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 Development and
Guidance of Children

KAVITA ROY

(2022)
Book: Development and Guidance of Children

Author: Kavita Roy, M.A. (NET)

About the book:

This book focuses mainly on childhood stage of human

development and how they should be guided by parents,
teachers, elders, community and society. Proper development
and guidance are essential for young children to lead a healthy
and prosperous life. Childhood is a schooling age and therefore
it should lay strong foundation for an effective growth and
development. Guidance helps in enhancing the inner qualities
and abilities existing in children. Hence today’s parents and
young generation should know about their role and strategies to
be adopted for essential development of a child.
Concept of Child Development

Introduction

Development means the process of progressing and expanding

which passes by degrees to a different stage. Developmental
psychology is concerned with the scientific understanding of
age-related changes in experience and behaviour. The
development of human being is a continuous process from
conception to death.

Definition

Libert Poulos, defines the term Development as “Development

refers to a process of change in growth and capability of time as
function of both maturation and interaction with the
environment”.

Generally Developmental process of Human being is divided

mainly into four stages- 1) Infancy 2) Childhood 3) Adolescence
4) Adulthood.

• Infancy- The word Infancy has been derived from Latin word
‘infantia’ which means early childhood and literally ‘inability to
speak' Infancy is the first stage of human life after birth. It
comprises from birth till 5 years of age. Infants needs a lot of
love and nurture as they are fully dependent on their parents and

1
elders during this stage. It is the stage where infants grow at fast
rate. Physical growth is observed to be faster in comparison to
mental development. Language development takes place in this
stage.

• Childhood- Childhood is the second stage of human life. It is

further divided into three stages early childhood, middle
childhood and late childhood (before Adolescence). Early
childhood period starts from infancy till 6 years while middle
and late childhood starts from 6 to 12 years of age. It is the
period where children start to explore a sense of freedom.
Childhood is often considered as the ‘schooling age’ because it
is the period where children start going to school to have formal
education. Physical development is slower in this stage in
comparison to infancy stage.

• Adolescence- The term adolescence has been derived from

Latin word adolescere, which means "to ripen" or "to grow up. It
is the third stage of human life. It comprises of 13 to 18 years of
age therefore it is also known as ‘Teenage’ period. This period is
often remarked as the period of 'stress and storm' by Stanley
Hall as many transitional changes takes place during this period.
Physical, mental, emotional, moral, psychological development
can be observed in adolescent children. Adolescents demand
more freedom of expression and liberty they want that the
society to accept their viewpoint.

2
• Adulthood – This is the fourth stage of human life span which
can be described as the period where full physically and
intellectual maturity has been attained. In this period adults
becomes self-reliant and self-dependent and are in full power to
take their own decision in life.

Usually, adult stage starts at the age of 18.

Adulthood can also be further classified as:

1. The Early Adulthood Stage: This adulthood stage lies in

the adulthood age range of 22-34.

2. The Early Middle Age: This adulthood stage lies in the

adulthood age range of 35-44.

3. The Late Middle Age: This adulthood stage lies in the

adulthood age range of 45-64.

4. Late Adulthood: This adulthood stage lies in the

adulthood age range of 65 and above.

Thus, human life span consists different stages. During this

stages human have to go through many changes and
development. In this chapter we will study about the child
development process. Basically, the chapters are all about
childhood stages, how they develop? What are the factors
influencing child’s development? What is the role of parents in
development process of child? What is the role of school and

3
teachers in development of a child? All these questions are
studied briefly through this chapter.

Meaning of Child Development

Child development can be described as biological process and

psychological changes experienced from the time of conception
to fully matured adult. Child development is comprised of
physical as well as mental, emotional, social aspects. In the
physical domain changes take place in height, weight, internal
organs. New features such as hair, teeth begin to appear. As
chronological age changes, intellectual ability functioning of
glands also changes. During Child Development process a child
progresses from dependency on their parents/guardians to
increasing independence. Child development is strongly
influenced by genetic factors (genes passed on from their
parents) and events during prenatal life. It is also influenced by
environmental facts and the child’s learning capacity. The
optimal development of children is considered vital to society
and so it is important to understand the social, cognitive,
emotional, and educational development of children. Increased
research and interest in this field has resulted in new theories
and strategies, with specific regard to practice that promotes
development within the school system. In addition, there are also
some theories that seek to describe a sequence of states that
comprise child development.
4
Child Development can be characterized in five stages:

1. Newborn (0-3 months)

2. Infant (3-12 months)
3. Toddler (1-3 years)
4. Pre-schooling age (3-4 years)
5. Schooling age (4-5 years)

Piaget’s cognitive Development Theory

The Theory of Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget,
the Swiss Psychologist suggests that children’s
intelligence undergoes changes as they grow. Cognitive
development in children is not only related to acquiring
knowledge, children need to build or develop a mental
model of their surrounding world (Miller, 2011).
Piaget the renowned psychologist and cognitive theorist
studied an account on how children and youth gradually
become able to think logically and scientifically. His
theories came from observing children and recording
their development. Piaget believed that children act as
“little scientists,” exploring their environment to gain
understanding. He thought that children do this naturally,
without any adult intervention. He forwarded the idea of
distinct developmental stages through which children
learn language, memory and reasoning.

5
 Through his studies and researches he discovered mainly
four stages of cognitive development of child-

1. Sensorimotor intelligence stage, (from birth to age 2).

2. Pre-operational Thinking stage, (from ages 2 to 7).
3. Concrete Operational Thinking stage, (from ages 7 to
11).
4. Formal Operational Thinking stage, (from age 11 so on).

x Sensorimotor stage: During this earliest stage of cognitive

development, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge
through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. A
child's entire experience at the earliest period of this stage
occurs through basic reflexes, senses, and motor responses.
During the sensorimotor stage, children go through a period
of dramatic growth and learning. As kids interact with their
environment, they continually make new discoveries about
how the world works.

The cognitive development that occurs during this period takes

place over a relatively short time and involves a great deal of
growth. Children not only learn how to perform physical
activities such as crawling and walking; they also learn language
from the people with whom they interact. Piaget also broke this
stage down into sub stages. Early representational thought
emerges during the final part of the sensorimotor stage.

6
Major characteristics of this stage involves

• Know the happenings in the world through sensation and

movement.

• Learn about the world through basic actions like sucking,

grasping, looking and listening.

• Learn those things which continue to exist even when they

cannot be seen (object permanence).

• Realize that they are separate beings from the objects around
them.

• Realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the

world around them.

x Pre-operational stage: The pre-operational stage is one of

Piaget's intellectual development stages. It takes place
between 2 and 7 years. At the beginning of this stage the
child does not use operations, so the thinking is influenced by
the way things appear rather than logical reasoning.

