MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE MADANAPALLE-517325 (UGC AUTONOMUS) ASSIGNMENT-1. NAME OFTHE STUDENT A. SARATIY KUMAR REG.NO. 236% FOOEF DEPARTMENT > NCA SEMESTER &SECTION : 4 sem € C~see. SUBJECT NAME : COA ACADEMIC YEAR * 2083-914 NAMEOFTHEFACULTY = HY.\y. nagoroion MAX.MARKS MARKS ALLOTTED SIGNATURE OF THE FACULTY | ; ce a ee \Exploin about Basic stuctuve of a digital tovpabe Ye Block chagvan ob a digital compute :- | | Random eee Meso | {ARAM | Cenbial Procetting a | | (cpu) | j — | | a | Input Tout oulpxr pyoce 1 out pak devices (cor v Bio, oie devices The cpu contains the iteuing « Majo sob -onprnns | b* Conkyol unit Cov) ; | | * Byithmetic ana logic Unit CALU)~ 2 Accumulstoy |.8 Registeys Ca@eneral ond pecial puy pose) © Contyoh unit | ae, Skea unt “ig vespontible Foy (00¥ dinating vosrous computer operakion’s He CU coovdinates bokween he input unit, outpud unt, ALU and Moin MeMoIsv edhe cu is dhe pant of the epu thot tontval & & “jhe ackivitier ond opevahions peyformed inside, see Computer - ‘ Ame cu vecieves anskyuchons From +e Main | sennony ond convert Hem into signals sent to diffe. vent compudey pans. Tt genevates He Finsing ond e : | | Contvos signals necemony 40 erecute dre inctruthons. | | { + Dylimelic oma logical untt | The ALU ( finmetic and Sogical omit} ig dhe pant of | pevation, | the cpu wat parfowrat tue basic ovithmelicat 0 Fon ake dota, suth a4 AAdiHion, tubtvecHon, maultipli cod; “on and pivition. Tt also pevForms Jogic opevations on | wwe dodo such os AND, OR itvoT, Exlusive ORCLOR)« io} pavforms ne proceing of dhe dotad inctwiekiong | dhe ALU can alo pevform olter font Bke Merging, and Selecting datas the ALU vecieves the Sovting ond pevfoume Ske | dota from the Main Menov 4 | vequived opevations , then , seconds hack Ihe vest | to He Main Memory ov tre outpub ortk : | Regichers : fre je Regitteys Shove dre Fennpovouy vests and ebda | while pevforming ttre opevations. fee eeFoes r Mores Ane main purpose of Ine Memovy iC ky Shove Snfovmakion. Jhen 4up typey of memovies one o4 Follows 2 Moun Memovy | Primary memory . Setondony mennovy | Auxilavy memory 2 the Moun Memory “& volatile. the ‘inforwedion sloyed ‘in due Moin memovy will be tort when ihe Computer 18 shutdown on We other homdi ire Information chayed on ho cau xilon y memory Like o -havd dick , tS permanent, | Oey memovies, Like cathe Memory Virtuo Memory ee, _| ae Ad UIed to Improve Ane Computer's performonie Types of ot Memoy Aemmoyy 5 | pee ! | Prinary Memovy einadly Menory | Lies Cntevnal mene viele _- Lenlernet Rteenouk_entoy ) ena ogc) [ra Magnedic Nognetic | | optical Register Prd | Tape Bish Bick cokehel Ram alt af i —L oma | | | [oenm | [e000 ] | Por | [ ePRom | [eeProw|| Input Pivices - |. Thput davies WE ued to entey anformatipn Toth: » Whe ‘input devire 18 We prot Form fyom where dod ¢ poued satn Whe tornnputev cysterns We y tonnrecting we vse and he commun colton + jue Inpul Images | ana video, diotoy between | tompuley | Je. vow ‘ 4g artentiod fo wn woth device atts as a Ne | audios ee-- urey + | ame sey and Me comp | The anpt device performs Mwee dota to be protected by anput 4nfov mation Gato % it form, Mojo Functions. » We take He Myre sere » An