Ge ryvCBSEguidecom Peer A Compete aide for CBSE students CBSE Class 12 Physics Revision Notes Chapter-13 Nuclei © Atomic Number: The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number. It is denoted by Z. © Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons present in a nucleus is called the mass number of the element. It is denoted by A. e No. of Protons, Electrons, Nucleons and Neutrons in an Atom: Number of protons in an atom =Z Number of electrons in an atom = Z Number of nucleons in an atom = A Number of neutrons in an atom = N =A~-Z. * Nuclear Mass: The total mass of the protons and neutrons present in a nucleus is called the nuclear mass. © Nuclide: A nuclide is a specific nucleus of an atom characterized by its atomic number Z and mass number A. It is represented as, zX“ where X = chemical symbol of the element, Z = atomic number and A = mass number © Isotopes: The atoms of an element that have the same atomic number but a different mass number are called isotopes. Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties. © Isobars: The atoms having the same mass number but a different atomic number are called isobars. e Isotones: The nuclides having the same number of neutrons are called isotanes. e Isomers: These are nuclei with the same atomic number and same mass number but in different energy states. © Electron Volt: It is defined as the energy acquired by an electron when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt and is denoted by eV. Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. 416Ge ryvCBSEguidecom 4 Compete gid for CHSE stndets © Atomic Mass Unit: sth of the actual mass of a carbon atom of isotope ¢C"”. It is denoted by amu or just by u. 2. Lamu = 1.660565 x 10-?? kg 3. The energy equivalence of 1 amu is 1 amu = 931 MeV 1. Itis © Discovery of Neutrons: 1. Neutrons were discovered by Chadwick in 1932. 2. When beryllium nuclei are bombarded by alpha-particles, highly penetrating radiations are emitted, which consists of neutral particles, each having mass nearly that of a proton. ‘These particles were called neutrons. $He +$Be > in+PC 3. A free neutron decays spontaneously, with a half-life of about 900 sec, into a proton, electron and an antineutrino. in>lH+%Q e+v © Size of the Nucleus: 1. It is found that a nucleus of mass number A has a radius R= RAS where, Ro = 1.2x 10m 2. This implies that the volume of the nucleus, which is proportional to R° is proportional to A © Density of the Nucleus: Density of nucleus is constant; independent of A, for all nuclei and density of nuclear matter is approximately 2.3 x 1017 kgm~$ which is very large as compared to ordinary matter, say water which is 10° kg m=. © Mass-Energy equivalence: Einstein proved that it is necessary to treat mass as another form of energy. He gave the mass-energy equivalence relation as, E = me? Where m is the mass and cis the velocity of light in vacuum. Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. aisGe ryvCBSEguidecom 4 Compete gid for CHSE stndets * Mass Defect: The difference between the rest mass of a nucleus and the sum of the rest masses of its constituent nucleons is called its mass defect. It is given by - Am = [Zmp + (A—Z)m] —m © Binding Energy: 1. It may be defined as the energy required to break a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons and to separate them to such a large distance that they may not interact with each other. 2. Itmay also be defined as the surplus energy in which the nucleus gives up by virtue of their attractions which they become bound together to forma nucleus. 3, The binding energy of a nucleus 7X“ is- B.E.= [Zmy+(A—Z)m,— Me ¢ Binding Energy per Nucleon: It is average energy required to extract one nucleon from the nucleus. It is obtained by dividing the binding energy of a nucleus by its mass number. [Zing + (AZ), —M]e B= BE B="e= A © Nuclear Forces: 1. These are the strong in attractive forces that hold protons and neutrons together in a tiny nucleus. 2. These are short-range forces that operate over a very short distance of about 2-3 fm of separation between any two nucleons. 3. The nuclear force does not depend on the charge of the nucleon. © Radioactivity: 1. Itis the phenomenon of spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an atom with the emission of one or more radiations like a-particles, 8-particles or 7-rays. 2. The substances which spontaneously emit penetrating radiation are called radioactive substances. © Radioactivity Displacement Law: It states that- Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. AISGe ryvCBSEguidecom 4 Compete gid for CHSE stndets 1. When a radioactive nucleus emits an o-particle, the atomic number decreases by 2 and the mass number decreases by 4 2. When a radioactive nucleus emits f-particle, its atomic number increases by 1 but the mass number remains the same. 3. The emission of a 7-particle does not change the mass number or the atomic number of the radioactive nucleus. The 7y-particle emission by a radioactive nucleus lowers its energy state. © Alpha Decay: It is the process of emission of an a-particle from a radioactive nucleus. It may be represented as, Axo iy +4He+Q © Beta Decay: It is the process of emission of an electron from a radioactive nucleus. It may be represented as, A 4 o 5 ZX FEY +%yetu ¢ Gamma Decay: It is the process of emission of a y-ray photon during the radioactive disintegration of a nucleus. It can be represented as, A A tensa) ” (elon © Radioactive Decay Law: It states that the number of nuclei disintegrated of undecayed radioactive nuclei present at that instant. It may be written as- N(t) = Noe where Nj is the number of radioactive nuclei at t = 0 and J is disintegration constant. © Decay or disintegration Constant: It may be defined as the reciprocal of the time interval in which the number of active nuclei in a given radioactive sample reduces to 36.8% of its initial value. © Half-life: The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time in which one-half of its nuclei will disintegrate. It is inversely proportional to the decay constant of the radioactive substance. Te = 9 © Mean Life: The mean-life of a radioactive sample is defined as the ratio of the Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. alsGe ryvCBSEguidecom 4 Compete gid for CHSE stndets combined age of all the atoms and the total number of atoms in the given sample. It is given by, Bp Th? © Rate of Decay of a Radioactive Sample: It is defined as the number of radioactive disintegrations taking place per second in a given sample. It is expressed as- R(t) = [-4F] = ANse™ = AN) © Curie: 1. Itisthe SI unit of decay. 2. One curie is the decay rate of 3.7 X 10° disintegrations per second. © Rutherford: One Rutherford is the decay rate of 10° disintegrations per second. © Natural Radioactivity: It is the phenomenon of the spontaneous emission of a, 8 and radiations from the nuclei of naturally occurring isotopes. © Artificial or Induced Radioactivity: It is the phenomenon of inducing radioactivity in certain stable nuclei by bombarding them by suitable high energy subatomic particles. © Nuclear Reaction: It is a reaction that involves the change of stable nuclei of one element into the nucleus of another element. © Nuclear Fission: It is the process in which a heavy nucleus when excited gets split into two smaller nuclei of nearly comparable masses. For example- 235q7 4.1 144 89 1, SU + on — 56'Ba + SoKr + 3yn+Q Nuclear Reactor: It is a device in which a nuclear chain reaction is initiated, maintained and controlled. Nuclear Fusion: It is the process of fusion of two smaller nuclei into a heavier nucleus with the liberation of a large amount of energy. © Critical size and Critical Mass: The size of the fissionable material for which reproduction factor is unity is called critical size and its mass is called the critical mass of the material. © Moderator: Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. BISGe ryvCBSEguidecom 4 Compl side for CHS ends 1. Any substance which is used to slow down fast-moving neutrons to thermal energies is called a moderator. 2. The commonly used moderators are water, heavy water (D70) and graphite. Material downloaded from myCBSEguide.com. G16