A child cannot conserve which means that the child does not
understand that quantity remains the same even if the
appearance changes. Furthermore, the child is egocentric; he
assumes that other people see the world as he does. Children
become much more skilled at pretend play during this stage of

7
development, yet they continue to think very concretely about
the world around them.

Major Characteristics of this stage involves

• Toddlers and young children acquire the ability to represent

world through language and mental imagery.

• Ability to think about things symbolically.

• This is the stage where child demonstrates animism. This is the

tendency of a child to think that non-living objects such as toys
have life and feelings like people.

• Tends to be ego centric and struggle to view things from the

perspective of others.

x Concrete Operational Stage: Concrete Operational Stage

begins from 7 to 11 years of age. At this stage Children’s
thinking becomes much more logical during the concrete
operational state, it can also be very rigid. Child at this point
in development tend to struggle with abstract and
hypothetical concepts.

During this stage, children also become less egocentric and

begin to think about how other people might think and feel. Kids
in the concrete operational stage also begin to understand that
their thoughts are unique to them and that not everyone else
necessarily shares their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.

8
Piaget considered the concrete stage a major turning point in the
child's cognitive development because it marks the beginning of
logical or operational thought. This means the child can work
things out internally in their head (rather than physically try
things out in the real world).

Major Characteristics of this stage involves-

• Children begin to think logically about concrete events

• Children begin to understand the concept of conservation and

understand that, although things may change in appearance,
certain properties remain the same.

• During this stage, children can mentally reverse things (e.g.

picture a ball of plasticine returning to its original shape).

• At this stage, children also become less egocentric and begin to

think about how other people might think and feel.

x Formal Operational stage: The formal operational period

begins at about age 11. As adolescents enter this stage, they
gain the ability to think in an abstract manner, the ability to
combine and classify items in a more sophisticated way, and
the capacity for higher-order reasoning.

Adolescents can think systematically and reason about what

might be as well as what is (not everyone achieves this stage)..
This allows them to understand politics, ethics, and science

9
fiction, as well as to engage in scientific problems. Adolescents
can deal with abstract ideas: e.g. they can understand division
and fractions without having to actually divide things up. Solve
hypothetical (imaginary) problems.

Major characteristics of this stage involves

• Formal logical thinking is free totally from perceptual and

physical barriers.

• Begins to think more about ethical, moral, political,

philosophical issues that requires theoretical and abstract
thinking.

• Develops the ability to systematically plan for the future.

Other Theories of Child Development

Throughout history, there have been many theories on how we

develop throughout childhood. Some of the most recognized
include those developed by Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and
Lev Vygotsky.

Sigmund Freud devised a psychosexual stage theory of

development. He believed that children move through specific
stages of development due to innate unconscious sexual drives.
Freud's stage theory ends at adulthood.

10
Erik Erikson also created a stage theory of development, but
his is a bit different from Freud's. Erikson focused more on
social relationships as a driving force in development and
referred to the developmental tasks as psychosocial stages.
Erikson's theory is one of the most comprehensive and covers
human development from birth through old age.

Lev Vygotsky's theory of development also focuses on social

interactions as important in development. His theory views
children in an apprentice role with parents mentoring them
through developmental tasks.

Importance of child development

• Early five years of child after birth is the most crucial period.
As it is the foundation stage which will determine child’s future
growth in relation to being physically, mentally, emotionally,
healthy, socially sound.

• Children tends to learn more quickly in the early childhood

years. They need love, care, nurture and affection to develop a
sense of trust and security. So that they can build confidence in
their future

• All children whether it is boy or girl have the equal right to

have access to quality health care, education, protection,
nutrition. Each and every child are our future generation they

11
should get the equal treatment and facilities without any gender
discrimination.

•It is the duty of the parents, communities, government and civil

society to ensure that these rights are protected and fulfilled.

• To understand child’s personality whether he or she is introvert

or extrovert in different aspects, and to know their inner
potentialities, abilities, strength and weaknesses.

Four basic elements of Development are:

1. Growth: Growth generally refers to quantitative changes

such as size, weight, height. Growth takes place when a
child grows taller in height, his body muscles increase in
size. It is an essential part of the developmental process.
Growth does not keeps changing much and it does
continue life-long. As it is quantified and external
process thus it is observable in nature.
2. Maturation: Maturation means development of
individual and his behavioural characteristics through
growth. It is more qualitative in nature. Maturation is
more concerned with emotional and intellectual aspect
where organism growth takes place within structure. It is
highly dependent on timing because different systems
can mature at different time. For example, sexual and

12
 reproductive maturation will come much later after
attainment of certain age (adolescence).
3. Experience: Another most important element of child
development is experience. A child learns more through
practical knowledge and experience. Learning from
experience is also known as Experiential Learning. It
helps a child in meeting with life’s challenges and
solving different tasks.
4. Social transmission: Social transmission refers to
learning through language, schooling or training by
parents. Basically, it’s main objective is to transfer
information or behaviour from one generation to another.

Principles of growth and development

Development is the progressive series of changes- physical and

behavioural patterns that occur in the lifespan of a human being
and other living organisms. While on the other hand growth
refers to physical changes that occur from conception through
maturity. Both differs from one another in the sense that
development refers to both quantitative and qualitative change,
while growth refers to quantitative change alone.

According to L.D. Crow & Crow (1962), “Growth refers to

Structural and physiological changes and Development is
concerned with growth as well as those changes in behaviors
which result from environmental situations”.

13
Principles of growth and development

1. Principle of continuity: Principle of Continuity refers to

the continuous growth and development of an individual
which continues from the time of conception till
attainment of maturity. Development of physical and
mental traits continues until it reaches it’s maximum
growth. But even after maturity is attained development
does not stop, it continues throughout life.

2. Principle of individual differences: Growth and

development can differ from person to person. Each and
every individual will grow according to their unique rate.
There is no fixed or definite time of development. Boys
and girls have different development rates. Each part of
the body has its own particular rate of growth. Similarly
in case of a child, it is universal that they will began to
walk at a particular point of time but the time of walking
may vary from person to person.
3. Principle of dynamic changes: Development of human
beings is never static it changes from time to time. From
the period of conception to the time of death, individual
undergoes changes. Changes are visible size and
proportion, mental ability and skill, motor development
etc.

14
4. Principle of proceeding from general to specific:
Generally, growth and development takes place from
general to specific responses. This can be observed in
behaviour of infants and young children. For example,
the fetus moves its whole body but is incapable of
making specific responses. In case of language
development, a child proceeds from learning general
words to specific.

5. Principle of role of heredity and environment: Both

hereditary and environment plays a vital role in the
growth and development of a child. Heredity is
responsible for all inborn traits such as emotions,
instincts, I.Q and physical traits. While environment is
responsible for the growth and development of physical,
moral, mental, social traits.

