II B Tech ~ I Semester [Branch: ECE] SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS (SS) LAPLACE TRANSFORMS: Laplace Transforms (L.1), Inverse Laplace Transform Concept of region of convergence (ROC) for Laplace Transforms Properties of L.T Relation between L.T and F.T of a signal Laplace Transform of certain signals using waveform synthesis 2-TRANSFORMS: Concept of Z-Transform of a discrete sequence Distinction between Laplace, Fourier and Z-Transforms Region of convergence in Z-Transform Constraints on ROC for various classes of signals Inverse Z-Transform Properties of Z-Transforms, and it’s Applications Dr. Srinivas Bachu M.Tech, Ph.D, MIE, MISTE Professor, Dept. of ECESigno A Systawns Laplace Proms forms > Revrew cy Laplace tromsfernsy pattrad tracker -expomiion , averse Laplace trom firm) Conmpy of ROC Loe LT'S, Conshrambs on ROC for yomous claxes ok siqrabs propettres ob) LT's5 Relabimclip belwern Ut ond FT obo ciqred laplace tronclern ok atten ciquols using wane fem cym thea - B. SRINIVAS Ascictomt hofewar M Tech, METE + hd)Bee 00606 a0) Do 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 i i ee) a * Tutseduchon * mh \ ' 7 ie laplace tronckemm proposed in 1780 bry pierre Simon lapha CIT#A~ 1829) provided! a rigorous waathemabical Support fet the cperabonal metkods . as The beauky of the laplace tromsiprm wetted Fok Solving diiferential eat ig that ik isa Simple ond Systema ~ iC wmetkecl whidl, provides the total sel? iv one Stroke by toting ‘uh account tke iuibial conditions ina natured woy A the begiving ols the procets Helly > Tre laplace trams berm mashed off colving eae may be compared to the logamtkuic method fet binding Hee product of fue large wunbert . There we take the logan frag amc tren tate Sum + amive of tHe yrerth. Joplace Troms lpm, we HAR ok the ckhferenkol ea) seth tre wna) Crema rally oF the reguined — tars of Hee hwo wurmbers . add tre logan Ake oie legarttinn oly tis Ft Solving hilt ells Using the treme lg _golve He vermbhyg algerroic en's conditions : Japlace trons om to omnve use tke Inverse Coluk ov - > We laplace trams fpr \s lool which is weed -fer tke omalysic © com be used Where trout mattreumathcod Ir Signals Owe! Syttews, WWM po Jw come cases, laplace tEvoms prem Fourier teams pw Comnot be uted. Tre laplace bromsfemus cow bbe used to amalyze cowknucus tAme problems iwelving Siqnods traione wot absolutely mtegroble , Such ag tre mpulte vetpante of om unstable Sy Cleme ae FT'S lees i ‘ wet exist bo Signals thabave meh absolukely integrable . So FT metkods Comnot be ud in this class of problems > fn inportamce diltrerence be wean He Fourier Trom-lrorm and laplace Tramcghem ig tab te FT user a Sumumalion ob wanes olf ave amd —ve frequuncies whereas the Laplace Troms hom employs damped wowes frnough the wee olf om additional