5.4 Other ways of making salts > 5.4 Other ways of making salts eee ‘+ propare a salt by using an acid and a carbonate prepare a salt using neutralisation © cary out risk assessments for practical work use word and symbol equations. Make a list of the properties of acids and of alkalis (for example: bases pH of more than 7, all contain hydrogen, turn universal indicator crystalise ‘solution blue). Make sure the properties of acids and alkalis are erodes mixed together. Exchange your list with a partner and sort the properties into those of acids and those of alkalis. How wall did you do? limestone neutralisationactivity Metal carbonates and acids Carbonates — such as calcium carbonate —are salts. Carbonates can be formed by the reaction of a metal with carbonic acid. ‘We can use carbonates to form other salts by reacting them with an acid, For example: sulfuricacid + calcium carbonate > calcium sulfate + water + carbon dioxide nso, + Caco, caso, + HO + CO, 1 hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate —* calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide QHCL «+ = CaCO, C,H HOF CO, acid = + carbonate > salt + water + carbon dioxide ‘The line above shows the general equation for these reactions. The rock limestone is made of calcium carbonate. It is damaged when it reacts with acid rain and crodes. ‘The skeletons of coral are made from calcium carbonate and react with ‘acids This happens when the oecans become slightly more acidie as more carbon dioxide dissolves in the water. This ace of corals reacting hycrochloc acc How can you tel that a ean taking pace? ‘Questions 1. Write the word equation for the reaction between magnesium carbonate and nitric aci 2 Write the symbol equation for the reaction between magnesium carbonate and sulfuric acid, 3 How could you check that the gas given off in these reactions is carbon dioxide? ——— 188)5.4 Other ways of making salts i eects Preparing a salt from acid and a carbonate You are going to prepare copper chloride, using the reaction between copper carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Work out what equipment you will need to make copper chloride. Consider the risks you might encounter as you carry out the operation and how you can reduce them. Safoty Take care when heating the solution (step 5), as it may spit and bum you. Method 1 Place 25 cm? of hydrochloric acid in a smalll beaker. 2 Adda spatula of copper carbonate. Xe = copper carbonate 3 Add more copper carbonate until it stops reacting. You should have a small amount of unreacted copper carbonate left in the beaker. (This is called adding excess copper carbonate. It makes sure that all the acid has reacted.) 4 To purify your copper chloride you will need to remove \ the excess copper carbonate. Filter the mixture. The t unreacted copper carbonate will be trapped in the filter paper. 5 Pour the filtrate into an evaporating basin and heat it gently. This will remove the water and leave you with pure copper chloride. 6 Stop heating the evaporating basin when you see some crystals around the edge of the solution. 7 Leave fora few days to cool and evaporate slowly to crystallise. a 139 >Questions Read through the method and make a list ofall the equipment you will need. Cary out a risk assessment for each step of the method, ‘What did you observe when you added copper carbonate to the hydrochloric acid? ‘Which gas is given aff during this reaction? Winte the word equation for your reaction Describe the appearance of the capper chloride you have made. ‘Which substances in your word equation are salts? Using your observations from this experiment, what can you say about the solubility of copper carbonate and copper chloride in hydrachlorie acid? (Think about what happened when you filtered the liquid from the beaker) Suggest how you could use copper carbonate to make copper sulfate. Salts in rocks ‘The blue-green colours in these rocks in the Atacama Desert in Chi {ell you that they contain copper salts. This bright bluc-grcen mineral in the rock is called malachite. It is made from copper carbonate, Forming salts by neutralisation Alkalis reaet with aeids to neutralise them. When an acid is neutralised ‘by an alkali, a salts produced. For example, when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid, the salt sodium chloride is formed. ‘The other product is water. sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid — sodium chloride + water NaOH + HCI > Nacl + HO. ‘The general equation for neutralisation reactions is: acid + alkali = salt, + water5.4 Other ways of making salts Questions 4 How can you test to see if a liquid is an acid or an alkali? 5 What word is used to describe a solution that is neither acid nor alkali? & What are the properties of alkalis? finale enn Proparing a salt by noutralisation Work out what equipment you will need to make a salt by neutralisation, Consider the risks you might encounter as you carry out the operation and how you can reduce them. Before you begin the practical work, answer questions 1 and 2. Safety ‘Take care when heating the filtrate (step 8), as it may spit and bum you. Method 1. Place hydrochloric acid in a burette. 2 Measure out 20 cm’ of the sodium hydroxide into a small flask. 3 Add a few drops of universal indicator solution, lute Irydrechlerc oad wunwersa indicator ‘dine soctum hydroxide 4 Add the acid from the burette slowly, swirling the flask (moving it gently round) as you add the acid 5 When the universal indicator changes to green you have produced a neutral solution. wm)>for cre) 6 Add a spatula of charcoal powder to the green solution. Mix it with a glass rod. The charcoal takes the green colour of the universal indicator out of the solution. neurasoition ‘narcoat powder mice in 7 Filter the mixture. 8 Place the filtrate into an evaporating basin and heat gently. 9 Stop heating when you see some crystals around the edge of the solution. 10 Leave tho evaporating basin for a fow days. Tho water will evaporate slowly, leaving crystals of the salt. Questions Read through the method and make a list of all the equipment you will need. Carry out a risk assessment for each step of the method What colour is the universal indicator solution in the sodium hydroxide? ‘What colour is universal indicator solution in a neutral solution? Why do you need to swirl the flask as you add the acid? Imagine that you accidently add too much acid from the burette. What could you do to form a neutral solution? oan ena What salt is formed in this reaction? ow Write the word equation for this reaction. Describe the salt crystals you obtained. 12>5.4 Other ways of making salts Alkalis and bases When a metal oxide dissolves in water, it forms an alkaline solution. Metal oxides are called bases. Soluble metal bases form alkalis when ‘they dissolve in water. For example: sodium oxide + water — sodium hydroxide Sodium oxide is a hase. The sodium hydroxide is an alkal. ‘Some metal oxides are not soluble in water, for example iron and copper ‘oxide. So they do not form alkalis, But they can still react with acids to form salts. ‘copper oxide + sulfuric acid —* copper sulfate + water CuO + HSO, — CuSO, + HO ‘Questions 7 Whats the difference between a base and an alkali? 8 Write the word equation for tho reaction between magnesium ‘oxide and sulfuric acid. 9 Write the symbol equation for the reaction between magnesium ‘oxide and sulfuric acid. 10 Suggest how you could use iron oxide to make iton chloride,