6. Principle of maturation and learning: Growth and

development both occurs as a result of learning and
maturation. For learning any task, a child needs to be
mature enough to understand it and do it. Maturity also
has different levels. These levels affected the learning
process.

15
Factors Influencing Child’s Development

There are some factors which influence the growing minds of

the child. These are divided in three categories:

1. Environmental factors: The first and foremost factor

which leads in influencing or affecting child’s
development is the environment in which he or she is
living. The family is the first agency where a child learns
to develop his or her behaviour. If the environment
where a child has been growing up is not congenial then
it may have negative impact in his or her development
process. Some other environmental factors include;

• Illiteracy of the parents.

• Financial condition of home.

• Broken homes.

• Family diet and nutrition.

• Upbringing the child with care taker or nanny.

•Family relationship, stressful environment, single

parent.

2. Biological factors: Biological factors include hormone

levels, genetic influences, chromosomes, brain
16
 chemistry, nutrition, gender. Humans possess 23 pairs of
chromosomes in their cells (total 46 chromosomes) the
first 22 pairs are called autosomes which are same in
boys and girls. The 23rd pair of chromosomes is what
determines the gender of an individual. Males typically
have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. While
females have two X chromosome. Two of the
chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome) determines
the sex as male or female when born. Gender can
influence development in a wide range. It is found that
both boys and girls tend to learn differently and boys
have lower level of school readiness. Both boys and girls
have different interest, habit, ability, skill, way of
thinking, likes and dislikes. So, it very much important to
teach them moral values in schools. At a particular point
of time during the growing years girls becomes more
mature mentally in compare to boys. Prior to birth
nutrition and diet of a mother plays a vital role. Proper
nutrition is essential in child’s overall development.

3. Social factors: Like other factors social factors are also

one of the important causes for influencing and
impacting on child’s development. We live in a society
which includes family, neighbours, community, peer
groups. If a child is born and brought up in a sound
social environment than the child can develop his or her
17
 behaviour and personality. For example- when a child
belongs to an educational and sports club than they can
cope up with difficult situation in future. Likewise, peer
groups also play a vital role in developing a child’s
attitude. As for example- when a child is among the bad
company of peer group or friend circle then it may
hamper his or her behaviour and personality, which often
leads to maladjustment with the society, telling lies,
stealing, robbery, use of drugs and alcohol.

4. Economic factors: In a developing country like India

there is a huge economic crisis. Greater percent of Indian
population belongs to poor or middle-class family. If a
child is born in a well to do family, then he or she can get
benefits of better education, medical, health, clothing,
food, nutrition, comfortable living facilities. Children
who have access to all these facilities tends to develop
better in compared to the children who belongs from
poor family background.

5. Cultural factors: Cultural factors also plays most

important role in development of a child. Cultural
beliefs, practices, rituals, helps a child in developing
spiritual values. It helps a child in understanding the
culture in which he has been born, so that he or she can
know how to value it and preserve it for the future.
18
 6. Geographical factors: Geographical factors also plays a
positive role in child’s development process. The
geographical area where a child is living in plays an
essential role in influencing child development. Living in
enriching community where there is availability of
libraries, parks, museum, community centers for group
activities and sports club in the nearby locality helps in
developing child’s innate capacities, skills, behaviour
and talent.

Role of parents and family in child development process.

A child is first born in a family and it is the family members

with whom a child first interacts and learns how to behave and
socialize with other people. A family’s impact in child’s
development is like a foundation which may help in shaping up
the future of a child. Parents are the one from whom a child gets
love, nurture, and affection. Therefore, home and family is the
first agency which helps a child in better understanding of
himself and the people around him. From the initial growing
years of a child the parents should teach him or her the moral
values and respecting elders, providing spiritual values. The
home environment should always be enriched, free and secure
for a child. If the environment in which a child is living is not
congenial then it may have negative impact in the child
19
development process. Broken marriages, single parenting,
financial crisis, malnutrition, illiteracy of parents etc., all these
factors may lead in mental, emotional, psychological
disturbances in the initial development process of a child. Some
of the values and principles which parents should adopt in
inculcating proper child development process are mentioned
below:

1. Moral values: As we know family is the first agency

from where a child learns many things from language
development to walking, eating, etc. It is in the hands of
parents and family members to teach the child the moral
values in life which should be followed. Parents are the
one who can teach their children of what is right and
what is wrong.

2. Respecting others: Family members are the one who

should teach the child how to behave with their elders
and friends. Child must know how to respect others and
their feelings which may help in shaping his or her near
future.

3. Education: Education is the birth right of each and every

child. According to Article 21 A of our constitution
states that “The state shall provide free and compulsory
education to the children of 6-14 years of age”. It is the

20
 responsibility of the parents to provide their child with
proper education at the right age. Education acts as a
weapon in shaping the future of a child.

4. Gender equality: In a country like India there is a huge

gender discrimination. Still now in some rural and
underdeveloped places parents thinks that girl child is
born just to get married and do household chores. Some
parents often do not want to educate their girl child. All
these gender biasness should be eradicated in order to
give equality of opportunity to both boy and girl child.

5. Providing proper nutrition: In many parts of the world

there are several malnutrition children who belongs from
poor family background it happens when children don’t
get enough vitamins, nutrition, calories from the food
which they consume. Feeding and proper nutrition plays
a vital role in the development of a child. Parents and
family must provide their child with proper nutrition.
Malnutrition can hamper in child’s development process.

6. Love and nurture: Love and nurture are the basic

emotional needs of a child. Children are always drawn
towards people who love them the most, however if it is
not reciprocated then it may not last when they age.

21
 Parents should sometime display some affection towards
their child. They must teach their child to love others for
who they are, this will also let the child to have respect
for others.

7. Security and protection: Parents should not always be

overprotective towards their child as it may lead to feel
trapped and moreover the child will be reluctant to
express and share his or her true feelings and thoughts
with their parents. For a child home must be the shelter
where he or she can find solace. Family should always
make their child feel secure and protected from any
distress and unpleasing situation which can act as a
barrier in child development process.
8. Justice: It is the duty of parents and family members to
teach their child the value of justice. Instead of merely
teaching them to say sorry in every situation, child must
be taught what was right and wrong in his or her part and
let them try to fix the mistake. Children must learn what
is wrong and right happening in the world, this will help
them to develop sense of justice and ethical values in
life. They must be taught about the results and
consequences to be faced after right and wrong activities.

9. Manners: One of the essential values to teach a child is

developing good manners in them. It is the role of
22
 parents and family to teach their child to learn how to
communicate and greet others. By adopting such
manners, a child can have better interaction with other
people on daily basis in a precise and thoughtful way.