Bethe He fader Ee” where o ia positive wunber ich conver FT amd the LT one watiemoakcal operators wh tke time-clomain funcho acy to tre frequency —dowrowry FCW) ama FCS) retpedivilg. Also, He leploce Soromtlenn provides “te Jota) colukion te tixe ditbevewkal ea) oud Ke covvespondiny wid awd {ino value probleme. laplace frome born sepresents Couknuows Hime Signal teow ok complen exporatals ie, 2S Co tt] H Definion of Laplace Trams ben! Te laplace transform come iu two tyms — Riladeya) ov Huo sided LT ond Gy Unibberad ox one Sidecl LT. We umilalewol (T 18% Convenient doo! fer dibkerenkal ent with inibial Conditt ont Tie Clabewol LT oblert msiqht into He voture of the cydteam — clrawackowichcs sud os ctahilihy ,Castsatihy ancl [vequay vespante . . a)PeeSC eee eK SS HHKH HHH HH HHH OHHH & ® e eseee eee The fourier tranctorm ofa conbuous hime Signal fet) cam be wepreconted a4 Faw) = 5 fo cone dk oO : ~~ FQ) ae yor whene faye a c Faw). & cho an) ' vom aole. Jeb consicleg a comples ermmdeey Coty Oh +I Tb |S! ia puredy imajinany vniumiloer, Han THO, we xh Sa ch wo 2 ro - J ck) a de eo is called laplam tronstem of fet) Ibis ceucted by ten By FO) vey 4[fas]= FOO ond = L'[ pen = Fey) a+ where st fore ahs (gaye de o> i js called Tuvense laplace chrowchors of EO.% Relakonship bw Fourier Tromsfew omd Laplace Fram sheen We Icnow tab the laplace tramspomn of > juadion xc) \3 given by clefmphon 4, Feb-o7-se-2- 8M ° Nov-o4 —Se-2 - 8M co Llaci] = X09) = cae dt — aud ib is a undo of tre jude pencl ent Vari olsle 's! corresponding tv tre compler Vamoble im tre exponent oF SS tke Comples vematle S Combe vorbben os (= oH) Lahore ‘Tout’ ww! axe ven) ouch iweginany pods rrespechvelly , i = Corey Koti) = \ xc. € dt — 0 C 7 Ayo Lf] = x Cor) = Jac ee ee at c. ue} —ywd = Wie ce ff 7] [xen = LUxcnJe eh xch).e i | -®& Eee one) tae cat bosically fe rol He Fourier sLrons ow ol vine Tuy, we Com £04 Ltok signal ch) way be assumed! 8 We cowkwvous We Fourier Lyomclenmn of xh) oft waybh plicable by * veo) exponen Signal ETE, Depending mgr He vodot Te trig veal eaponenhol Signo = > wik Fwe. tk o Ve Valued tan te ved wou be growing oF de caying, ea _SCC CHCC CECH EKSCHSEHKHHEHKSCHSHTHEHEHHHHHEHHH re oe ee KK Couchraiuks sof Rec ck Laplace ton YIOe ee — Cs) ce) +20 es SHY = 2A, -neren Shay - —albl Fiat Rot oly CH= & [Nev-ou, SS em | (a) The Roe of MELT ob xt) conciche of ase Vaduet ok Lg! . << . : s' & which xa gT TU abelity tesa ble @ oo atonal leplace tromshew , tre ROC dees ney contain any piles) becouse Ko a mpiuite ak poles and he ilegrad Commot cenvenge ab tris powr. Heute Ye RoC Cannot contain Ya Values ok |S! teebare poles - S . . . @ zk ea) ok faite duvabion owe ig obsclubely inte- -grable ton Roc Y re euhyve f-plaue . OO oe aA WE) : ak ack) Urge Sided oud ik *e a _ na Ve incite ROC, [pvere Ten) wot