UNITNo (3.5 4 roduction: The process of heating using electrical energy is known as electrical heating, Heating is required for both domestic and industrial purposes. The following are some of the applications of electrical heating: ; 1. Domestic purposes ~ The heating in general is required for the following purposes in case of domestic scenario: - * Hot plates for cooking * Room heaters Immersion heaters for water heating Electric irons Electric toasters Electric ovens for baking etc. 2. Industrial purposes - The heating in general is required for the following purposes in case of industrial scenario: - © Melting of metals * Moulding of glass * Heat treatment processes * Baking of insulators + Enamelling of copper wires etc, Advantages of electric heating - The following are some of the advantages of electric heating: 1. Cleanliness ~ In the absence of dust and ash of the fuel, charge never gets contaminated. 2. Absence of flue gases ~ In the absence of flue gases and soot, atmosphere and charge are not polluted. Therefore the operation is clean and hygienic. Ease of control ~ In case of electrical heating the temperature of charge can be easily controlled easily manually or fully automatic. Also it is possible to adopt any heating and cooling cycle. Better working conditions — As the radiation losses are low, working with electric furnaces is convenient and cool as well as these furnaces provide noiseless operation. Ease of adaptation — In case of electric heating there is greater adaptability as heating can be done locally at certain local spots or the material can be uniformly heated as per the requirements. 6. Very efficiency of utilization — In case of electric heating, the source of heat can be brought directly to the point where heat is required thereby reducing transfer losses and increases the efficiency. Since there are no products of combustion which result in heat losses in their removal from combustion chamber, Uniform heating — In all the methods of heating by burning fuels, from the outer surface of material to inside of the material due t core relatively remains cold. However in case of electrical heating it i Fer g it is possible Generate heat inside the core of the material thereby resulting in uniform heatn ° Heating of non conducting materials ~ A non ~ conducting (or insulating) material can be heated uniformly only with electric heating since h : i san we ated z at is generated inside the heat is conducted fo which the inside Scanned with CamScannerhimney and grating, the electric furnace aces ce there are no cl : ee very small. required by these furnaces is al we Mmmperature limit. The maximum temperature which can be obtained using tleetrical heating depends on the heat handling capability of the material used for heating. Modes of heat transfer — Heat transfer is defined as the transmission of energy from one region to another as a result of temperature gradient and it takes place by three modes ~ conduction, convection and radiation. In majority of practical cases the heat transfer takes place due to the combination of all the modes of heat transfer. i, Conduction — It is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another part of the same substance, or from one substance to another in physical contact with it, without appreciable displacement of molecules forming the substance. In solids, the heat is conducted by the two mechanisms (a) by lattice vibration (b) by transport of free electrons. In case of gases, the kinetic energy of molecules is exchanged by their collision due to continuous random motion. In case the mechanism is closer to gases except that in this case the molecules are more closely packed and intermolecular forces also affect the process. The thermal conductivity of a material is defined as the amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area, and unit thickness in unit time when the difference between the faces causing heat flow is unit temperature difference. Thermal conductivity of a material depends on material structure, moisture content, density of the material and pressure and temperature. ii. Convection - It is the transfer of heat within a fluid by mixing of one portion of the fluid with the other. This mode of heat transfer is only possible in fluid medium, This mode is basically conduction in a very thin fluid layer at any surface and then mixing caused by the flow. The heat flow depends on the properties of fluid and it independent of the properties of the material of the surface. It however depends on the shape of the surface which influences the heat flow and hence heat trarcfer lil, Radiation ~ It is the transfer of heat through space or matter by means other than conduction and convection. The heat transferred by radiation can be considered as electromagnetic waves or quanta similar in nature to light and radio waves. All bodies radiate heat and hence transfer of heat by radiation occurs because hot body emits More heat than it receives and a cold body receives more heat than it emits. The radiant energy requires no medium for propagation and will pass through radiant heat in general: ys ordinary laws of reflection. ¢ Ittravels with the speed of light, It shows interferen, \ce, diffraction and polarization If follows the law o , sone ° just like light waves. inverse square, (paises Scanned with CamScannerThe wavelength of heat radiations is longer than that of light waves, hence they are invisible tothe eyes. Methods of Heating ~The following are the different methods of electric heating Heating Methods > Power frequency heating High frequency heating Induction Dielectric heating heating Resistance Are Electron bombardment heating heating heating Direct Indirect Direct arc Indirect are resistance resistance heating heating heating heating Direct resistance heating ~ In this method of heating, the material or charge to be heated is taken as resistance and current is passed through it, The charge may be in the form of Powder, pieces or a liquid. Two electrodes are immersed in the charge and connected to supply in case of dc. or single phase a.c. supply. Three electrodes are immersed in the charge and connected to supply in case of three phase a.c. supply. When some pieces of metal are to be heated then some highly resistive powder is sprinkled over the surface of pieces to avoid direct short circuit ‘The current flows through the charge and heat is produced, This method has high efficiency since heat is produced in the charge itself. As the current in this case fe not easily Variable, therefore automatic temperature contra is not possible, However uniform ant high temperature can be obtained, This method of heating is used in salt bath furnaces and inthe electrode boiler for heating