Snput device eubiable binavy Form at Me gyven doko tn convert tepkable +o & compukev: conveys to Mathine - veadable binary toda (05 and 18): LT dvanenttt Mae ton verted Joka, into Ye Moin ser0vd ot Ahe twnvevioy: s dhe skandard ‘mpl dovile 4g tue eeyboayd « Cramplet o ed on Most Computers, Anpub deviter os 4 follow’: . keyboard 2 MOvSe o SCANNeY + micvophone [mic 2 CAME |e twoyclickLight ra + Avack \ollt | Ouk pu Devices: | anne dhe output devices AS he plod-fon fron whee the pvoleried data 6 Licplayed in to Jae vsev- ue owt puk can be in ony form, such of dent, image, | AUK. Video, ele. eat device att ah a pediatoy | between Ihe tonmputey and Ane Utev dhe output pevPovms Mavee mojoy funtHons. eT vetieves We prorewed dota fron the Moin | memory ov the AW: ooh Giploys ports. plays, ov projecte the dada to Jue vsev- + Crampher of oudpuk devices one ox follow!: | | | | | | | | manitoy pyinkey Speaker Projettoyveutts of Hof “Adages 1b Captain cout combinational ¢ Land Nubtiphexer- Combinational: civeuite + d owaingensent oA combi nakiona crriike 18 O connecte of Logic que who SUF of tnpuls and output. yout sv eyate ib MeMoM! + Aho beoviouy of & eomlainotional ciytite te MENOVY ye oukpuk dependt eolely on anput and “5 andependent ob Wwe cuvuit ao cornbinodional cite hinovy oukpukt. dig MOSE verent | past battovy « | tonsits of n less Ven ‘Tn general dev | a) nowy anpuds ond M + toraboinativncd logit crete ane Mode up fom baie | logic WAND WORY oF VOT gates Wak ax fombined oF | connected tngethey to produte Move tpeaphi cated switching civuites. ve Any tombinakinnal: pny wand ana Wok ak | apes” + dyuik con be imp amented with, a4 at trode ar sfauified oA oniveysod Block Diag - De ew , ' +—— | combinedionay | —— ninpd nal, s = g\ohes ‘ efveurt ' wm output yon ' rate Jos Saarepresentodion of Combinadional Deen pte i, (4 Common Combinakional eivcutts made vp from indivi. | > | | duel logic qoker Mak cowry owk derived application induae mw pherey 1 Decoders Demulliplexeys, ancodevs, full and AF fddevs ete 1+ Chlamification of Combincdional hogic :- | | | a | Combinedonal lngic cdxcuit | Ls ° 4 = | | | | | pvawekic & | ogi coh funtkioms Feamureission code converters SL aor — _ —F —— 1 Addevs mw phexevs [ Binoy Subtvatovs Derulkiplexers BCD Com pow’ lov’ T-Segnment “ Pepis i — Examples of Combinational Cycuile Includess- 1. Addey a. Decpdey 3+ Entodey <. mubiplexey kins| | dete yoble © | INPUT OUTPUT | ff | 6 | s — cout L oO. 0 oO sj o | =0 1 | O° ee ee ee | pe i | f- | es Hof A | adaitio ddev i- o the Most basic digi | dartion of 40 boinavy 4 15 Combsinodior nr of ewo WH ol civil tak avid eic ciyeuit silt pevfovm™s hole adder: ng called opine bona ns 18 Whee 1s Hod addeviS \ogic a 00 produces a tum output and at we cn dovelop ee { » Bosed on jhe Logic e diagram of Halk “Addev 4; A —— hadions , we con Avow Whe 6 - Lee | | | i ~ Cout = AB“AB [sum cout 0 9,0 © ° tou 0 ‘od | 0 A exeremocr ie o Walf- oddey dvulh dalle ona ‘wphe mentation . » CUM LEARNER =N@B a Coy, ¢ =AR Os lala D 1 SHS a1 can \sl =tp => seo, c=) lala sv—> S$=11C=) e Menthabions of Yolk Adder s- + the yeouon IH cabled bolf addev t€ tot Move te np spate to ada We called towvy Vik From previo Us bik. Wag 18 amajoy Limitation