10. Honesty: Children must teach to be honest from home. If

a child sees his or her parents saying lies then they will
assume that it is okay to lie. Therefore, it is the
responsibility of the parents to provide their child with
the knowledge of being honest and saying truth. Parents
must appreciate their child for being honest. Positive
reinforcement of good behaviour helps in continuation of
that behaviour and it can be made permanent. A child
must understand the consequences of lying and being
dishonest. These will make them to realize the fact that
what is good and what is bad. Hence then only they will
understand that it is always better to say truth.

Role of School in Child Development Process.

After home the most essential agency which helps in child

development process is school. It is school where the child is
exposed to learn different things, have various knowledge
regarding subjects like literature, history, science, mathematics,
politics, social science and other numerous subjects. School
plays an important role in child’s development. It starts from

23
early childhood period as kindergarten or pre-school and
continues through childhood. A child interacts with a lot of
different people coming from different cultures, background,
language, etc. in a school. So, it is school which helps a child in
developing the feeling of equality, justice, brotherhood. It helps
in influencing the overall growth and personality of a child.
There are certain important roles played by school in child
development process, which are discussed as follows-

• Social development and socialization: School play a vital role

in social development of a child. John Dewey a philosopher and
educationists said that- “A school is a miniature society”. He
claimed this because school is the sole area or little section of
society where a child begins his journey. It is the first place
where they socialize. Building a positive relationship with
teachers, classmates, friends help in ignition of learning new
experiences among children. Today’s children are the future
youth of our country, that is why it is important for the school
members to create activities which foster in child’s mental,
physical and emotional development.

• Character building: Character means sum of personality that

makes an individual different from others. The way school helps
a child in achieving academic, social and emotional aspects in
the same way it should help them to form and build a unique
personality, which encompasses them to learn about kindness,
honesty, modesty, dignity, love and respect.

24
• Academic achievements: Academic knowledge is one of the
essential aspects which help in shaping the outer knowledge of a
child. Besides learning different subjects there should be
provision of subjects like value education, moral education,
general knowledge, which helps in expanding insightful
understanding and enhancing the pre-existing knowledge of the
child. Subjects like English and mathematics should be taught
very tactfully as these subjects gives huge knowledge in terms of
understanding.

• Physical aspects: Another important role of a school in the

process of development of a child is physical development.
Schools must have provision for different physical activities like
game and sports, yoga, exercise all these will contribute in
developing the child both mentally and physically.

• Sense of National Integration: School is the first place where

child gets exposed to different people from different community
and background. Therefore, it is the school where children get to
learn about the diversification of our country and its culture.
School is the institution where children can be taught how to
have compassion and respect for our own and others culture,
tradition and beliefs. It is the school where a child can learn
about the feeling of oneness despite having differences.

• Creative talents: Every child has their own individuality and

identity no one can be similar in terms of intellectual, needs,
aptitudes and skills. In this case school plays a vital role in
25
bringing out the inner talents and aptitudes among children. To
enhance skills of the children school must organize extra co-
curricular classes and activities such as craft, dance, music,
games, drama. It will not only motivate the children but also will
help in broadening their mindset.

Hence, we can conclude that Education in schools today is not

limited to merely give degrees, certificates but it provides
children with the cultivation of healthy thought process and
acquisition of moral and ethical values for betterment in life.
Schools help in enhancing cognitive development of children
through which they can have their own opinions and point of
views according to their existing knowledge and understandings.
Basically, school is an institution which plays an integral role in
imparting and facilitating all round development of a child.

Role of Teachers in child development process.

Teachers are one of the most important members of our society.

It is the teachers who educates their students and contributes
towards making them as a good citizen in future. A school is
incomplete without both teacher and students. Teacher is the
first person from whom a child can learn social skills in school.
Educating a child means educating our society and for this a
teacher must have enough patience, love, respect and positive
attitude towards his students and job. An efficient and well-

26
trained teacher must observe and plan accordingly before
teaching. Teacher’s role in child development process can be
observed through following points-

• Motivation: A well trained and professional teacher can easily

know and detect the strength and weaknesses of a child and
accordingly he will make provision for strengthening and
erasing the problems faced by the child. The first and foremost
thing which a teacher can do is motivating the child. It plays a
vital role in moulding the behaviour of the child. Motivation
helps in learning better as motivation and learning has a close
relationship, learning cannot take place without motivation and
strong determination.

• Developing Team spirit: Another important role of teacher in

child development is developing a sense of we feeling. A
classroom consists of many children coming from different
regions and culture. Hence, it is the duty of a teacher to provide
them with enough opportunity to work in a team or group. It can
develop a sense of nurture and team spirit in a child.

• Proper reinforcement: A child can learn better when he or she

gets praise and rewards for their efforts and good performances.
Therefore, in this case teacher must make effective use of proper
reinforcement in class. Whenever a child is able to do something
good then teacher must encourage and praise their effort, so that
they can get motivation and learn more. But even if a child could
not perform up to the expectation in that case also a teacher must
27
understand their weak points and try to rectify it without
imposing strict punishment.

• Love and respect: A teacher must have equal love and respect
towards his students for proper development. As each and every
child are different from one another, some can learn fast and
easily while some can learn slowly, hence a teacher must
understand the individual differences between all the children
and try to teach according to their needs and abilities with equal
love and respect. There should not be any place of biasness on
the part of a professional teacher

• Role model: Teachers are the one who inspires and encourages
their students with their outer personality and behaviour. A
teacher plays and acts as a role model of their students. A child
always gets attracted towards the empathetic and disciplined
nature of a teacher and will likely try to imitate them. Hence for
better development of a child a teacher himself must be able to
influence others by serving as an example.

• Regular assessment and evaluation: In order to know the

concept formation of children after teaching in a classroom a
teacher should give them homework, project work and
assignments for better understanding and enhancing their skill
work. Apart from this there should be class tests and fun quiz
sessions at the end of every one month.

28
Thus, the importance of a teacher in child development process
cannot be ignored. They set the course for developmental path
that the child will follow in future. Work of teacher is far
reaching and influential, the society will not be same without it.

Role of peer groups in child development.

Peer group means a group of people who share certain social

characteristic such as age, class, education, occupation, interest
or status. Peer groups are known for influential nature as they
are able to shape the decisions of members of a group.
Childhood friendship is always a memorable and healthy one
which is free from any sort of selfishness and personal gain.
Members inside a peer group learns to develop relationships
with others in the social system. Interaction with peer groups
have many positive impacts in child development. But unhealthy
peer groups may have negative consequences also.

Some important role played by peer groups in child development

process are mentioned in the following points-

• Development of social skill: Peer groups helps in learning and

practicing variety of social skills which includes persuasion,
negotiation, conflict resolution, emotional control etc.

• Provides emotional support: A child always needs a

companion who can understand them and stay with them at the
time of need. Parents only can’t always fulfill the emotional
29
needs of their child, sometimes it the peer group who can have
better access over the needs and solutions to the problems of a
child. That is why peer groups often provides social and
emotional support in the child development process.