tsa he w ei of: a fran ott vabias ch Se whith Reto > ae iw tee ROC 7 “9 fright -cided c© rh 2cb ic lebkr sided cigual, ond i Ha tue ob Reese s eS agin the vor: , Ham of Values oly S) fr whidy RecedFUTF IISere 3S SHSHSHSHHHSHHHHEHKHEHHHHHHFHHH HHH HHH HH " Find tie laplac tromctom ave Ree of the Yellewing ° Pm csgadt eo 5 é cde i Cth ay ° a Cy ae Convenges ify couverget if Resta >o + Recetb)<6 Recs) > -A ond Recs)<-b Cs Converges ih — ac Recs) <—b \ eestoye | y xcortye| ° ie = —CSta) ° — Cob) =! ot} —1 , Tort 1-0 (Grad G46) [ i Ls poe: me retsr< —b San eb : — bit] t= < ~ bit} Given Signal xthd= © By wting LT deh, we gob x = J xcoedar ee - tf) sbi) -st ~ ‘ e -e . dab. Ca . Joes + jax ot at -2 ° 72s BE “ = \ e db 4 f CE dk 5 E —fy\~ ee) Converge fy Convers if Re (eb)0 je) Recs) -b c-—\—J Roc: —b< Recc)o bes “a oS 2¢ “oape " n Ww) eeH= Suwh Su Be ca | By using uniderad LT del yes) = | epethde : fee! a a = ae ° ay = 26 ik iy . “al sy gl ° Converge : : RECS)>O a ._eRecarivsre a sf CME pe eo CIME ox ie 5 + FC See |p —Ca5 | ct! u S—jw Ge | Roct REC > O = cre ReCS)>0 >% Bud the laplace 4a coche omd Roc ok tee follew ny Stgvel ah): Gives signal Using Eulew e Yaa +e * (cost) ut) athe 2 Fach) 46 * Cos 24).uc). SUCh is. at de weralion , [ = fo - ofamite |cote= a= [e7*- we] to oF . C3 pe -(C eae uh oc e ubt 56 ua +h 2 be ons tee loplace Syrams boon olf ath) com a ° Si — KOooe ( sttucne ot =) -sh +3 “0 sit ene ab - ye o HCVFSDF ay oar +4 re wepeeseuts a v) Each off te ntegrale aloove €% LT ol tee Lellowiny Ayee vot e 2b ~C 13h e — cap |e & i a a u & a2) uth) <> oe ach) ee So h f+ i 2° | Cae") act) E 1 a 1 <> ___. cr Cre) : eet oo \ Re 2-2 petra 5 REOML ce) Oa KVBHF BH OveSVVVdVIYVIWIWVIVIIMS aeue a o. nce xa m we musk Wave MeCN > 1 Conseauoubly tke last ° chem of Ub) 18 2 Recs >-4 - _\ AL ¢ : A= te aot ool s4C A “ + ae 29458 +12 gecora ma Muehy 42 ont) utd > Cae” aX Laplace “honehem of Come Ju yovbont Funch on 7 \D Exponent al funchon (e* ) or concider ache pal He ‘ Lfatp]= (xe ede Foran three \oplace trams bas to converge siuustome ony , a 2 -f ares y . e > ° —cs-ok - : fr Sr at converges ik Re(ea>0 ° . . —Ceoyh yp Oe - = | - ReELO>O Zee lo 2 ama = —1 Sie - © sl ile, Roc a ao - toa / - ee tb d . - eet Ree 22s.) © umt cer buackow C un) . 4 oo - uh) <> — + Roch PO] —__We Sime & Cosine Furnchion | > acb)> Sinwh : 4 Roc: | cuwt <> 4 eo | Sew > AOy= cosmb - t 4 ¢ Roc: coowt <> _- edo Ww : J (H)— The —MypestolicS"ounel Hyerbdic Corime Fuckin & ——— —_ — \e \ed gtid= cm hwh =a] gl ¢ | ee AL sinhwt'] = (3 Tobe em], estde ° ei] (cee a af fitasfeta] 0 Conveng eg ik Rect-w) FO ond Recc+) 70 orw od & >ow Rocs Rech >-w tes. o>rw ao222278 @asgeeanade destecscs @eeeqgeesesees eevee es eeeeoeeevoenevnee7e79e79797F7 FO @ o'e (S\ The Deowpecl Sine omd Cosine Fused ‘- Bee ea Le wes E% Gawk wh