass of oil in bottle M = M,—M, = 71-85 — 51-50 = 20-35 g¢ Density of oil d Mass of oil M 8 _ MassofoilM_ _ 2035g — = Vouumeof oll V ~ 25am? ~ 08l4 Bem" The mass of a density bottle is 35 g when empty, 65 g when filled with water, and 59 g when filled with alcohol. Find the relative density of alcohol. Solution : Given, Mass of empty density bottle M, = 35 g 9. M: of bottle + water M, = 65 g Mass of bottle + alcohol M, = 59 g Relative density of alcohol Mass of alcohol © Mass of equal volume of water M;-M, 59-35 _ 24 M,-M, = 65=35 ~ 30 798 The table below gives the density of some solids and liquids. For each solid, list the name of liquids in which that solid will (a) float, (b) sink. Physical Quantities and Measurement 31 Solid Density | Liquid Density (ii) Wood — (a) floats on mercury, water in kg m* in kg m* and glycerine 1s fron 7300 | Mercury | 13600 (b) sinks in none. 2. Wood 700 Water 1000 (iii) Cork — (a) floats on mercury, water 3. Cork 250 Glycerine | 1260 and glycerine (i) Iron— (a) floats on mercury (b) Sinks antag (b) sinks in water and glycerine. rg Equal masses of different substances have different volumes. Equal volumes of different substances have different masses. ‘The density of a substance is defined as the mass of a unit volume of that substance. vvy Ifa body has mass M and volume V, its density dis given as Mass . . Mass «Mass = Volume x Density, Volume = enciny 2 Density = Joes vvv The S.L. unit of density is kg m-3 and the C.GS. unit is g en 1g cnr = 1000 kg mr ‘The density of a substance is not changed by the change in its size or shape. ‘The density of a substance decreases with increase in its temperature if the substance expands on heating. This decrease is more in gases, less in liquids and still less in solids for the same rise in temperature. However, the density of water increases when heated from 0°C to 4°C and then decreases when heated above 4°C. > The density of a substance is more in its solid state, less in liquid state and stil less in its gaseous state, Exception is ice whose density is less than the density of water. A density bottle is a sp relative density of a liquid. The relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water. Thus, VVY Vv ly designed bottle to store a fixed volume ot uid. It is used to find the density and y Density of the substance Density of water The relative density of a substance is the ratio of the mass of any volume of the substance to the mass of an equal volume of water. Relative density of a substance = v v ‘The relative density is just a number. It has no unit as it is a ratio of same quantities. When a body is partially or completely immersed in a liquid, it experiences an upward force due to the liquid which is called buoyant force or upthrust. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body. When a body is immersed in a liquid, the buoyant force on it depends on : (i) the volume of the bod! in the liquid (larger the volume of the body immersed in a liquid, greater is the buoyant force). (ii) the density of the liquid in which the body is immersed (more the density of liquid, greater is the buoyant force). Vv v 32 -— 4 Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8 vv v If the density of body is more than the density of liquid, the body sinks. If the density of body is equal to or less than the density of liquid, the body floats. A body floats with only that much portion of it submerged inside the liquid by which the weight of the liquid displaced (or buoyant force) balances the total weight of the body. by its submerged part (i.e., buoyant force on it). > The apparent weight of a floating body is zero. More the density of liquid, more is the portion of the floating body outside the surface of liquid. If-abody floats in different liquids, its different volumes get submerged in different liquids, but in each liquid the weight of liquid displaced by the sumberged part of body (i. weight on the body). According to the law of floatation, the weight of a floating body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced bbuyoant force) remains same (equal to the A. Objective Questions : 1. Write true or false for each statement : (a) Equal volumes of two different substances have equal masses. (b) The density of « piece of brass will change by changing its size or shape. (©) The density of a liquid decreases with