• Useful leisure time: Peer groups plays a vital role in effective

use of leisure time. Leisure time includes doing useful and
creative activities such as playing games, painting, craft work,
making clay pottery and many more. Doing all these activities
with peer groups helps in Bringing up team spirit among
children and also offers new ideas and perspectives.

• Cognitive development: Peers have a huge impact of child's

cognitive development because when children learn co-
operatively together in group activities, they share many ideas,
perspectives, interests. Through different recreational activities
also children can learn to develop problem solving and conflict
resolution skills.

• Modification of behaviour: They serve as socialization agents

that helps in molding the behaviour and beliefs of a child. Due to
the same age group, gender, interest, ethnicity they influence
and reinforce one another to act in an appropriate way.

Peer relationship are essential for teaching children how to live

and behave in a society. Thus, they influence children in number
of ways such as socialization, cognitive development, emotional
development, moral development etc.

30
 Child Guidance

The concept of guidance is not new, it is an old concept. The

term guidance has been known from ancient times where
parents, teachers (gurus), elders used to give guidance to their
young one’s, students and to the persons who are in need of it. In
the recent years our country India has achieved many
developments and changes in the field of economy, education,
technology, medical etc. As the years are passing majority of our
country’s population are becoming busy and complex and has no
time to think beyond themselves. Due to complexity of life
many people have to face failures, distress, anxiety, frustration.
In today’s complex world there is a huge need of a mature and
experience guidance provider who can understand others
problem and guide them without any selfishness or personal
gain.

Meaning of guidance.

Guidance simply means the act of providing help or assisting an

individual. Guidance can be provided in any field like education,
vocation, occupational, personal, social, etc. It helps in showing
the right path, guidance doesn’t intend just to merely give
advice, rather guidance helps in guiding and directing an
individual to follow the right path. It helps individuals to make

31
wise choices and eradicating their problems related to education,
vocation, personal. Guidance is mainly required when people are
not able to cope up with the existing situation and this leads to
adjustment problems. Thus, guidance is a process by which an
individual can make adequate adjustment in difficult situation of
life.

Definitions:

The term guidance is defined by various scholars in their own

ways. Some definitions are given below:

1. Bernard and Fullmer, “Guidance is perceived as all those

activities which promote individual self- realization”.
2. Ruth Strang, “Guidance is a process of helping every
individual through his own efforts, to discover and
develop his potentialities for his personal happiness and
social usefulness’’.
3. Skinner “Guidance is a process of helping young person
to adjust to self, to others and to circumstances.’’
4. Woodworth, “Guidance helps an individual to develop
his personality fully and enables him to serve the society
to the best of his capabilities and talents.”
5. Brewer, “Guidance is a process through which an
individual is able to solve his problems and pursue a path
suited to his abilities and aspirations.”

32
So, after analyzing the above definitions we can conclude that-

•The main aim of guidance is to develop an individual’s

personality.

•It tries to let people or students understand and identify his or

her inner strengths potentialities and weaknesses.

•Guidance helps individuals to pursue the path in which he or

she is interested in or have aspirations in a particular area.

•It helps in building self-confidence and self-esteem. So that the

person can solve their problems wisely.

Characteristics and nature of guidance

• Guidance provides assistance to every individual at the time of

need.

• Guidance helps in focusing on interest and attention of

individual.

• Shows right path or direction.

• It helps an individual in finding out his or her strength, abilities

and weaknesses.

• Guidance is a continuous process which is provided at any

time period of life and it is not age bound, children, adult, old
age group anyone can need guidance.

33
• Area or aspect of guidance is very broad it is not limited to
particular area, it covers up all the spheres of life like
educational, vocational, personal, social, health etc.

• It helps an individual’s in solving their problems tactfully.

• Guidance can be given by parents, teachers, colleague, peer

groups, or any experienced person.

• It enables an individual to make his or her own decision.

• It enables an individual in self- learning and self-motivated.

Meaning of Child Guidance

The term Child Guidance refers to a statewide programme that

promotes and supports healthy family relationships and child
development. These type of programmes aims in enhancing
child’s intellectual, social, interpersonal skills. Every child has
unique characteristics which varies from individual to
individual. Therefore, a child has to be provided guidance
according to their needs, aptitudes and interest. Development of
a child is dependent on his or her unique biological,
psychological and social environment. Home and School play a
vital role in child guidance programme.

Definition: According to Stevenson and Smith in their book on

“ American Child Guidance Clinics” defined child guidance as-
“Attempts to Marshall the resource of the community on behalf

34
of children who are in distress because of unsatisfied inner
needs, or are seriously at outs with their environment, children
whose development is thrown out of balance by difficulties
which reveal themselves in unhealthy traits, unacceptable
behaviour, or inability to cope with social or scholastic
expectations.”

Significance or Importance of Child Guidance.

In the modern times Child Guidance is very important due to
increased complexity of life. Nowadays children are prone to
various kinds of neurotic and nervous disorders, due to
increasing industrialization and urbanization. Child guidance
focus on the proper development of the child. Effective child
guidance helps in promotion of child’s dignity and self-control.
Both parents and teachers play a vital role in providing guidance
to a child which assists in bringing out the desired behaviour of
him or her. At home it is the responsibility of the parents to look
after their child and teach him or her about what is wrong and
what is right. It is the parents who can guide their children in a
proper direction. Children should feel protected and secured in
the home environment, parents should behave in friendly
manner because doing so will help in understanding their child’s
needs, attitude and behaviour. Through effective child guidance,
a child will be able to share their thoughts and feelings with their
parents. At the same time a Child must be given adequate
freedom because too much restriction can also result in fear and
35
insecurity. After home School is the second place where a child
interacts with different people of the society and teachers are the
one who guides children to choose the right path. In a classroom
there are many children who are different from one another. A
teacher while teaching and guiding have to understand the
individual difference among all the children and their problems.
A separate extra classes should be organized for gifted,
backwards and disabled children. Every child requires guidance
according to their needs, abilities, capacities and skills.

The child guidance helps children;

• To become self-reliant and independent.
• To build up self-confidence.
• To understand value of sharing, caring, love and sacrifice.
• To learn Problem solving skills and Conflict resolutions.
• To make judicial use of resources and how to conserve it.
• To respect one’s own dignity and others too.
• To express and share their own thoughts and feelings.
• To become a good future citizen.

36
 Child Guidance Clinic

In today’s world which is full of stress and complexity both

children and adults have to go through certain problems and
difficulties in life. On one hand adult problems are caused
mainly due to stress, anxiety, frustrations, on the other hand
problems in children are usually caused due to mental and
environmental factors. The environment around child includes
parents, siblings, peer groups, teachers etc. It is evident that
when a child is unable to cope up with real life situation and his
surroundings then it can often lead in maladjustment problems.
To overcome child adjustment and behavioural problems they
should be given correct reinforcement time to time in order to
achieve the desired behaviour. All these things can be solved in
a Child Guidance Clinic. It is centre for scientific treatment of
study and maladjustment in children.

