Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2008
Chapter 7
ENTROPY
Dr. Hiba Mudhafar Hashim
ENTROPY
Entropy is one of thermodynamic
property of a system.
s
Entropy always designated as ,
is an extensive property
and has the unit kJ/kg · K.
2
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
The second law often leads inequalities.
An irreversible heat engine is less efficient than a reversible one operating between the same
two thermal energy reservoirs
Clasius inequality stated by the German
physicist R. J. E. Clausius (1822–1888),
the cyclic integral of dQ/T is always less
than or equal to zero
Reversible Irreversible
dQ is heat transfer through the system Or Internally Reversible
boundary
T is the absolute temperature at the
boundary 3
ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
Clausius realized in 1865 that he had discovered a new thermodynamic
property, and he choose to name this property entropy. It is designated S and is
defined as
Engineers are usually concerned with the changes in entropy
Notice that we have actually defined the change in
entropy instead of entropy itself, just as we defined
the change in energy instead of the energy itself
when we developed the first-law relation
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THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
A cycle composed of a
reversible and an
irreversible process.
This equation can be expressed as the entropy
of a system during a process always increases
or,
in the limiting case of a reversible process,
remains constant. In other words, it never
decreases.
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The entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is always greater
than the entropy transfer.
Some entropy is generated during an irreversible process, and this generation is due
entirely to the presence of irreversibilities
Called entropy generation and is denoted by Sgen.
The entropy generation Sgen is
always a positive quantity or
zero.
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WHAT IS
ENTROPY?
Boltzmann
relation
A pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature
is in perfect order, and its entropy is zero (the third law of
thermodynamics).
The level of molecular
disorder (entropy) of a
substance increases as it Disorganized energy does not create much
melts or evaporates. useful effect, no matter how large it is.
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The paddle-wheel work done on a gas increases the level of
disorder (entropy) of the gas, and thus energy is degraded
during this process.
In the absence of During a heat transfer
friction, raising a process, the net
weight by a rotating entropy increases.
shaft does not (The increase in the
create any disorder entropy of the cold
(entropy), and thus body more than offsets
energy is not degraded the decrease in the
during this entropy of
process. the hot body.)
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ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES
Entropy is a property, and thus the value
of entropy of a system is fixed once the
state of the system is fixed.
Schematic of the T-s diagram for water.
The entropy of a pure substance is Entropy change
determined from the tables (like
other properties).
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10
1.5 kg 150 kPa
20°C
4000 kJ
150 kPa 20°C 0.2965 kJ/kg.K
20°C 20°C 83.915 kJ/kg
150 kPa
4000 kJ 1.5 kg 83.915 kJ/kg
2750.6 kJ/kg
150 kPa 7.3674 kJ/kg.K
2750.6 kJ/kg
1.5 kg 7.3674 - 0.2965 kJ/kg.K
10.61 kJ/K
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12
13
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THE ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES
From the first T ds relation
From the second T ds relation
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ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
A process during which the entropy remains constant is called an
isentropic process.
Many engineering systems or devices such as
pumps, turbines, nozzles, and diffusers are
perform best are essentially adiabatic in their
operation,and they perform when the
irreversibilities,
Therefore, an isentropic process can serve as an
appropriate model for actual processes
Also, isentropic processes enable us
to define efficiencies for processes to compare
the actual performance of
these devices to the performance under
idealized conditions.
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18
ISENTROPIC
EFFICIENCIES OF
STEADY-FLOW DEVICES
The isentropic process involves no
irreversibilities and serves as the ideal
process for adiabatic devices.
Isentropic
Efficiency
of
Turbines
The h-s diagram for
the actual and
isentropic processes
of an adiabatic
turbine.
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20
Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps
When kinetic and
potential energies
are negligible
For a
pump
Isothermal The h-s diagram
efficiency of the actual and
isentropic
processes of an
adiabatic
compressor.
Compressors are
Can you use isentropic efficiency for a
sometimes
non-adiabatic compressor?
intentionally
cooled to Can you use isothermal efficiency for an
minimize the adiabatic compressor?
work input. 21
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Isentropic Efficiency of
Nozzles
If the inlet velocity of the
fluid is small relative to
the exit velocity, the
The h-s diagram
energy balance is
of the actual and
isentropic
processes of an
adiabatic nozzle.
Then,
A substance leaves
actual nozzles at a
higher temperature (thus
a lower velocity) as a
result of friction.
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