between points B and D, assuming a “+” reference at D?

(c) What is the

potential difference (in volts) between points A and B (again, in volts),
assuming a “+” reference at B?
+
24. Two metallic terminals 1protrude
pA from
+ a device.
1V The
– terminal on the left EXERCISES
is the 33
HW1: Basic Concepts for
positive reference for a voltage called vx (the other terminal is the negative Circuit Analysis.
reference).
–
The terminal on+the right10ismA the positive reference for a voltageV
2 A 10
29.called v y (the
Determine theother
powerterminal being
supplied the leftmost
by the negative element
reference). If itcircuit
in the takes of1 mJ of
6 V a single electron into the left terminal, determine the voltages
Hayt 8th2.31.
energy
Fig. Edition,
to push Chapter 2. Problems: 25-37 (odd), 44, EXERCISES 48
– 33
vx and v y .
2A
~

25. Determine
The convention for voltmeters is totheuse a blackelement
wire forinthe A. Para medir la potencia diferencial entre
29. the– power
+ supplied by leftmost thenegative
circuit ofreference
los dos puntos, en las referencias
terminal
2 A2.31.
Fig. and
(a) a red wire for
+ the positive
5A reference
(b) terminal. (a) Explain
(c) why negativas y positivas.
8 V
two wires are required to measure a voltage. (b) If it is dark and the wires into B. El voltímetro mostrará valores negativos,
■+FIGURE 2.29 Elements for Exer. 26.
the voltmeter– 4are A
swapped by accident,
10 V –
+ what will happen during the next pero el número será el mismo
2V
measurement?
– – +
2A +
26. Determine the 8 Vpower absorbed 5by A each
–3 A of the elements in Fig. 2.29.
+
27. Determine –
the power absorbed by each of the elements in Fig. 2.30.
+
2V –4 A 10 V – –
– 10 V +
–3 A P= ( 27/27 : zw
■ FIGURE 2.31 a)
-

– +
1A 1 pA + 1V –
L

W
30. The current-voltage
– characteristic of
–8e–t10mAVa silicon
+ solar cell
+ exposed to direct
b) P (8etm) /-16e +) - 128e- =
:

sunlight at noon in Florida+ during 10 midsummer

mA is given2 Ain Fig. 2.32. It10is V ( 5)
= 47.2
128e mw
-

■ FIGURE 2.31
–obtained
2
-

:
.

by placing different-sized
–16e–tresistors across
– the2 twoV terminals10–3 iof the
-

+ 128e W
2V V 1
=
-
~

device and 6 Vmeasuring the resulting

(t = 500 currents and voltages. 2004
30. The current-voltage characteristic of ams)silicon solar cell exposed to direct– 2( 10 3)(100x103)
= -

10 "i)
-

GP z(
-
= -
-

(a) What is the value of the short-circuit current?

=

+ –
sunlight at noon in Florida during midsummer is given in Fig. 2.32. It is
obtained
(b) Whatbyisplacing different-sized
the value of the voltageresistors circuit?the two terminals of2the
at openacross A
device and(a)measuring
(c) Estimate the resulting
the maximum power thatcurrents
(b) andobtained
can be voltages. (c)
(ifrom the device.
1 = 100 mA)
(a) What
(a)
■ FIGURE is the value of the short-circuit
2.29 Elements for Exer. 26. (b) current? (c)
Current
(b) What (A)
is the value of the voltage at open circuit? EXERCISES 33
■ FIGURE 2.30 Elements for Exer. 27.
(c)3.0
Estimate the maximum power that can be obtained from the device.
29. Determine
2.5
27. Determine the power
the power absorbed
supplied by by the
eachleftmost element in
of the elements in the
Fig.circuit
2.30. of
Current
Fig.
2.0 (A)
2.31.
28. A constant current of 1 ampere is measured flowing into the positive reference
1.5
terminal of a pair of leads whose voltage we’ll call v p . Calculate the absorbed 1
3.0
1.0 at t = 1 s if v p (t) equals (a) +1 V; (b) −1 V; (c) 2 + 5 cos(5t) V;
power
2.5 −2t – +
(d) 0.5
AA4e
212.0 V, (e) Explain+the significance
5A of a negative value for absorbed
power. 8 –V Voltage (V) + +W
+1.5 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500 8e –t
mA
+ P = z(z) =