Origin of Child Guidance Clinic, the first Child Guidance

Clinic was started in Chicago in the USA by William Healy, a
psychiatrist in the year 1909 and the clinic was named as
“Juvenile Psychopathic Institute”. It was built mainly for the
Juvenile Delinquent children. William Healy was the first person
to apply psychological methods to handle the delinquent
children in the Juvenile Court. Thereafter many such clinics

37
were established and a need of full-time worker was felt who
can work with parents and homes. Later the need for these
clinics spread throughout Great Britain. First Child Guidance
Clinic in England was “The East London Child Guidance
Clinic” which opened on 21st November 1927 by Dr. Emanuel
Miler with assistance from Meyer Fortes. Soon after a second
clinic called “The London Child Guidance Clinic” was opened
in the year 1929 under Dr. William Moodie in Islington.

Need for Child Guidance Clinic was felt by almost all the
countries in the later years and the first Child Guidance Clinic in
India was Tata Institute started in the year 1939 at Mumbai.
Again in 1955 it was started in Delhi and simultaneously with
Madras. At present there are many Child Guidance Clinic in
India, but still we are yet to achieve much more.

Services provided by Child Guidance Clinic are-

x Management of emotional problems.
x Management of Behavioural problems.
x Providing play therapy and psychotherapy to restore
positive behaviour and attitude.
x Guidance and therapy for learning and intellectual deficits.
x Management of adjustment problems.
x Detecting and treating health related issues.
x Management of developmental problems.

38
Causes of behavioural problems in a Child.
Parents takes initiative in raising and taking care of their
children. But sometimes it becomes very difficult to deal with
every tantrum and misbehaviour of a child. It is natural in case
of a child to show tantrums which do not have any underlying
cause. However, in some children’s cases this behaviour could
be a symptom of behavioral disorder. There may be several
causes of behavioural problem in a child. These are as follows:

i. Birth factors: Some evidence shows that premature

birth, complicated pregnancies and deliveries can
lead behavioural problems in the later life of a child.
These problems can be compounded if one or both
parents suffer from postpartum depression. Issues
related to birth may lead to anxiety, aggressive
behaviour.

ii. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) : It

is a chronic condition which begins from childhood
and can persist up to adulthood. ADHD is a common
neurodevelopmental disorder and can lead to
attention difficulty, impulsiveness, hyperactivity.
Management of behaviour of children with this
disorder is very difficult. Children may tend to lash
out and throw tantrums when they are asked to do
something which they don’t like. For example- They
39
 are likely to misbehave if they are asked to do
homework when they are not ready to do it.

iii. Dysfunctional family: Behavioural problem in a child

is more common in the dysfunctional family. Where
a child has witnessed Domestic violence, poverty,
substance abuse, poor parenting skill, broken
marriage etc., those children are at higher risk to
develop behavioural problem later on.

iv. Learning disorder: When a child suffers from

learning disorder or difficulty he or she may
experience with learning and writing problems. In
this condition child may have difficulty in writing
assignment and solving maths, rather than asking
help from teacher child might rip up the paper or start
playing with other children to create diversion.

v. Emotional trauma: Certain trauma and stress might

affect child’s behaviour. If a child feels lack of
parental attention and care, or develops insecurity of
siblings then it might cause the child to act out, due
to feeling of unloved and jealousy. Other severe
problems include frequent quarrel, argument between
parents, substance abuse, poverty etc.
40
 vi. Bullying: Experiencing Bullying at school can have a
severe impact in behaviour of children. This kind of
experience have a long-lasting scar in the minds of
young children. Hence children might behave in
violent and aggressive way in order to deal with their
past bullying experience.

vii. Abusive parents: If any one or both parents are

abusive in nature and always tends to show their
frustration towards their children by verbal abuse or
physical punishment then it might hamper the child’s
mental state and ultimately can lead to depression
and anxiety. Children experiencing severe
punishment by parents at home may develop
behavioural problems which can remain prolonged
until adulthood.

viii. Physical issues: Damage of certain parts of brain can

result in child’s inability to control emotions and
inclined to aggression. Children suffering from
physical disability like problems of vision, hearing
impairment or locomotor disability might feel
inferiority complex and thus develop behavioural
problems.

41
By the following points we can conclude that those factors can
lead to behavioural problems in a child. Thus, to solve it there
must be early detection and treatment for these problems.
Parents and teachers have to play a vital role in understanding
the nature of their children and provide them skillful guidance to
overcome the behavioral disorder. Both teachers and parents
have to work co-operatively and support those children.

Treatment at Child Guidance Clinic.

The treatment process at Child Development Clinic includes a
team of staff members who are specialist in different fields.
Team workers of child guidance clinic includes;
i. Team for mental health development consists of-
Psychiatrist, Clinical Psychologist, Educational
Counsellors, Social Workers.
ii. Team concerned with physical health development
consists of- Neurologist, Physiotherapist, Pediatrician,
Public Health Nurse etc.
iii. Team concerned with social and intellectual
development includes- Speech therapist, Occupational
therapist etc.

The basic of the treatment in this clinic lies in changing the

physical environment of the child, where he or she will be able
to learn and practice many physical and social development
skills. The clinics are well designed and there should be
42
provision for yoga and meditation classes. Other important
therapy includes- Psychotherapy and Play therapy.

Psychotherapy is a form of psychiatric treatment that involves

therapeutic conversations and interactions between a therapist
and a child or family. It can help children and guardians in
understanding, solving and modifying behaviour and make
positive changes in their life. Psychotherapy in Child Guidance
Clinic includes;

x Hypnosis- Hypnosis helps children in reducing stress and

feel calm and relaxed in order to allow them to focus and
concentrate on a particular task.
x Re-education- It helps in training and educating the children
to adopt new attitudes and beliefs so that the desired
behaviour can be achieved.
x Psychoanalysis- Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic treatment
and it is also known as talk therapy that aims to bring
unconscious or deeply buried thoughts and feelings to the
conscious mind so that repressed experiences and emotions,
often from childhood, can be brought to the surface and
examined. It basically helps in treating mental disorder of a
child.
x Suggestion and persuasion- After detection of the main
cause of the behavioral problem in children counsellor or
therapists provides important measures and suggestions for
43
 treatment and also tries to persuade children and their
families to adopt and follow those suggestions for a better
outcome.

Another therapy in the Clinic includes Play Therapy, it is a form

of therapy that uses play activities to help children going
through psychological issues. In this kind of therapy, a play like
environment is set up and while playing children are encouraged
by the therapist to express their thoughts and emotions.