water. The fig. Ashows a direct resistance furnace, Scanned with CamScanner4 Fig. A Direct Resistance Heating Indirect resistance heating ~ In this method of heating, electric current is wire or other high resistance material forming a heatiny FR loss produced in the heating element is delivered t modes of transfer of heat i.e, conduction, convection a Passed throw, i element. The heat Proportional, ‘0 the charge by one or More ofthe nd radiation. if the heats rane element is kept in a cylin fimperature. Automatic temperature control can be heating is used in room heaters, immersion water heat ‘ovens employed in domestic and commercial cooking Provided in this case, This methodel ters and in various types of ressare and salt bath furnaces, Resistive Element N \ \ N \ N WOO velo Scanned with CamScannerElectric Arc Furnace:24WHEH voltage across two electrodes separated by an air gap is increased, a stage is reached when the.voltage gradient in the air gap,is such that the air i the gap becomes good conductor of electricity. The arc is said to exist when électrie current passes through the air gap. A very high voltage is required to establish an arc across an air gap but to maintain an arc small voltage may be sufficient. An arc can also be established by short circuiting the two electrodes momentarily and then withdrawing them back. In this method of striking an arc, high voltage-is not required. The arc drawn between two electrodes produces heat and has a temperature betweém 10000 C and 35000 C depending upon the material of the electrodes used. \ Usually arc furnaces are of cylindrical shape but recently conical shaped shells have been used. However even in conical shapes the horizontal cross-section is cylindrical. The Bigiizactirticcceern cen Regency: AUREeKis Scanned with CamScanneradvantage of a cone shape is less power consumption, less radiatior time. The arc furnaces are of two types ~ direct arc furnace and ind Direct arc furnace ~ In this type of furnace, the charge itself acts as one The arc is made to strike between one electrode and charge itself, As a flows through the body of the charge developing heat due to electrical charge in addition to the heat radiated from the arc. There are two ty furnaces namely those with non conducting bottom as shown in fig.4 (a conducting bottom as shown in fig.4 (b). Of the electro result the cur ides, rent Fesistance of thy PES Of direct are ) and those with XY) Electrode — Electrodes Are Charge Fig.4 (a) Non Conducting Bottom Direct Arc Furnace In case of a single phase arc furnace havin are taken vertically downward throu and in case of 3 phase furnace three are projected on the charge through through the charge develops ele automatically obtained by it. Thus u Fig.4 (b) Conducting Bottom Direct Arc Furnace 1 Non conducting bottom, two electrodes igh the roof of the furnace to the surface of the charge electrodes put at the corners of an equilateral triangle the roof and three arcs are formed. The current passing ctromagnetic field and necessary stirring action is niform heating is obtained. In case of a single phase arc furnace having conducting bottom, one electrode is taken vertically downward through the Foof of the furnace to the surface of the charge and the one part of the supply is connected directly to the bottom of the furnace. This type of furnace is commonly used for production of steel having size between 5 and 10 tonnes, The main advantage of direct arc furnace is that purer production is obtained and the composition can be exactly controlled during refining process. This furnace can be used both for meltin, 8 and refining but due to its higher cost it is used for refining than melting, Indirect arc furnace — the arc is formed between two electrodes placed above the charge as shown in fig.5 (2) Rg Qe | and heat is transmitted to the charge solely by radiation. In this case the temperature of the charge is therefore lower than that in Gise Of direct arc furnace. As no current flows through the charge, therefore there is no Stirring action and hence it becomes necessary to rock these furnaces. These indirect arc (ntqelinesiatttbremianesiowen In this furnace, Mamta a te at Scanned with CamScanner8 furnaces are therefore made of cylindrical or spherical shell properly lined with refractory bricks etc. from inside. The shell is supported horizontally on, rollers. These rollers are connected by heavy redui ‘ion gears with reversible motor controlled by series of time relay switches by mean of whigh the furnace is rocked backwards and forward angle progressively increasing from 15° to 20° with start to 160° as melt proceeds. Charge. Trdivect tre firrace 8 ed Scanned with CamScanner5 tS oN HEATING $F — TNovets oe wee Trduetion heating process of Current tnd ynaKes vse action by. electromnagne#e he BY roms frerne* action) ™ tne wnaterial +o be heated - > Figg, Indection hats 1 Lihen al bev g bs Per Figo) Bupry applied across the sndueed in the metal pices coll, eddy Curevent® ove due to - these eddy The Power loss heat . Thus electomagnettedly ~ Conventently used for best frnsfoemenr action , Currents produces Induced currents Gn be Purpose» only materials of low jAesistiyity 7) Soch & an be offectively heated by this method ent?) cid F imetols Even in thete Case, for Producing Sufficient err it is often necessary to vse a magnetic Fi als ate 7776 ey high Frequency . magnebe rater ot the Polio" itable for induction heating te cause ons » —> Puce to thay high powniavility a Apert forrn eoldy avert forts thee is , a a In the material clue to hysterisis ore $5.ds tenon as bysterisis lox ;nned with CamScannerGT /0 6) (Core - type Tnduction Furnace ¢% [_— Oo | j | As fllestroted to fig @_ ‘the Core-type induction forrate is essentially a trans former colth a charge to be heated forming & Single - turn chovt civcurted Secomdary . The ocendary Creat fs mag netcally Coupled te the primer} | | using on itm Core. Trron cove | operoc'on tr lon appli cotion of ase supely : | atross the Primary, lorge wh the order of Lourvent geveral thousand am pores is induced inthe charge *Y Fy.) ees SO froms former action + This | Qurrunt Causes heating and Ming of charge: Sobsequent me! Limi totiens 7 between “the Primony amd leomage Reactance > The mognetic Guplivg , die to this te2y Secondary i3 very poor wid high ond Power Fach colt, be Les —> how dreguomey opuroHien + —> The ghape of crucible tobe vse for melting Le a, most « tyreonveniont - js odd om £ the fownace » o Complete Crucible y otherwise chonge > TP Star snust be pretent in the | Secondory Ctyruit Iwill be oper. | Scanned with CamScanner ring of metal theAPPlicntns ‘\- —> TLa&mbe Sed toy the sme\ting and refining a talse Various Teavous 5 mon —feryous Me Scanned with CamScanner