Cee] « Ufa Le] . x juyb 3 Ll ca ee ary ) e-i|jJot —~_t ~ 34 lee Co Coty) (9. civ] w | Siwilarty , fos dommped cosine bunchians 5 power “a Fumdim oo LU] = feme™ae © as + oe Gutegnaking by padre neti, tauren Le - peer] +4 fen =r 6 2 x. ash | Fen 27d + f,0h)-2 db 3 ° bry wing. laplace rome fun definak ow, we 7, 4 [hess fc] piote® Hernrce proved @ Lineasithy Preperhy : Shotement: — consideg, hoo fumchions FG oud i). ah fee . “te are cahichies Superposition one homagenity papery , Hex! is called Teariy propery we Hee) - .. -F* cmd tt) SES ED, Roc er tan 4 Pace Ac]= ARCOFERS- Roc: RAR: 2 Yramchomm §=we Com wate , al By debinakow ob loplac | 4 afin 4-400) = G4 D+ BHO) ab 3 2 =A ep-eF db +8 | hemetia s ° = KACO FRA. 5 Rocl RAP, Wurce preved c. phone BAO) ets ART BRS aa 2 GeNabion tv FA Dowain) © Cy SISK RHP Sonn CT oS eras Theorem, oaaeaG Th He fundiow fey hay the ese Ets), then the laplace tranchewn obj Arle) ia FCS+g) - tk dyad Fe, Roc. R = eteayats FCetg. , Roc: R+ ReCSe) preek © , SS By detinkhion ob Japlace Proms hom, 2 LS fon) = | asp tone at CH Sb "sy th) € dt 9 a = FCS+S). Hence proved Lles’ fay f= pecre) A'( eesessy] = ee ee Tie Shakbing CTramcletion is Time Domain be) we (or) Second Si Ving Tees Treen SF fay chs Feo Roe :R- —Sbo _ : Kun 4[ ferme) = e .FCS). Rock & ug! FCs) ve fui) <-> * oe 7 Ry definghon, Jo place Frans brow ck Lcb-ta) voll be, . [fen |= (te) edt oO a2 2 ) ’ FF II IIIIIIVIIDIIS ee)esoseseeaeases BCeeseeevveseennve7e722777°73223272734293 | ley = ETH 7 ate dk ad be Awd who t=-0 Dee oma whon 4s © 4 t= w-to = Hente laplace Levon bern becomes , a HCTF) 5 SCO). © she (Tyee este ac “o o " aC ferte)] bal =St_ ar —sto e oe | a th T3b —sto = gb ie) = : 2 afl sa-my] = € Vise oot Pee (Te scaling peepetha = Hosen’ iY fey ete FOO with Roos & ¢ re i _ Ja). . ROCs Akon fegi) = rt eCSla)- reek By debination of | apace. roms yer - aC 4005) = ‘ fea SF at Rla Ae bedond dt= Ldt Kienits of integration will sematu Some . Hence laplace tromc bam becomes, ‘a Si tl teati]- {fee e * Liat - -C&)t = a JD oe = 1. Ctl). . @oc: Fa ——O Now lous concidag —Ve Values of al irey - ssh At tlecessj= f teay-e% \e Late T, ode = ond d= 1 dT. Vimibs olf integrals will inter chromye © be, i L{ 4c-ab5} > § kew).e , (a,)-AT Be 08 -CHt = if ACT): € At nO co “ — C&)T = +l) { fet). € “AT - oa — Frown oeve bao eat we Com ume _ 1 EC Spl, RoC: Ma. 4[ Fan] = i FC Spa) 4 \e SHH HHH HHH KH HHH HH HH HES HTH HTS HS HS RRURHRH RHE D a -at OF : Hobtion iw Tine DoBdin't- ht pues a pe? SF fey ees Fes , @ocrR Hiren alee) ah, SRts) - £c0) vey [eteed= Res) - FOO | LUe)= \. splay es? dt oO ae eee - Cane aed ° s % iar ete R ky Guclegvading by pot yuntned, we qe ey [a0 at fea Vato ails | 2 = Skea)” + { go S heat © a -& fea} +e. Pane ¥ ab See Lorce we Wave, 4.04 cay) = cre FO) Tudespation prepatay .C 1. Fwe dewaim | a St