Psychology
Elements of mental health
Self acceptance,
Personal growth ,
Purpose and meaning ,
Positive relations,
Environmental mastery, the capacity to manage effectively in the surrounding world
Autonomy , self determination
Mental illness
Both overt and covert behavior are measurable
Covert are thoughts, judgement,
Culture has,
Pathogenic effect, causing effect or generating effect
Pathoplastic effect, contributes to changing of the illness
Pathoelaborative effect, exaggerating effects
Pathofacilitating effect, contributes to frequency of behavior
Pathoreactive effect, affects perception and reaction
Supernatural theories
Shock theories
Biomedical theories
Trepanning in Stone Age, they drill holes in the head skull
Egyptians, demonology, primitive; Sorcery, magician, supernatural
Ancient civilization, biological traditional; Hippocrates, injury, virus, lesion,
Tb, Baxter , has natural causes. Physical problems cause disturbance
Hereditary, predisposition
Three general MI according to him, mania, melancholia, phrenitis (brain fever)
Galen, humeral theory, secretion of fluids like blood, bile and others and
associated with personality , blood caused mania, blackbile cause melancholy
John Grey, treated by physician and with drugs
Middle age, dark age, ; Hippocrates disappeared , Catholic Church, supernatural,
priests
The renaissance , few mental hospitals established , emphasized human welfare,
humanist
18th and 19th, psychological traditions, peace, security, natural, social and
environmental factors, not demonic, gives empathy, moral therapy and psychological
therapy as well as chemotherapeutic
Twentieth , psychoanalytic theory developed, topographical theory (conscious,
unconscious,MSU conscious), catharsis
I’d the selfish one, ego the rational and executive one, the superego the moral one
Satisfaction and fixation
Anal retentive, greedy, messy,
Phalic phase, Electra and adepheous complex, but hide it because of society
Latency,ndormant
Genitalia
Free association, dream analysis, hypnosis
Behaviorist, Pavlov, skinner
Humanist theory, Abraham was low, Carl roger,myself desire, growth to achieve the
highest potential
Twentifirst , post modernism - constructivism we construct our own history, meaning
is personal, narrative, solution focused
Theories or models of psychopathology
Biomedical models : neurochemical imbalance, brain injury, it’s biological reason
The forebrain and the midbrain are the most culminating factors of mental illness
Dopamine dysregulation has been associated with autism and ADHD
Psychoanalytical theories or models : sigmund freud
Conscious
Preconscious
Subconscious/unconscious: unresolved conflicts, traumatic experiences are repressed
here and comes out and affects our behaviors in form of psychosis, perversions, and
neurosis
Childhood experiences or trauma are the causes of the adulthood behaviors
Personality structure
Oral phase (18 to 24 months) : at this time the child only has I’d, characterized
by an inability to delay gratification, it’s selfish and demanding . Through
crying, sucking,
Anal stage(continue until 42 to 48 months): play with their feces, touch their
anus, by holding and releasing feces.
Toilet training is the first time the child becomes aware of their effects on
others and learns to modify their behavior to gain gratification from them.
Phalic stage( through the age of 5-6 yrs): superego begins to develop, as the
result of the child sexual conflict and how they’re resolved.
Odepus complex, loves mothers and wants to kill father, but through socialization
it learns to accept and love the father.
The ego is able to judge the realistic consequences of these actions and recognize
they would meet the disapproval of their rival and their father.
Electra complex.
Fear of castration., fear the father will castrate him and deal with it by
identifying with the father, this permits him to make love to his mother
symbolically.
As part of the identification process, he begins to accept, adopt The father values
and beliefs
Very important for adulthood behavior
Latency stage until puberty: becomes industrious, the child channel their sexual
and aggressive urges through age appropriate activities. Dormant stage, often
called not true, because have no sexual gratifying organs.
The genital phase: begins in puberty, and continues through life
The individual is driven by the sex and aggression.
Body generates both libido (sex,erroneous) and aggressive energy (the Thanatos
Healthy individuals release this energy through socially appropriate channels,
sexual intercourse , sports, career, and so on.
In any stage there’s over and under-satisfaction or gratification of these phases
called fixation.
Resentments and conflicts are stored under UCS here.
Oral: depression,narcissism, dependence
Anal: Obstinacy, OCD, Sadomasochism
Phallic: Gender identity disorder, antisocial
Latent: Inadequate or excessive self control
Genital: Identity diffusion
Behavioral models , very good for phobias
Arises from conditioning process
Classical conditioning
CS VS UCS , conditioned vs unconditioned stimulus
CR conditioned respond just from CS, although weaker
Operant conditioning; punishment and reinforcement, skinner
Eg Lewinsohn; depression from removal from reward system
Seligman: depression is from Failure to avoid a negative stimulus from the
environment eg war
Cognitive models
Our thoughts , inappropriate, or dysfunctional thoughts
Aaron Beck and Albert; it’s our thoughts, our cognitive response to the event not
the events themselves, faulty or irrational thoughts. Emotional disorders come from
Misinterpretation of environmental events.
Our schemas or core beliefs influence our experiences
Irrational beliefs (Ellis), dysfunctional automatic thoughts (Beck)
Ellis : A B C Oof personality A AN EVENT , B BELIEVE C ,CONSEQUENCE (caused by the
belief)
Beck: 6 distorted thinking;
arbitrary inference,
over generalization,
selective abstraction,
magnification and minimization,
personalization,
polarized thinking
Humanistic models
Considers the psychopathology to be the consequence from the deviation from the
drive towards self actualization
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow believe people are motivated by the tendency for
self actualization
The theme is people are generally good

Social impositions, forcing people to be what we want them to be.
The family system model
Unlike the previous ones which focuses on individuals this focuses on the influence
family has on the individual behavior.
As symptom of unhealthy family dynamics, including communications.
Three family therapy approaches are :
Communications
Strategic
Structural

Enmeshed families have no boundaries , diffusion of boundaries
Attachment theories
The role of early child care giver
The more secure the childhood attachment, the more nurturing the adult is, as they
develop trust.
John Bowelby describes 4 types of attachment :
Secure
Avoidant,
Disorganized
Ambivalent attachments
Social models
They believe mental illness is rooted on one’s culture, poverty, helplessness, and
backed by powerful sociopolitical and economic structures
Risks and protective factors for mental disorders
Protective factors

Risks or stress factors
The biological, psychological, family, community or cultural factors
Generic or common risk factors
Apathy; indifferent, emotionally indifferent, lack of interest
Emotional blunting is not sharing emotions, a kind of schizophrenic face, not
expressing emotions
Emotional immaturity:

Attention deficit cause people to react fiercely for minor events.
◦ Types of schizophrenia are:
◦ Paranoid
◦ Hebephrenic or disorganized
◦ Catatonic
◦ Undifferentiated
◦ Residual
◦ Mood disorders:

Affect is constant and is visible
Mood is variable and internal feeling
Nihilistic delusion in MDD
Grandiose delusion in Mania


Schizophrenia should stay for 6 months


Hypomania is a self limiting disease and doesn’t have a delusion unlike maniac
MDD makes might have hallucinations and delusions



Nihilistic delusion in schizophrenia are like absent liver,heart
But in MDD, it’s mood congruent





Morbid anxiety is a diagnosable and treatable anxiety





◦