increase in its temperature. (@)_ Relative density of water is 1-0. (c) Relative density of a substance is expressed in gem™, (f) When a body is immersed in a liquid, the buoyant force experienced by the body is equal to the volume of the liquid displaced by it, (g) A body experiences the same buoyant force while floating in water or alcohol. (h) A body experiences the same buoyant force when it floats or sinks in water. (i) A body floats in a liquid when its weight becomes equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by its submerged part. (A body while floating, sinks deeper in a liquid of low density than in a liquid of high density. wns: True—(c), @, (g), @, G) False—(a), (b), (e), (f), (h) Physical Quantities and Measurement . Fill in the blanks : (a) 1 kg is the mass of mL of water aac. (b) Mass = density x . (c) The S.1. unit of density is ...... (d)_ Density of water i kg me, () 1gem* kg m3, (The density of a body which sinks in water 8 sa than 1000 kg m°*. (g) A body sinks in a liquid A, but floats in a liquid B. ‘The density of liquid A i on than the density of liquid B. (h) A body X sinks in water, but a body Y floats on water, The density of the body X is than the density of body Y. (i) The buoyant force experienced by a body when floating in salt-water see that when floating in pure water. (i) The eis of a body floating in a liquid is Ans: (a) 1000 (b) volume (c) kg m= (d) 1000. (©) 1000 (f) more (g) less (h) more {i) equal to (j) zero 33 3. Match the following : Column A Column B (@) kg m3 Gi) relative density (b) No unit (c) Relative density (a) ron (©) Wood (iv) density (v) density bottle Ans: (a)-(iv), (b)-(), (&}-(v), (d)-(ii), (€)(iii) 4. Select the correct alt ative (a) The correct relation is (i) Density = Mass x Volume (ii), Mass. (iii) Volume = Density x Mass Density % Volume (iv) Density = Mass + Volume (b) The relative density of alcohol is 0-8. Its density is @ 08 (ii) 800 kg m3 (iii) 800 g em (iv) 08 kg m3 (©) A block of wood of density 0-8 g cm has a volume of 60 m*. The mass of bloc @ 608 g ii) 5g (iii) 48g (iv) 0013 g (d)The density of aluminium is 2-7 g cm and that of brass 8-4 g cm. The correct statement (Equal masses of aluminium and brass have equal volumes (ii) The mass of a certain volume of brass is more than the mass of equal volume of aluminium The volume of a certain mass of brass is more than the volume of equal mass of aluminium, (iii) (iv) Equal volumes of aluminium and brass have equal mass (e)A density bottle has a marking 25 mL on it, It means that : (the mass of density bottle is 25 g (ii) the density bottle will store 25 mL of any liquid in it Gii)_ the density bottle will store 25 mL of water, but more volume of | liquid denser than water (iv) the density bottle will store 25 mL of water, but more volume of a liquid lighter than water. (D The correct statement (i) The buoyant force on a body is equal to the volume of the liquid displaced by it, (ii) The buoyant force on a body is equal to the volume of the body. The buoyant force on a body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it, (iii) (iv) The buoyant force on a body is always equal to the weight of the body. (g) A piece of wood floats on water. The buoyant force on wood will be : (i) zero (ii) more than the weight of the wood piece (iii) equal to the weight of the wood piece (iv) less than the weight of the wood piece. (h) The weight of a body is more than the buoyant force experienced by it, due to a liquid. The body w @ Kk (ii) float with its some part outside the liquid float just below the surface of liquid float with whole of its volume above the surface of liquid. Ans: (a)(ii), (b)-(ii), (oii), (A) (iii), ii) (iv) (Gi), |, (g)-Gii), (h(i) B. Short/Long Answer Questions : lL. 2 Define the term density of a substance, Name the $.1. unit of density. How is it related to gem? The density of brass is 8-4 g em™, What do you mean by this statement ? ‘Concise PHYSICS — Middle School 10. A 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Physical Quantities and Measurement Arrange the following substances in order of their increasing density : Iron, Cork, Brass, Water, Mercury. How does the density of a liquid (or gas) vary with temperature ? A given quantity of a liquid is heated. Which of the following quantity will vary and how ? (a) mass, (b) volume or (c) density. Describe an experiment to determine the density of the material of a coin. Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid. What is a density bottle ? How is it used to find the density of a liquid ? Define the term relative density of a substance. What is the unit of relative density ? Distinguish between density and relative density. Explain the meaning of the statement ‘Relative density of aluminium is 2-7". How does the density of a body and that of a liquid determine whether the body will float or sink into that liquid ? A cork piece floats on water surface while an iron nail sinks in it. Explain the reason. Which of the following will sink or float on water ? (Density of water = 1 g em”) (a) Body A having density 500 kg m~* (b) Body B having density 2520 kg mr (c) Body C having density 1100 kg m=? (d) Body D having density 0-85 g em. Ans: Sink-(b) and (c), Float-(a) and (d) State the law of floatation ? The density of water is 1-0 g cm™. The density of iron is 7-8 g cm, The density of mercury is 13.6 g em, Answer the following : (a) Will a piece of iron float or sink in water ? (b) Will a piece of iron float or sink in mercury ? 19. 20. 2 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. The ‘The diagram given below shows a body floating in three different liquids A, B and C at different levels. (a) In which liquid does the body experience the greatest buoyant force ? (b) Which liquid has the least density ? (c) Which liquid has the highest density ? 7 cr [ Liquid A Liquid 8 guid Fig. 2.13 Ans: (a) same in each, (b) A, (©) C For a floating body, how is its weight related to the buoyant force ? Why does a piece of ice float on water ? Explain why an iron needle sinks in water, but a ship made of iron floats on water. It is easier to swim in sea water than in river water. Explain the reason. Icebergs floating on sea water are dangerous for ships. Explain the reason. Explain why itis easier to lift a stone under water than in air, What is a submarine ? How can it be made to dive in water and come to the surface of water ? A balloon filled with hydrogen rises in air. Explain the reason. C. Numericals : 1 ‘The density of air is 1-28 g litre~!. Express it in : (a) gem (b) kg m*. Ans: (a) 0.00128 g cm’ (b) 1-28 kg m™> 35. 2. The dimensions of a hall are 10 m x 7 mx 5 m. If the density of air is 1-11 kg m”, find the mass of air in the hall. Ans: 388-5 kg 3. The density of aluminium is 2-7 g em-3, Express it in kg mr’, Ans: 2700 kg m3 4, The density of alcohol is 600 kgm”. Express it in g cm Ans: 0-60 g cm? 5. A piece of zine of mass 438-6 g has a volume of 86 cm’, Calculate the density of zinc. Ans: 5-1 g cm} 6. A piece of wood of mass 150 g has a volume of 200 cm*. Find the density of wood in (a) C.GS. unit, (b) SL. unit. Ans: (a) 0-75 g em, (b) 750 kg m3 7. Calculate the volume of wood of mass 6000 kg if the density of wood is 0-8 g cm, Ans: 7-5 m* 8. Calculate the density of a solid from the following data : (a) Mass of solid = 72 (b)Initial volume of water in measuring cylinder = 24 mL Collect some objects like cork, allpin, rubber, piece of wood, piece of plastic at your home. Take water, oil, milk, sugar solutions in separate beakers. Place each object one by one, on the surface of liquids taken into the beakers and see whether the object sinks or floats in that liquid. Record your observations and based on them, compare the densities of the objects and liquids. (©) Final volume of water when solid is completely immersed in water = 42 mL Ans.: 4-0 g em? 9. The mass of an empty density bottle is 21-8 g, when filled completely with water it is 41-8 and when filled completely with liquid it is 40.6 g. Find: (a) the volume of density bottle (b) the relative density of liquid. Ans: (a) 20 mL, (b) 094 10. From the following observations, calculate the density and relative density of a brine solution. Mass of empty density bottle = 22 g Mass of bottle + water = 50 g Mass of bottle + brine solution = 54 g Ans: Density = 1-14 g cm, relative density = 1-14 11. ‘The mass of an empty density bottle is 30 g, itis 75 g when filled completely with water and 65 g when filled completely with a liquid, Find : (a) volume of density bottle, (b) density of liquid, and (c) relative density of liquid. Ans: (a) 45 mL (6) 0:77 g cm” (c) 0-77 Concise PHYSICS — Middle School — 8

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