B146 Level - B

Equivalent to Class 5

OBE Programme
Bharatiya Jnana Parampara

Vijnana

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

(An autonomous organisation under Ministry of Education, Govt. of India)
A-24-25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, NOIDA-201309 (U.P.)
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National Institute of Open Schooling
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Open Basic Education Programme
Bharatiya Joana Parampara

Vijnana (B146)
Level B (Equivalent to Class 5)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING

(An autonomous organisation under, Ministry ofEducation, Govt. oflndia)
A-24-25, Institutional Area, Sector-62, NOIDA-201309 (U.P.)
I H'l I i Website: www.nios.ac.in, Toll Free No: 18001809393
 ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Prof. ChandraBhushan Sharma Dr. Rajiv Kumar Singh
Chairman Director (Academic)
National Institute of Open Schooling National Institute of Open Schooling
NOIDA(UP) NOIDA(UP)

CURRICULUM COMMITTEE
CHAIRPERSON
Dr. H. R. Nagendra
Vice-Chancellor
Swami Vivekanand Yoganusandhanam Sansthanam, Bengaluru, Kamataka

SwamiRamdev Ji SwamiAtmpriyanand Ji Dr. Ram Chandra Bhat

Founder Pro Vice- Chancellor Founder
Patanjali Yog Peeth Ramkrishna Mission Ved Vijnana Gurukulam
Kankhal, Haridwar, Vivekanand Vishwavidyalaya Chhannenhalli, Bengaluru,
Uttarakhand Bellur Math, Kolkata, West Bengal Kamataka

Shri Govind Dev Girl Ji Dr. Ravindra Mule Shri Mukul Kanitkar
Bharat Mata Mandir Vice President Akhil BhartiyaAyojak Sachiv
Haridwar, Uttarakhand Maharshi Sandipani Rashtriya Bhartiya Shikshan Mandal
Ved Vidya Pratisthan, Ujjain, M.P.
Shri Ravi Tumuluri Dr. Ram Narayan Meena Sh.Vivek Singh
Joint Secretary Asst. Director (Academic) SEO (Academic)
Indian Yoga Association, NIOS, NOIDA (U.P) NIOS, NOIDA (U.P)
New Delhi

LESSON WRITERS
Smt Arona Saraswat Ms.Kavita Yadav
National Vice-president Research Scholar,
Bhartiya Shikshana Mandal Department of Chemistry
School of Physical Sciences
Jawahalal Nehru University
New Delhi

EDIDORS
Smt Aruna Saraswat Dr. Ram Narayan Meena
National Vice-president Asst. Director (Academic)
Bhartiya Shikshana Mandal NIOS, NOIDA (U.P)

COURSE COORDINATORS
Dr. Ram Narayan Meena Sh.Vivek Singh
Asst. Director (Academic) SEO (Academic)
NIOS, NOIDA (U.P) NIOS, NOIDA (U.P)

DTP
Kuldeep Singh
Tri Nagar, Delhi-35
JI 'Wora 'Witn <You
Dear Learners,
The National Institute of Open Schooling is providing education at your doorstep through
Open Basic Education (OBE) Programme. The OBE programme was initiated in June
1994 with the aim of providing the primary and upper primary education through alterna-
tive means of open schooling. It provides three tier education i.e. Level 'A' (equivalent to
class 3), Level 'B' (equivalent to class 5) and Level 'C' (equivalent to class 8). The Open
Basic Education programme has been recognised by the Government oflndia as equiva-
lent education to that of the formal school, for further education and employment.

The ancient education system oflndia was unique in nature and had peculiar characteris-
tics and qualities which were not found in any civilisation of the world. The Indian tradi-
tional knowledge consists ofAstronomy, Astrology, Acoustics, Arcitecture, Philosophy,
Medicine, Life sciences, Law, Poetics, Aesthetics, Agriculture and many more. The
gurukuls were the centre of knowledge where the pupils were living under the guidance of
the Guru. This knowledge system had relevance in the ancient Indian as well as in present
society and now needs to be made accessible for the present generation.

NIOS has launched the new stream-'Indian Knowledge Tradition' courses for reviving the
Vedic Education, Sanskrit Language and literature, Yoga and many other areas of ancient
Indian Knowledge. The aim of this stream is also to re-establish and to carry forward our
ancient education system throughout the country to preserve our rich tradition for com-
ing generations.

In this book (Level B), structure ofliving, organism, bio development, useful productions
for us, structure of plant and human body, health and hygiene etc. are explained.

This book has 10 lessons which has been devided into two part------dass IV and V. In every
lesson there are "Intext Questions" given to help you to assess your own progress as you
go along. Every lesson, includes "Terminal Questions" and "What have you learnt" to help
you revise the lesson easily and thoroughly.

I am confident that you will find this book useful and interesting. I am also thankful to the
experts who have played an important role in making this material interesting and useful.
I wish you a bright future.