aE a fumckien Fe) is confvusous, tran te. oa ee +f [eenav] - AL FO. |% er Lf Jon] : J tena] He 2 f rea] gfe] a 0 Ty u fuleqrating by poses wottrod, we gt, G oo = ler [sou +4 fi aS? ty. dt- oO ° ° Lrce fab ber is Boe, we pt HY * teeldb |= 4. LY eces] = EOS a (Gy Pifereubiakor of Frowghaone CS devas)" + wt oh; tre Auacko 4) ponding spromshem is to ib Stak th the \aplace Arrochar —_— wm ACh = 4fete ]= “a FO as a eoedt. —t-fct) ogy Yr de eee = & [ Sea. e at], ite aud + ene inde pendant cf \ewe ae 23,4333 39 3 DO >279F DHSSSP HFA DIDI KRIS2900099998939 +3 @eaanasaanas exponential Ciguad ETF will be decaying ond ib & se - valued fren tke veal expovelhal signal =” willbe growiny Now leh us galncide, “¢' 14 purely imaginary (runoey) Vovri- able ie., Saw Akon oo ayer XCS)= XC jw) = { ach).e7 i dk which is Hire Comb nuous —-bime Fourier tramchom ETED ok & signal xe) Tes , we Conclude — creT} xa) xcs | = LTfaa | _ veel 3 This ic the relotionship bedweem Conknucws— — time Fourier romshmm od — laglace Proms hom Convergence of Laplace Proms few * Saou ea , we lenow tra laplace branshowm M4 basically rb . : tre Fourier bromclenm of 2.27%. Hence iby Fourier evans + picks . them \aplace twromchemm ob ch) exists. ok xche Fer Founes tromshewm to enrich (cn yuuth be absolutely integrable . tes — oo 3 Ik this condibien i cobis Lied . than Fouser Leomchorm of 26eo" will emith. ty other wads we Com Sey thot LT ols 2th) will erick, i abeve coudition tC. sodictred . TRY aloeve eo)” Bvese necessary Condition fet laplace rons kor to enich . ¥ Region of Conver gence (Roc) er loplace Troms forms ee — The womge of values of tre complex Voriable 13 called ber which te laplace trams ferme converces the Region of Convergence CRoc) Be Mle the Signal xehye OE uch) . oo Llagd= xcd= eye ab ee -tb etiucy edb piace ) fotze © otenaise cee “J a ast -f 7 dt ae xestaye | . =e — CS+0) le ale" €] ' Sa Re CS#A) SO Ret) S—a Roc is clown in cide fig ty the Shaded awea to te wight of the Mine Recs)=-a- be 93932399 »» 9 4 eos 4 vewueowvvunwe a® >HRHRHROOHHO®D e ee eCoeeeeoeeneeeeneenenenne E® Detemmine He LT cha ere giver belo w= -e%. urn tot Wye uct tak the LT of a signal 2c) K(S)= Jct edb be \s expressed af , Given signed yeh)= —€*¥ uc-+) co = : -at = ucts 1. ¥s0 => xi) = {a uct) aay \ V Strenite -t ° ae = £6 © _cyeoyl = | eM a.e tb = ew abe . | zesty by] ° oe sa['~"] Ze» seey ea) Ay cet ae ake = 00 TO Oe = 1 eetstaleo = eet sta” Hl) arr p eechc a ot Bee-a X The Unilateral Laplace Troms|om Te unilateral laplace tranche 4 applied 7 Ke Lignals tak ove cousel + AKad 3 \pr tee Signals whase maguidude 18 Zee ph ene to Tre wlotenal loplace +ramc horn \c dlelned by , A —sh Keod= = ak. ok o signa) CY) lowing Signed % Find tre wailaberol laplace trouslpom of the fell wy aey= SO) diy ec= UC). “ Wy xch= SC). by using LT deh”