Child Guidance Clinics also offers counseling session for

parents to reconstruct their attitude towards their children. Here
they are assisted in modifying the behaviour, and taught about
stress and anger management of themselves and their children.

44
 Guidance for Gifted and
Backward Children

Gifted Children

Gifted children are those children who are endowed with higher
degree of intelligence or mental ability. They are born with
above average natural abilities. These types of children are
generally categorized with having high level of Intelligence
Quotient (I.Q) i.e., 130 or above. It is considered that gifted
children differ from other peer groups in intelligence as well as
other ability too. Evidence of this was found by the American
Psychologist Lewis M. Terman who in 1921 initiated a study of
more than 1500 gifted children with I.Q higher than 140.
Following the study Terman observed a greater drive to achieve
and competency as well as social adjustment among the group of
gifted children as compared with non-gifted children. From the
evidence it has also been found that gifted children have high
performance capabilities in areas such as leadership, artistic,
intellectual, creativity etc.
Definition: According to National Society, “A talented or
gifted child is one who shows consistently remarkable
performance in worthwhile line of endeavour”.

45
According to Term and Oden, “Gifted children rate far above
the average in physique, social adjustment, personality traits,
achievement etc.”

Characteristics of Gifted Children:

• Gifted Children are bestowed with excellent memory and

retention capacity.
• They learn critical things very easily and quickly.
• Possess higher level of imagination.
• Gifted Children tends to be curious to know about lot of things.
• Active participation in all given task.
• Endowed with logical, abstract, complex thinking.
• Have strong personality and leadership qualities.
• Possess higher level of interest and attention.

Education for Gifted Children.

Special education or class should be provided to the gifted
children in order to accelerate their pre-existing talents.
Teacher’s and institution play a vital role in motivating those
children, proper training and guidance can help in sharpening
their talents. There should be provision of acceleration (double
promotion) to those children because they are higher level
thinkers. Ability grouping or segregation is one of the best
options to enhance the quality of learning of these gifted
children. A separate class for these groups can help in removing
46
monotony and indiscipline by the children. Enrichment
programmes should be organized by the schools for those gifted
children which gives more emphasis in creativity, originality,
skill enhancement, these activities provide an opportunity for
young children to improve their inner talents. All these activities
should be planned co-operatively. To channelize the talents of
gifted children in a proper way there must be provision for
counselling in the schools when needed by professionally
trained Counsellors.

Backward Children.

Educationally backward children are also known as slow

learners. They are the children who are academically weak and
learns things slower than the average children. It is observed that
those children shows inability to progress naturally in the school
activities such as class work, homework, projects, etc. There
may be several causes for being educationally backward such as-
poor intelligence, family issues, emotional disturbance,
underlying health conditions.

Definition:
Some popular definitions of backward children or backwardness
have been defined by psychologist, which are given below-

47
 x Barton Hall (1947), “Backwardness in general, is
applied to cases where there is educational attainment
falls below the level of their natural abilities”.

x Schnoell (1948), “Backward pupil is one who, compared

with other pupils of the same chronological age, shows
marked educational deficiency”.

x Burt (1950), “A Backward child I one who in mid-

school career is unable to do the word of the class next
below that, which is normal for his age”.

Types of Backward Children.

There are basically two types of Backward Children:

i. General Backwardness- When a child poorly performs in

all the subjects of the curriculum, there is no progress in
any subject he or she is studying, then this case is known
as General backwardness.
ii. Specific Backwardness- When a child lacks progress in
any particular subject or area of knowledge, but can
perform good or better in other subjects then this case is
known as specific backwardness.

48
 Characteristics of Backward Children.

Important characteristics of Backward Children are:

x Lack of abstract thinking, lesser capacity to retain things for
a long period of time.
x Backward children have lower Intelligence than the average
children.
x Understands and learns slowly.
x I.Q is lower than average children i.e., less than 90.
x Inability to make social adjustments.
x Lack in self-confidence.
x Slower rate of growth and development.
x Backward children are most of the time unable to take
decision.

Education for Backward children

Backward children or slow learners needs more guidance and
attention then the gifted one’s. Therefore, there should be
provision for a separate special classes for these children in
schools. In special classes there must be a trained teacher who
can tackle their problem and teach according to the needs,
abilities, capacities, of those children. Counsellors must be hired
for those children to give proper training and counselling for
giving assistance and solving their problems. By the use of
visual aids like- globes, charts, maps, and audio-visual aids like-
radio, computer, projector, slides, backward children can learn
49
and understand things easily. It can enhance their concentration
in classes. Teacher’s must motivate them to indulge in extra-
curricular activities like games and sports, dance, music, drama,
painting, crafts etc. Severe punishments should not be imposed
on these children, they should be taught with utmost care and
attention, a proper guidance can help them to deal with their day
to day issues.

50
 Guidance for Children with
Special Needs (CWSN)

Children with special needs refers to those children who have

some type of disability and requires extensive care, medical,
educational, emotional support. Special needs of those children
depend on the level and severity of their disability. Those
children may need lifetime guidance and support while dealing
with day to day issues. The other terms used to describe these
children are- Children with exceptionalities, Children with
disabilities, Children with Challenges. For children with special
needs, early intervention is an important step towards helping
the child fulfill his or her full academic, emotional, and social
potential. Early intervention refers to a process during which the
developmental abilities of the child are evaluated. Parents should
be supportive towards the value of education of children with
special needs. Education is our birth right and every child has
the right to have access and enroll to schools.

Children with Special Needs (CWSN) can be classified into four

main categories-
1. Physical
2. Sensory Impairment

51
3. Development
4. Behavioural or emotional

1. Physical: Physical Disabilities includes

conditions like Muscular dystrophy, Epilepsy,
Cerebral Palsy, locomotor disability and others. It
is a type of condition that prevents normal body
movement. Epilepsy is a condition where a child
suffers from seizers. It is one of the common
nervous system disorder, muscular dystrophy
leads to weaken muscle fibres, a child with
cerebral palsy will have brain damage. All these
physical disabilities may cause due to several
factors such as genetics, spinal cord injury, brain
damage etc.

2. Sensory impairment: Sensory impairment leads to

defects of the sense organs (eyes, ear, tounge..). It
includes low vision, deafness, blindness etc.
These hampers the sensory abilities of children.
The main cause of sensory impairment may be
due to genetics or injury and infection.

3. Development: Developmental disabilities affects

children both physically and mentally. Some

52
 common developmental disorders include Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Down Syndrome.
Autism is a neurological disorder that affects
child’s behaviour and communication. Those
who have down syndrome are born with an extra
copy of chromosome 21, which affects brain and
body’s development.
4. Behavioural or emotional: A child suffering from
behavioural or emotional disorder suffers from
maladjustments or inability to adjustment with
the society and building interpersonal
relationships. One of the common behavioural
disabilities is ADD in which children show up
symptoms like hyperactivity, inattentiveness.
Bipolar disorder is one type of emotional
disability in which symptoms like depression,
distractibility can be observed.