ob olf addove when vied a binavy addey$ expecially wn veal Hnue Stonovios whith involves addition of ww ple bik eto ovevtome Joie Levtabion full adders au developed,Mult pheney - e nulliplerey 18 combinational civeuite. » —> muliplerey means Sw many nto one” —S mrubliptener has Van? Ynpul cin! Colect Hine ane Single output line —> Rosed on Ihe “select inpul's" "only one? of. he inputs will be bens pard to dae oubput x lhe symbol of < mux be tome — inpub -2 |__, output qn | U-T0 -1 Mull pleney 8 : oe TP then uy inputs, & select tppals, ond < (single) out put he gyratole | | | | | |x The Jyuth doable of % Yto-l muttipleney betom es | ysExpain aloouk different frdd vessing. No dets an Computey ovganizations Addveasing Modes I- AGONY CARAS | othe low level ‘instvuchon hos optede and opevan aie + Adaversing manda hos novbina, by be wil, he Opcode pant - it Focuses on presenting the ppevands addveag in he anstwuckions& | Types gk Adavening moder ° Registey Nadvening Modes * Divect AAadvessing es» | +Tmmediate Add »Tndon Addvening mode » Auk Tawement Moder duto Detvement modes: ¥ Rolakive dascuming He adavening Modes, we aust now abouk +e Jorn effective addven". | Effective Addvess CEAY- SFr eCuve NCCES Cffeckive Addven 18 the addyert of re exact memory location wheve the vosue oh Hae Opgvand 18 present.| A. Register Addveming Mode | ae | © Evey anakvuckion, includes opevands , Hae opevands | can be a Merny Locakion , a prolemov vogistey or Snskvuckion . % pore stov vegistey an To aevite. Whe is the inthvuckon in vegistey To vepvesent opevands | Addveuing mode: |e Weve, We effechve Fyne value of The opevand en =k. we have two Tinchy addves 1S 2 veqistey where ye present: utlipns as Ou examples for + Below veqistey add veuring mode. | hdd Ru ks vboad R31 Fe + dne Add angtyuction Uses vegisteys Jn. vepvesent bola ok te opevands cimihany the dood anthutlion: cso used vegisteys to. vepyesent voth ob TH operands Figure showing Ane Aad anctwutlion in We enamphe aloove ee pene opevand® Procelaoy Registers| | | » Divect Add vesing Mode 7% — : * dhe diveck addvesing mode 18 allo EnOwN a4 Absolute Nadvexsing mode. Heveris the intkyuckon | Containg the oddves of dhe location in Mentory wheye | | | | the value of the oppevond 4s ekoved. oWeve, the effeckive addyeys 18 the add vers of meno! 17 YY location | | © EA =fh For enample, obsevve’ the eramples below: | | * Add Roh | «Stove 22,8 * the Aad Ansbvuctfon %nduder dae memovy location A whith hes Ye valu be added 4y dhe content of vegistey &r : ° Reailowly memovy will be Stoved- e a figure showing Me divection add ve- * Relow we hav! Ssing ol dae appevand & in Me Add tmdvuction of shove inshyutkion how dhe addvess of fokion & Where Hhe tontent ot Registey Re Mae example below -Toe, SS Ts ae ——* Proteus’ Legittors [pee opevang [opevand , hdd Ro fh cpu lea ae memory Divect Nad versingy al opevand € pdaveming iate addrewing My mentioned i jhe anskrucho uvied os yequy) afl wen edict In emmed | opevond 4S enplii | effective addver as not ‘S expidly defined wapht oe mediate add vers ing | the opevand Fe td us see re eno ao Qa 13 100 « stove Rr OOH | ; ad 100 +o ipn's content the sasig Han front ob the ¥ eat Vee operated “TE ovalue does nok bave