2■1.0
VFIGURE –4 A
2.32 10 V –
–0.5 2V + –16e–t V – 2V 10–3 i1
–3 A
(t = 500 ms)
Voltage (V) 4w
P
-
=

0.125 0.250 0.375

– 0.500
2.3 Voltage and + Current Sources – 8V(a)
Pz 16w =

■ FIGURE 2.32 = -

31. Some of the ideal sources in the– circuit + Fig. 2.31 are supplying positive
10 V of :
10V1 -
41)
40W
■power,
FIGUREand2.31
others are absorbing positive power. Determine which
(i1 = 100 mA) are which, Py =
-

2.3 and
Voltage
(a) andthe
show that Current Sources
algebraic sum of(b)the power absorbed by each(c) element 10V( -
31)
30w =

(takingofcare to preserve signs) iscircuit

equal to Fig.
zero.solar Py
=

30. Some
31. The
■ current-voltage
FIGURE the2.30
ideal characteristic
sources
Elements forin the27.
Exer. of a silicon
of 2.31 cell exposed topositive
are supplying direct
32.power,
By careful measurements itduring
is determined that is
aDetermine
benchtop argon ion
[ 100/51)
sunlight at noon
and others inare
Florida
absorbing midsummer
positive power. given in Fig. 2.32.
which areItlaser
is is
which, P5 = 50W =

consuming
obtained
and showby (absorbing)
placing
that the algebraic 1.5 sum
kW of
different-sized of electric
resistors
the power power
across from the
the two
absorbed wall outlet,ofbut
terminals
by each element theonly 40W + 30V
-
50 : ON
4W 160 +

producingcare5measuring
toWpreserve
of optical power. Where toiszero.
the
andremaining
voltages. power going? Doesn’t
-

device
(taking and the resulting
signs) is equal currents Pabs
-
=

28. Aconservation
constant current of 1 ampere
of value
energy isthemeasured flowingtointo the positive reference
(a) careful
32. By What ismeasurements
the ofrequire
the two quantities
it isshort-circuit
determined current?
that a benchtopbe equal?
argon ion laser is
terminal of a pair of leads whose voltage we’ll call v p . Calculate the absorbed
33.consuming
Refer
(b) to
What the
is circuit
(absorbing)
the valuerepresented
1.5
of the kW in Fig.
of electric
voltage at 2.33,
open powerwhilefrom the that
circuit? noting wallthe samebut
outlet, current
only
power at t = 1 s if v p (t) equals (a) +1 V; (b) −1 V; (c) 2 + 5 cos(5t) V;
flows−2t
producingthrough
5 W each element.
of optical power. TheWherevoltage-controlled
is the remaining dependent
power source
going? provides
Doesn’t
(d)
(c) 4e V,
Estimate (e) Explain
theenergy the significance of a negative value for absorbed
a current
conservation whichof ismaximum
5 times aspower
require large that
the twoas thecanvoltage
be obtained
quantities to from
. (a)
Vx be For the
equal? VR device.
= 10 V and
power. 2 V,
V
33. Refer
x =
Current
the circuit represented in Fig. 2.33, while noting that the element
to(A) determine the power absorbed by each element. (b) Is same currentA
likelythrough
flows a passive or active
each element. source? Explain.
The voltage-controlled dependent source provides
a current
3.0 which is 5 times as large as the voltage Vx . (a) For VR = 10 V and
(2v) A-zon
M

Vx2.5 VR – the power absorbed

= 2 V,+determine A by eachPrx element.
: zV(5A)
-
(b) Is element
=

likely
2.0 a passive A
or active source? Explain. 100w
PA 10v/5A)(2V) :

