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Lecture 1

This document discusses three main methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of energy by molecular activities within a material. Convection involves the transfer of energy by both molecular motion and bulk fluid motion. Radiation does not require a material for transfer and is governed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law relating radiative heat transfer to the fourth power of temperature. Special cases of one-dimensional and multi-dimensional conduction are presented along with typical values of thermal conductivity and convection heat transfer coefficients.

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Kazem Osaily
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56 views27 pages

Lecture 1

This document discusses three main methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of energy by molecular activities within a material. Convection involves the transfer of energy by both molecular motion and bulk fluid motion. Radiation does not require a material for transfer and is governed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law relating radiative heat transfer to the fourth power of temperature. Special cases of one-dimensional and multi-dimensional conduction are presented along with typical values of thermal conductivity and convection heat transfer coefficients.

Uploaded by

Kazem Osaily
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HEAT TRANSFER

(ME 421)
Spring 2010
Chapter I
Kazem Osaily

[email protected]

Department of Mechanical Engineering PPU


Today’s Topics

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction HT

Convection HT

Radiation HT
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
• Definition: Transfer of energy by molecular
activities; (Diffusion of Energy)

T1 T2

x
T1>T2
Heat transfer per unit area ~ Gradient of temperature
Fourier’s Law of Conduction

Where:

k : Thermal Conductivity (Heat conduction coefficient)


More General Heat Conduction
Equation
• What is the Governing Equation? if

– Temperature is also a function of time;

&/or

– There are Heat Sources and Sinks in the


solid?
1-D Conduction Heat Transfer

dx
A

Energy generated per unit volume


1-D Conduction Heat Transfer in Cartesian Coordinate Systems
3-D Conduction Heat Transfer in
Cartesian Coordinate Systems

dz
dy
dx
3-D Conduction Heat Transfer in Cartesian Coordinate Systems

**For constant thermal conductivity, i.e.


K = constant

we have:

Where:
Cylindrical Coordinate System
z

r dr
dz

x Do it yourself!!
For Constant k :
Spherical Coordinate System

For Constant k :
Special Cases
a) Steady state; 1-D; with NO heat generation
(Cartesian Coordinate)
Special Cases
b) Steady state; 1-D; with NO heat generation
(Cylindrical Coordinate)
Special Cases
c) Steady state; 1-D; with heat sources
(Cartesian Coordinate)
Special Cases
d) Steady state; 2-D; with NO heat generation
(Cartesian Coordinate)
Thermal Conductivity
(Metals)

Materials K[W/m ˚C]

Silver 410

Copper 385

Chrome-nickel steel 16

Glass 0.78

Sawdust 0.059

Glass wool 0.038


Thermal Conductivity
(Liquids and Gases)
Materials K[W/m oC]
Evacuated insulation
Mercury 8.21

Water 0.556

Hydrogen 0.175

Helium 0.141

Air 0.024 K = 0.0003 W/m °C

Vacuum 0
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
Definition: superposition of energy transport by the random
motion of molecule and the bulk motion of the fluid.

Type I : Free Convection


air

Hot plate

Type I I : Forced Convection fan

Hot plate
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Free stream

q wall

Convection heat transfer coefficient [W/m2 °C]


Convection Energy Balance on a Flow
Channel

Ti q
Enthalpy Te
Approximate value of Convection

Free Convection,

Mode h[W/m2 °C]

Vertical plate, 0.3m high in air 4.5

Horizontal cylinder, 5cm diameter in air 6.5

Horizontal cylinder, 2cm diameter in water 890


Approximate value of Convection

Forced Convection,

Mode h[W/m2 °C]

Airflow at 2m/s over 0.2m square plate 12


Airflow at 35m/s over 0.75m square plate 75

Air at 2atm. flowing in 2.5cm-diameter tube at 10m/s 65

Water at 0.5kg/s flowing in 2.5cm-diameter tube 3500


Airflow across 5cm-diameter cylinder with 50m/s
180
NOTE:
During Boiling and Condensation Convection Heat
Transfer Coefficient, h, increases! Why?

Boiling water in a container: h=2500-35,000 W/m2 °C

Boiling water flowing in tube: h=500-100,000 W/m2 °C


Condensation of water over vertical surfaces at 1 atm.

h=4000-35,000 W/m2 °C

Condensation of water outside horizontal tubes at 1 atm.

h=9500-25,000 W/m2 °C
Radiation Heat Transfer
Conduction and Convection require the presence
of a material while Radiation does not!

Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Thermal Radiation

Ideal Radiator or Blackbody

Stefan-Boltzmann constant
=5.669e-8 [W/m2 K4]
The net radiant exchange between tw o Blackbodies:

Gray Bodies

II I
View factor
Emissivity

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