1. Hello Good morning everyone Doc Greg and fellow Classmates.
My name is Emmanuel Abellana an Electronics and Communications Engineer and
presently connected with Philippine Statistics Authority as a Statistical specialist II.
Together with mam Cheryl, we will discuss Chapter 22 Qualitative Research-DATA
COLLECTION or How to collect Qualitative Data.
2. When you think of qualitative, think quality
How do we collect qualitative data. Qualitative studies typically adopt flexible data
collection plans that evolve as the study progresses. Qualitative findings grow out of
Three kinds of data in depth open-ended, the. . .
Self-reports/Interviews, most frequently used type of data, Direct Observation, and
Ethnographies are likely to combine these two data sources with others such as the
products of the culture (e.g. photographs, Written documents, artifacts).
3. Qualitative researchers often confront such fieldwork issues as gaining
participants’ trust, pacing data collection to avoid being overwhelmed by the
intensity of data, avoiding emotional involvement with participants (“going
native”), and maintaining reflexivity (awareness of the part they play in the study
and possible effects on their data).
4. Qualitative researchers need to plan in advance for how their data will be
recorded and stored. If technical equipment is used (e.g., audio recorders,
video recorders), care must be taken to select high-quality equipment that
functions properly in the field.
5. So, How to Collect Qualitative Data?
1.) Unstructured interviews, which are conversational discussions on the topic of
interest. Allowing the discussion to cover a
variety of topics based on where the
responses may lead.
2.) semi-structured (or focused) interviews, in which interviewers are guided by
a topic guide of questions to be asked; the questions are often open-ended in nature
but there are questions to help guide the discussion.
► 3.) focus group interviews, which involve discussions with small,
homogeneous groups;
► 4.) joint interviews, which involve simultaneously talking with
members of a dyad;
► 5.) life histories, which encourage respondents to narrate their life
experiences chronologically;
► 6.) oral histories, which are used to gather personal recollections of
events;
► 7.) critical incidents interviews, which involve probes about the
circumstances surrounding an incident that is critical to an outcome of
interest; , which involve probes about the circumstances surrounding an
incident that is critical to an outcome of interest;
► 8.) diaries and journals, in which respondents maintain ongoing records
about some aspects of their lives;
► (9) the think-aloud method, which involves having people use audio
recording devices to talk about decisions as they make them;
► 10.) photo elicitation interviews, which are stimulated and guided by
photographic images; and
► 11.) narrative communications available on the Internet.
This brings us back to the different ways that qualitative research can be used
depending on your discipline. In-depth interviews can be used such as a structured or
unstructured format this will be
explained further on the next slide and
the uses of key informant interviews or
focus groups interviews will yield
direct quotations from people about
their experiences opinions feelings and
knowledge one could also utilize direct
observations to gather data consisting
of detailed descriptions of people's
activities behaviors actions and the
full range of interpersonal interactions
that are part of an observable human
experience examples being field research
videos and photography as well as
looking at artifacts the final way to
collect qualitative data is to look at
written documentation such as studying
excerpts open-ended written responses to
questionnaires and surveys quotations
and journal entries the data for
qualitative analysis typically comes
from fieldwork where the researcher
makes firsthand observations of
activities and interactions however for
our research purposes more often than
not we find that we retrieve more
qualitative data through interviews and
written documents let's look closer at
in-depth interviews interviews can be
one-on-one often referred to as a key
informant interview or in a group
setting key informants are typically
professionals or insiders with special
knowledge or status who are willing to
share what they know with the researcher
the key informant partnership often
includes a degree of colleague ality not
typical of most data collection
Interviews can also be unstructured
allowing the discussion to cover a
variety of topics based on where the
responses may lead.
Semi-structured often
referred to as a focus group the
questions are often open-ended in nature
but there are questions to help guide
the discussion
lastly interviews may be structured
where the interviewer asks the same
questions in the same way for each
interviewee with this format questions
might be phrased in an order that limits
the range of responses it is also good
to note that skillful interviewing
involves much more than just asking
questions speak clearly but casually
avoiding any suggestion that one answer
might be more desirable than another
inexperienced interviewers often use
words that enter inadvertently suggest
answers
remember that qualitative questions are
informal non-judgmental and open okay
looking closer at focus groups a focus
group is the use of group interaction to
produce data and insights that would be
less accessible without the interaction
found in a group setting focus groups
depend as much on the exchange of ideas
among participants as they do on answers
to specific questions from the
interviewer typically a focus group is
on the smaller side around four to eight
people and the open discussion is led by
the interviewer also known as a
moderator the aim of a focus group is to
make use of participants feelings
perceptions and opinions it also
wouldn't hurt to attend a training on
how to conduct a focus group before
planning to lead a focus group
what is great about a focus group is
that the discussion allows the moderator
to explore a topic that is difficult to
observe such as the topic of drinking
while pregnant focus groups may also be
used to gather preliminary data for
future research and can act as a needs
assessment for a particular community
what better way to find out the
community's needs than by asking members
of that very community focus groups can
also aid in the development of a survey
and further research as well as
clarifying research findings from
another method that has been used such
as the key informant interview analyzing
qualitative data begins by interpreting
the data the challenge of qualitative
analysis lies in making sense of massive
amounts of data in short no absolute
rules exist except perhaps to just do
your very best with your full knowledge
to fairly represent the data and
communicate what is revealed in the data
given the purpose of the study so coding
data developing a classification or
coding scheme is the first step of
analysis codes are typically words for
identifying themes or primary patterns
in the data coding entails figuring out
possible categories patterns and themes
that took place with the interviews and
focus group discussions
once codes have been finalized they are
organized within a codebook which is
used to interpret the data many codes
are created by utilizing the survey
questions as major themes and oftentimes
there will be sub-themes within the
major theme
a codebook often includes a definition
and death and description of each code
or theme inclusion exclusion criteria
are also available as well as examples
of real text for each theme and examples
of the themes boundaries if it is an
abstract code in explaining the coding
process I'll describe it as done
traditionally which is without software
to highlight the thinking and mechanics
involved there are software programs
that provide different tools and formats
for coding but the principles of the
analytical process are the same whether
you're doing it manually or with the
assistance of a computer program first I
begin by reading through all the field
notes and the verbatim transcripts from
interviews and focus groups and make
comments in the margins that contain my
notations about what I can do with the
different parts of the data as well as
different comments that may stand out
this constitutes the first cut at
organizing the data into topics and
files coming up with topics is like
constructing an index for a book or
labels for a file system you look at
what is there and give it a name or a
label they copy which topics and labels
are written and this becomes the index
copy or field notes for the interviews
many passages will illustrate more than
one theme or pattern the first reading
through of the data is aimed at
developing the coding categories or
classification system then a new reading
is done to actually start the formal
coding in a systematic way several
readings of the data may be necessary
before field notes or interviews can be
completely indexed or coded some people
find it helpful to use colored
highlighters to color code your
different ideas or concepts that you're
finding figure out what things fit
together by looking for reoccurring
regularities in the data these
regularities reveal patterns that can be
sorted into cat
it is also helpful to have more than one
person working on the analysis perhaps
even create a small team have each
person read through and develop their
own coding scheme independently then
meet to compare and discuss similarities
and differences once everyone from the
team comes to agreement often an
elaborate classification system will
have emerged and that will wrap up your
analyzing of your qualitative data that
concludes our training on qualitative
data collection if you have questions
regarding this training please email us
at info at Kirk org also please check
out some of the other training modules
available on our website at