sign ‘wnhont acre | ak dhe addyves ol a mony boo Ry Pyoleisot ———| Pegister opevandt| too [woh | |oPtode jopevand! Stove Re a tev memory Tmmediake AddveningRegistev Tndivect Addveuiny mode' « A pvotetsov vegictev ty hold Whe addver of om Neorg Yocation where Aue opevand 18 plowed: His addieying eapde allows enecubing We same sok of instructions For | Mre different memovy \otajion. / sdhds can be done by Anrvementing the content of yegistey Mreve bf} pointing Je new locaton each Hime. © Tr highey- level lanquage Fuk TS yeFewed to U4 pointers e indirect mode tS denoted bY placing the vegisley oth inside He posanthecis | » eve the efPective addvem 4¢ Ihe content of Meniry \otation ont iw He vegistey. Pyoceoy Pais | —r >R,| A : [OR 200 . | Trdivect Addveuing a opevand- — | epy _| memrovy |“CTnden Adayeuing mode j- / | Inder Adavening. mode is helpful when the Inskvuads— | ons an We proqvem one accessing dae cxvvory oy ye \ loge yore ol Memovy addvening - eT das mode, the effective adayerr 1S generated bog | adding & constant to He vegi stevs content + He content of avegistey doet not change. « « dhe tymboolic veprerenlakion of ander addy ening Modes donated 03 + ponen effective adaver +e denoked by En =¥alR) + FOV example «Con si | Noad Rash « hoad Ry it Red sJoad fur ul) load Br + ¥ (Ra Load Res jo (Re) , aastvuttions will Jood he vegitley Rai ky Puhr ot the sultenive Memory exldvey dev the tnskyucHion below! the above wth Ve conkents , present & from the Memoyy locodkion & foweat pon dingy «opcode | [Prevesti Opevand 2 Load | Ry L KURal, | Index Raven in OR evand gq oF | edn Qui Inevement a dveming mode onte re tontent of he Negistey — : : 1S attenea by the inttwuction the Invemented to vefey Ine nowt VEGI Sten's Content | Opevand. * Symbo hi call Rs Weve ire effettive addven is content of Me Regisherar N is enclosed by pavantheait, tE Yepverented o4 below - the content of veg istey whith V8 veFewi na ty Memory, Jocakion 4s Inwemented So Mat 16 could point the neat Memovy location where Ve opevond 18 Stoved. Auto -Trntre ment Adar essing mode™“ ’ J J. huto Decwement Add yesing mode's } LTE tak opposite Ys gulp ~ ine ment mode» Tn ou) Tatvement node de content o ted initially and then dewwenented re used as effective addven- Js cy pabolically itisvepvetented os -R) dhe owly —fntvement and dowwement mode help bo Inplenert 4 dhe vegistey TS decrenss, content of} due vegitley jhe Shack shuthaye- lopcode [pause | . ~— | | — | ——| 3302 me q | Regiskey sek Awlo Deevement Aad veing node | § Relalive Addvening modes. t aloove we hove discussed We inden we weve adding a Conchant o Tn jhe conten | addvensing Node. theve | dy the vegistey tontent to Yebev The new opevand addvex. | «= 2 . | To same compute inthead ot a veqitter, he. program ‘ a ———|ountey iS used edhe symbolic yepvetentalion of velative addve moder | ASK IPG io the etCeckive addve fov tt would be | | EH =REUPCS \ |. fs heve the opevand oddvenes ane fand velative to “ne Program countey «Vials uly ‘it is veCewed by as Yelalive addvem Mode. lope [| -[opevana memory | a — _ Relative Radvening Modere Tee, programmed ong AF an Exploin Havdwived contvol , Mity and Nanp Proqvaminaing - VA (eo The u-bik sequente Countey can count (9 binowy From -o-1s. + the owpuls of Ihe Countey me detoded ints lb Hrving Signal Ty-Tis. *The Sequente tountey Se Can be inwemented eV Clear Syathvonoushy- + Moskly sc 18 ntvemented to provide the sequence ob | fimaing Signals (1,7 ,.