1.5
=

– 8OW
+ VR – 8V/5A)(2V)
: -

1.0
Vx + Psrx
= -

8V 5Vx 80
0.5 – 100
-

A P5vx
+ PA = - 20W +

+ Voltage Pux
=

(V)
–
0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
Prot = Ow
+ 5Vx
V■ FIGURE
■x FIGURE
– 2.338 V
2.32
+ b Es pasivo
, es una tension voltage
2.3 Voltage and Current Sources
■ FIGURE 2.33
31. Some of the ideal sources in the circuit of Fig. 2.31 are supplying positive
power, and others are absorbing positive power. Determine which are which,
and show that the algebraic sum of the power absorbed by each element
(taking care to preserve signs) is equal to zero.
32. By careful measurements it is determined that a benchtop argon ion laser is
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consuming (absorbing) 1.5 kW of electric power from the wall outlet, but only mbm/23
producing 5 W of optical power. Where is the remaining power going? Doesn’t
conservation of energy require the two quantities to be equal?
33. Refer to the circuit represented in Fig. 2.33, while noting that the same current
 0.05 0.05
35. The circuit depicted in Fig. 2.34 contains a dependent current source; the
0.04 and direction of the current it supplies
magnitude 0.04are directly determined by
34. Refer 0.03
to thelabeled
the voltage circuit represented
v1 . Note thatintherefore =0.03
Fig. 2.33,i 2while noting that the same current
−3v 1 . Determine the voltage
v1 if 0.02
flows vthrough
2 = 33i 2each
and element.
i 2 = 100ThemA.voltage-controlled0.02 dependent source provides

Current (mA)