Guidance for physically disabled children.

Physically disabled or handicapped children are those children

who suffers from some sort of disability which leads in inability
to perform day to day task and regular classroom activities.
Disability may affect any part of the body of a child ranging
from eyes, ears, orthopaedic, etc. Those children’ with these
conditions are also known as physically challenged or mentally

53
retarded. Children with physical disability suffers from
limitation in physical functioning, stamina, dexterity, mobility.

“The government of India has put in place an Act for the

disabled to make sure the disabled also form an important part of
nation building. The Persons with Disabilities (Equal
Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act,
1995 came into force on February 7, 1996. It is a significant step
which ensures equal opportunities for the people with
disabilities. The Act provides for both the preventive and
promotional aspects of rehabilitation like education,
employment and vocational training, reservation, research and
manpower development, creation of barrier- free environment,
rehabilitation of persons with disability, unemployment
allowance for the disabled, special insurance scheme for the
disabled employees and establishment of homes for persons with
severe disability etc.”

Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill - 2016 Passed by

Parliament
The Lok Sabha passed "The Rights of Persons with
Disabilities Bill - 2016". The Bill replaced the existing PWD
Act, 1995, which was enacted 21 years back. The Rajya Sabha
passed the Bill on 14 December 2016

The salient features of the Bill are:

54
 i. Disability has been defined based on an evolving and
dynamic concept.
ii. The types of disabilities have been increased from
existing 7 to 21 and the Central Government will have the power
to add more types of disabilities. The 21 disabilities are given
below:
1. Blindness
2. Low-vision
3. Leprosy Cured persons
4. Hearing Impairment (deaf and hard of hearing)
5. Locomotor Disability
6. Dwarfism
7. Intellectual Disability
8. Mental Illness
9. Autism Spectrum Disorder
10. Cerebral Palsy
11. Muscular Dystrophy
12. Chronic Neurological conditions
13. Specific Learning Disabilities
14. Multiple Sclerosis
15. Speech and Language disability
16. Thalassemia
17. Hemophilia
18. Sickle Cell disease
19. Multiple Disabilities including deaf blindness
20. Acid Attack victim
21. Parkinson's disease

55
The types of disabilities have been increased from existing 7
to 21 in which for the first time Acid Attack Victims, Blood
diseases like Haemophilia & Sickle Cell Anemia among others
have been included.

Guidance and strategies to help physically disabled Children

a) Guidance for Auditory Handicaps:

1. Children who are hard of hearing should be identified

employing scientific instruments by the teacher and
should be sent for consultation to an ENT specialist.
Teacher may ask such children to sit in the front row.
2. Teachers should try to capture the attention of such
students while giving home-work and in the
classroom. For totally deaf children, special
instructions that is lip reading, may be tried.
3. Totally deaf children have problems of
communication with others. They need to be
provided them with hearing aids. q Provide speech
training. q Residential schools have better chances of
success.
4. Parents should love their children and try to develop
confidence in them.
5. Parents should be patient with the child, should not
over- expect from them, should talk with their
children, should
spare time for their children and should cooperate
with the doctor, education specialist, counsellor and
the teacher.
6. Parents should accept the child as he/she is and
allows him
to mix with other children. Such children should be
allowed to use their eyes more as a substitute for
ears.

56
b) Guidance for Visual Handicaps:

1. Visual defects can range from vision defects to

partial and
total blindness.
2. Vision defects can be corrected by wearing
spectacles.
3. Totally blind children should be sent to special
schools
where they learn through Braille System.
4. Partially blind children can learn to read large print
or
regular print when magnified under special
conditions or
with the help of a magnifying glass.
5. Teaching aids should include more of auditory and
tactile
aids, more of verbal cues and three-dimensional aids.
6. Parents should try to make these children gain fully
independent in everyday functioning and learning.
7. Help them to learn some skills like weaving, caning,
candle making etc., so that they become
economically independent.

c) Guidance for Speech Handicaps:

1. In the guidance programme for this category, the

roles of
the teacher, the language specialist, and the speech
therapist
are very important.
2. The teacher or language specialist must help the child
to improve upon his deficiency in vocabulary by
correcting
his language pronunciation, spelling and by helping
him to enrich his vocabulary.
3. Teacher should arrange excursions for such children
to places of historical or geographical interest e.g.,
57
 museum, mountains, lakes etc. Here the children out
of curiosity will ask questions, and in turn will get
the answers by their teachers. This will help in
enriching their vocabulary.
4. Speech therapists in hospitals, child guidance clinics,
and speech therapy clinics can help such children in
correcting and removing the disabilities in
articulation and voice to reduce stuttering.
5. Stammering is a handicap which owes its origin due
to deep psychological factors in the unconscious,
which are unknown to the person. Psychotherapists
can help in reducing stammering and in building up
the confidence of the stammerer.

d) Guidance for Orthopedic:

1. Cerebral palsy and spastic cases can be treated with

the help of postural exercises to improve muscle
coordination.
2. Provide occupational therapy.
3. Children suffering from Polio may attend classes but
they should be provided with adequate facilities like
Crutches, wheel chairs etc.
4. Give individual attention. q While guiding
handicapped children, their psychological problems
should be taken care of. Help these children to
increase tolerance and to accept the disability. Other
members of the society and parents should accept
them as human beings who also have dignity and
worth.
5. Provision of special schools. For young children
games and devices which develop their eye-hand co-
ordination should be provided e.g., Peg boards, form
boards, take apart toys, colored blocks, puzzles etc.
6. School administration should arrange for the services
of a physio-therapist, speech therapist and
occupational therapist.
7. School counsellors should also help these children in
their personal adjustment.
58
8. The most important aspect of the guidance
programme is that these children should be made to
adjust to the devices, gadgets etc. to make things
easier for them in the outside world. They should be
helped to develop a healthy self-concept.

59
References:

1. Bateman, B. Teaching word recognition to slow-learning

children. Journal of Reading, Writing, and learning
Disabilities, 7, 1-16. 1991.
2. Beebe-Frankenberger, M., Bocian, K. M., MacMillan, D. L.,
&
Gresham, F., M. Sorting second-grade students:
Differentiating those retained from those promoted. Journal of
Educational Psychology, 96, 204-215, 2004.
3. Chakrabarti S. Fombonne E. “Pervassive developmental
disorders in preschool children”. JAMA 285 (24): 3093-9
PMID 11427137, 2001.
4. Cooper S-A, Bailey N M. Psychiatric disorders amongst
adults with learning disabilities - prevalence and relationship
to ability level. Ir J Psychol Med 2001; 18: 45-53.
5. Howlin P, Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Psychiatry 2003; 2:8:
24-28.

60
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