---Tyr)- Fs ome in a while othe countey is cleaned Ko 0, Causing the nent active Hming signal to be To | | + eq. Suppose ot time Tyise is cleaned to o tt decoder output is aclve + Nz Ty SCO eThe Sc Ye4ponds 4o dae potitve Avonkition of He dock. + Tethially 1 Mae CLR inpuk obse is active: » Hente t% cleans se to 0 + giving We Kiming singnal Te our of he detoder. To IS active running one clock cycle and will tigger only ad Veqistevs whose conhol inputs ane connetled to Hving siqno to. Sco. ig Memented wit, every positive dock tvansilion, unles 1 LR inpul ts active.oT Ais produces the sequente, of Hioaingy signods ToT TaiTy upto Ty and bark ty To- | Hardwired Controlunit Tnstvuction vequstev wR) | SAS decodey We 33 5 7 L Ta , Contwl outputs fe —S [* ia } Is: ty ern o| “X16 decoder Tavvement (TNR) U- bit sree sequen ve clean niey (te) clock.contol + vs dogevibed evo pvoq yammed tn symbolic < + Cath sivvo-opevakion Notation. . 0 © A notation Wot deuvibes oackl of + called & MiCVD- octuvingat one Hime is + Cath tonkrst Line hom Abe tontvos voit vepvesented by & binowy unit. Fe AW dae Winter of contvol wnikvul ckvutk acontwol Mi CxO -OP erating anckyutkion- tan be tho contol word | © Cach Me Vines of control wn woovd .earh micvd - operation Can be vepvesented by & if Fevent tontyol wovd | + put a -sequenre ok tontvol words tnto memory give cath word an Unique addves: and o wag hs: dekeviante \ due adiven of newt control word {ty be ereutted | | | } / mrievo ing bvutkon foymodt + Ld micvo imetructions add ees Jomp condition PNCOndit onal zevd ‘over Flow Trdivect bit EA aan system hut control Signals Tntexnal cpu tonhol signal () Horizontal Micvoiniktyu thon| . ~~ paicvoinstyuth'on addyves ———— Jump Condi kon . \ function coded ————— } Se nceree b) ver cal micvo tackuckion Key cloments of conkrol unit = © Contval Memory + Stove MILO Anshvuclon’$ - + Conbél bufFey registey + Sequencing Jogic + Lpads control addves register +Teguer READ OMmad to fontyol memory Advantages and design ok due tonbol unit shdavankage seimplifies dae deriqn of Mae control unit « CHeapey + Moyevelialle j—quay + Ditadvantage Slowey Mil Functioning of yuck 0 proavam Fon Register| control | unit Oecodoy ALU + i Flog [7 Sequenti ~ * clock“) —{ togte Contyol Adavers Register ‘Me Control ory contvo| BuFfey Reoister went Adder Conte mod tontvo! unit Decoder tontvol signal contvol Signals usthin CPU wilhouk tp stylem Ruses i ———— Ares ob Micro pogrammed contol unie= Rosed on Fe aa @ type of tontvol woid ftoved in We Comt¥O} ee) Comy, 3k 18 cloyifi | : lossiFied Tnty two hype 1. Hovi ronfal- MiCyD - programmed tontyol. b Ver tCok M0 -programmed control. Nond programming i- eHeve we Wave a \evel contvo) memory: Mag Inskvutkion 48 Fekthed From We Main Menovy ento tntkv ution vegistey IR. . Using a opaode we Yood oddvers of TH Fivek mito aaekvuthon Into ppos © using UUuig addven wefetth the mito -inttyuckon From maitvo font) Memo tucm) Into Mitvo factyutkion veg ister Mags : * Thig 18 10 vevtiq +The detoded 0 y (nee) From and deroded by % -devoden., ut luads now adden Ina Nomnd Progvam cou » By using Suis addres Mae nano-intkvuttion 1 Felehed from Rana eontro) Momovy CHL Mbp Nand Insel on veqistey int): Laut a -tombination ives advantage ol loth techniques. sfnttyuctons of Ure tontvl memory iC mall oA Mivo~ ‘inthuthions ane vervevcal.