Current (mA)
0.01 which is 5 times as
a current HW1:
large asBasic Concepts
the voltage 0.01
Vx . (a) ForforVRCircuit
= 100 VAnalysis.
and
Vx =0.0092 V, determine the power supplied by each 0.00element. (b) Verify that the
–0.01 sum of the supplied powers is equal–0.01
algebraic to zero.
+ i2 +–0.02
–0.02
35. The circuit
+
vS –0.03 depicted in Fig. 2.34 contains a dependent current source; the
v1 3v1 v–0.03
2
magnitude
– and direction of the current it supplies are directly determined by
–0.04 ––0.04
the voltage labeled v–1 . Note that therefore i 2 = −3v1 . Determine the voltage
–0.05 –0.05
v1 if v2 =–5 33i 2 and
–4 –3 i2 =
–2 –1 0 100
1 2mA.3 4 5 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
■ FIGURE 2.34 Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
(a) (b)
+ i2 +
36. To protect an expensive circuit component from being delivered too much
vS +
power, – you decide tov1incorporate 0.05 3va1 fast-blowing v2 fuse into the design.
Knowing that the circuit – component
0.04 is connected
– to 12 V, its minimum power
consumption is 12 W, and0.03 the maximum power it can safely dissipate is 100 W,
which
■ FIGURE of the three available
2.34 fuse ratings should you select: 1 A, 4 A, or 10 A?
0.02
Current (mA)
Explain your answer. 0.01
37. The dependent source in the 0.00circuit of Fig. 2.35 provides a voltage whose
36. To
value protect an expensive
depends on the current circuit
–0.01i x component
. What valuefrom of i xbeing delivered
is required for too much
the dependent
power,
source to you bedecide
supplying to incorporate
1 –0.02
W? a fast-blowing fuse into the design.
Knowing that the circuit –0.03 component is connected to 12 V, its minimum power
consumption is 12 W, and–0.04 the maximum power it can safely dissipate is 100 W,
which of the ithree x available–0.05fuse ratings should you select: 1 A, 4 A, or 10 A?
Explain your answer. –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
CHAPTER 2 BASIC COMPONENTS Voltage (V)
37. The dependent source
+ inAND
the ELECTRIC
circuit ofCIRCUITS
Fig. 2.35 provides a voltage whose
value (c)
–2ix depends on
v 2 the current i x . What value of i x is required for the dependent
+
–
source
■ FIGUREto be2.36
supplying 1 W?
47. Utilize the fact that – in the circuit of Fig. 2.37, the total power supplied by the
+ voltage source must equal the total power absorbed by the two resistors to
43. ■Determine
show that the
FIGURE 2.35 i conductance (in siemens) of the following: (a) 0 !; (b) 100 M!;
VR2 R2
(c) 200 m!. x R2
–
44. Determine the magnitude + ofVthe = VS flowing through a 10 mS conductance
R2 current
R1 + R2 −2t
ifOhm’s
2.4 –2i + Lawacross it is (a) 2 mV; (b) −1 V; (c) 100e
the voltage V; (d) 5 sin(5t) V;
7 v
You
(e) x0may
V.– assume2 the same current flows through each element (a requirement
38. Determine
of 1%
charge the magnitude
–
conservation). of the current flowing through a 4.7 k! resistor if the
45. voltage
A tolerance
across it 1isk! (a)resistor
1 mV; (b) may 10inV;reality
(c) 4ehave
−t
V; a(d)
value100anywhere
cos(5t) V;in(e) the−7 V.
48. For
range each of the
of 990 to circuits
1010 !.inAssuming
Fig. 2.38,a find the current
voltage of 9 V isI and compute
applied acrosstheit,power
39. Real
■absorbedresistors
FIGURE by2.35
thecanresistor.
only be manufactured to a specific tolerance, so that in effect
determine (a) the corresponding range of current and (b) the corresponding
the value of the resistance is uncertain. For example, a 1 ! resistor specified as
range of absorbed power. (c) If the resistor is replaced with a 10% tolerance
5% tolerance could in practice be found to have a value anywhere in the range
1 k! resistor,10repeat parts (a) and (b).10 k!
k! Calculate
2.4 ofOhm’s
0.95 to Law1.05 !. the voltage across a 2.2 k! 10% tolerance resistor
46. ifThe
the current flowing throughdata
following experimental the is acquired
element for 1anmA;
is (a) unmarked
(b) 4 sinresistor,
44t mA. using a
38. Determine
variable-voltagethe magnitude
power supply of theandcurrent flowing
a current through
meter. a 4.7 k!meter
The current resistor if the
readout
40. voltage
(a) Sketch + theunstable,
across current-voltage
it is (a) 1 mV; relationship
(b) –10 V;which
(c) (current
4e −t
V; (don) the y-axis)
100 cos(5t) of
V;a(e)
2 k!
−7 V.
is 5somewhat
V over unfortunately,
5 V of+ −10 VI ≤ V introduces error into the
resistor – theI voltage range resistor ≤ +10 V. Be sure to label
measurement.
39. Real resistors can only be manufactured to a specific tolerance, so that in effect
both axes appropriately. (b) What is the numerical value of the slope (express
the
yourvalueanswerof the resistance is uncertain. For example, a 1 ! resistor specified as
in siemens)?
5% tolerance could in practice be found to have a value anywhere in the range
41. of
Sketch Voltage (V)resistor Current (mA)0 < ttolerance
< 2π s, if
0.95 the voltage
to 1.0510 !. across
k! Calculate a 33
the!voltage 10 k! over
across the
a 2.2range
k! 10% the
resistor
current is given by
if the current flowing through 2.8 cos(t) A.
the Assume
element both
is the
(a) 1 current
mA; (b)and
4 voltage
sin 44t mA.are
defined according to the − 2.0 sign convention.−0.89
passive
40. (a) Sketch + the current-voltage − 1.2 relationship
– (current on the y-axis) of a 2 k!
−0.47
–5 V –5 V
42. resistor
Figure 2.36 –
over theI voltage
depicts range of+ −10 VIcharacteristic
the current-voltage ≤ Vresistor ≤ of +10three different
V. Be sure toresistive
label
elements.
both Determine the(b)
axes appropriately.
0.0
resistance
What isof theeach, assuming
numerical
0.01
value theofvoltage
the slopeand(express
current
are defined
your answerininaccordance
siemens)? with 1.0 the passive sign convention. 0.44
■ FIGURE 2.38 1.5 0.70
41. Sketch the voltage across a 33 ! resistor over the range 0 < t < 2π s, if the
current is given by 2.8 cos(t) A. Assume both the current and voltage are
49. defined
Sketch the power absorbed by a sign
100 ! resistor as a function of voltage over
(a) Plotaccording
the range the
−2measured
to thecurrent-versus-voltage
V ≤ Vresistor
passive
≤ +2 V.
convention. characteristic.
42. Figure
(b) Using 2.36adepicts
best-fit the line,current-voltage
estimate the value characteristic of three different resistive
of the resistance.
elements. Determine the resistance of each, assuming the voltage and current
Chapter-Integrating
are defined in accordance Exercises
with the passive sign convention.
50. So-called “n-type” silicon has a resistivity given by ρ = (−q N D µn )−1 , where
N D is the volume density of phosphorus atoms (atoms/cm3), µn is the electron
mobility (cm2/V · s), and q = −1.602 × 10−19 C is the charge of each electron.
Conveniently, a relationship exists between mobility and N D , as shown in
Fig. 2.39. Assume an 8 inch diameter silicon wafer (disk) having a thickness of
(Total300 µm.number Designof a 10problems:
! resistor by 9)specifying a phosphorus concentration in
the range of 2 × 1015 cm−3 ≤ N D ≤ 2 × 1017 cm−3 , along with a suitable
geometry (the wafer may be cut, but not thinned).

10 4

[email protected] mbm/23
!n (cm2/ Vs)

10 3