\ : ‘ 0 var} GM ou progvarnnns) 2 ae From sn sevuc tion veq! fe e [re] | mito tonbol wand (onbol Memory, memov'f 2 | (reer) (numy mio tntkvuction vesitley ture) | | Deradvantag sf Nano pogremning vary instruction vedistev tnERy Trrtveared memovy atten Hime i The main ditadvantage of He tuo Level Memory appyaaches 4s dhe lots of Speed due ty We entra Memory els vequie-d fom Non tontvol Memory.ia eet, eat Concetudive Vorof? one at o Sere, ose Aoinmaaldy tloved in ONE and ane oporused reauentioble ‘ The contol Veads an instruction fora a Specific adden “in MeMovy ond erecubes th. Th then tontinues by Yeading She nent ‘ocwuction 4 iN fequente and \enctulet Thy and spon. © Wis dupe of wilwthion cequenting needs a tountey to coltwale Ane addver ol Mao next Ynchyutkipn aFley enciwion of jhe tuwent inthvutlon is conmpleled. + jhe compuley noeds priolewoy vegittevs Foy monipudadin dala and a vegistey Fov holding a memory oddvey. List of Roxie Adder Code Rts vo puyposre | OR \6 Opto Registey Holde Memoyy Opevand AR Ww Adavers Registey — Holds addven fov Memory | Ac \b ReLumuUlotoy Processor Registey TR \&6 — Trsbvuction Wolds InckvucHion tode | Registey pe \2 progvam tountey Holds addvels of Mdtyuton IR \b - Enpub vegistey Wolds inpuk Chovactey owe g out pub veqistey Holds outputCommon Gus Spee +The basic compukey has eight vegittevs, & Memory unit and a tontrol uml + * Polke mutt be provided to Wangtey inFormedtion From one Registey to onolhey amd between Memory oind Veqisteys: e Wenie move efficient scheme with a tommon bus te meds +The output of seven vegi steys ond memory ane connected to Ye Common bus. + dhe cpecific output Wat Xs seletted fev the lous Mines ot any given Mme to/determined From the binovg value of whe selection vay aloe $1181 and So. ¢ dhe numbey cong eat eouoditent of Ine veo + foy erample, the oumbey along tte output it 3- ourputc of PR ore plowed on the busting bp col sinte this ‘iy dhe Winery value ob the \b-bit when 8. decimal 3: sine Lines From Hae lommon bus ame conneckd to du. input ot eath vegistey and Wu dota Inputs of ae memory: oo = Sa aCe3 Jre Memory place %H tb- Wk rolov output onty x pwd when Whe vead ‘input 18 atkvabed ond thy alt. o TUPR is Connected 4p provide tnformodion tp tee hus pyovide but outr can only yeciove ‘information fiom Ye Yous o Mig ib becouse IWPR vecieves %° Chavathey Forman tnpuk devite: whith i$ Yren dvansFewed to: AC. s -pukR vecieves A ° chewatkey From AC ond detivevs RE by an ous put aguile: «reve iy no tvanthey From 0UTR to Any ob Mae olner vegisters « Sve inpul ob Re ome Gom an addey and logic ene civiit hod Mavee seks of Input. * Anvihey Se ob \b-eit input tome from Wt dota Miro: operations. » fy Hid sek of 8 bE §npulk Come From Ye Snput vegister LN PR-memory unit UorAb ¥Vb — >} Rader Le} rf gna Cine 7] ; Tor ttt LO TwR ck —| INPR LA a ; ae — 2s il 1b wR cre TC __]