I welcome the views of experts and readers for the improvement in the leaning material.

With best wishes.

Chairman
National Institute of Open Schooling
How to use the Study 9dateria{
Congratulation! You have accepted the challenge to be a self-learner. NIOS is with you at every step
and has developed the material in Vijnana with the help of a team of experts, keeping you in mind. A
format supporting independent learning has been followed. If you follow the instructions given, then
you will be able to get the best out ofthis material. The relevant icons used in the material will guide
you. These icons have been explained below for your convenience.

Title: will give a clear indication of the contents within. Do read it.
Introduction: This will introduce you to the lesson linking it to the previous one.
Objectives: These are statements that explain what you are expected to learn from the
lesson. The objectives will also help you to check what you have learnt after you have
gone through the lesson. Do read them.

Notes: Each page carries empty space in the side margins, for you to write important
points or make notes.

Intext Questions: Very short answer self check questions are asked after every section,
the answers to which are given at the end ofthe lesson. These will help you to check your
progress. Do solve them. Successful completion will allow you to decide whether to
proceed further or go back and learn again.

What You Have Learnt: This is the summary of the main points of the lesson. It will
help in recapitulation and revision. You are welcome to add your own points to it also.

Terminal Exercises: These are long and short questions that provide an opportunity to
practice for a clear understanding ofthe whole topic.

Do You Know: This box provides additional information. The text in boxes is important
and must be given attention. It is not meant for evaluation, but only to improve your
general knowledge.

Answers : These will help you to know how correctly you have answered the questions.

Activities: Certain activities have been suggested for better understanding of the
concept.

www Web site: These websites provide extended learning. Necessary information has been
included in the content and you may refer to these for more information.
 Contents

CLASS-IV
Lesson 1 Interdependence Of Organisms ................................................. 3
Lesson 2 Useful Product For Us ........................................................... 12
Lesson 3 Organism Development .......................................................... 27
Lesson 4 Living World And Diversity .................................................... 39
Lesson 5 Structure of Living World....................................................... 57

CLASS-V
Lesson 6 Function System Of Plant ....................................................... 77
Lesson 7 Process Of Our Body.............................................................. 91
Lesson 8 Various Organs Of Our Body ............................................... 109
Lesson 9 Healthy Life And Cleanliness ................................................ 123
Lesson 10 Our Old Indian Scientists .................................................... 143

Question Paper Design & Sample Question Paper

Interdependence of Organisms
CLASS-IV

Notes

CLASS-IV
Lesson 1 Interdependence Of Organisms
Lesson 2 Useful Product For Us
Lesson 3 Organism Development
Lesson 4 Living Wrold And Diversity
Lesson 5 Structure of Living World

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 1

 Interdependence of Organisms
CLASS-IV

Notes

2 Science, Level-B
Interdependence of Organisms
CLASS-IV

1 Notes

INTERDEPENDENCE OF
ORGANISMS

Everything, organisms and plants are dependent on each other.

They are connected together. Nature has made us in a way that
humans, plants, animals and organisms are connected to each
other. This makes a balance in nature. If one of them slips out or
get separated then the chain gets destroyed.
For example, you all must have seen an earthworm. They are
mostly found in rainy or moisture land. Do you know that they
are very helpful in making soil fertile? They make soil hollow
and fertile for agriculture. This helps in high production. In this
way, earthworm, soil and crops are related to each other. We will
read about some related components of nature in this lesson.

OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter you will be able to:
• Know about the inter dependence of plants and animals
• Explain the balance of nature.
OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 3
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 Interdependence of Organisms
CLASS-IV

• List the causes of natural imbalance.

• Tell the correct method of using natural resources.
Notes 1.1 HOW ARE PLANTS AND ANIMALS
CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER/
We all know that plants prepare food by the process of
photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight. In this way green
plants are dependent on animals. On the other hand, animals
cannot prepare their own food. They are dependent on plants for
their food directly or indirectly.
For example, bees are dependent on flowers to prepare honey.
They get pollen grains flowers and stick from one flower to
another. This process is called pollination. In this way, plants get
benefit from bees and bees get benefited from plants for honey.
This is called interdependence. In the same way, butterfly and
plants are also dependent on each other.

Fig. 1.1

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Vijnana, Level-B
 Interdependence of Organisms
CLASS-IV

1.2 DEPENDENCE OF ANIMALS ON

EACH OTHER

There are many organisms which are dependent on each other. Notes

For example, some organisms and protozoa present in food

pipeof termites. These organisms are not the food of termites
but they are helpful in digesting the wood eaten by termites. In
this way, termites get digestible food and microorganism get
foodand place to live.

Have you seen any bird sitting on buffalo's back or cow's back?
Have you seen them eating something from there? Indeed. These
birds and animals sit and eat small insects. This helps animals in
getting rid of insects and birds get food too.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.1

1. Write the name of any one thing that we get from animals?

2. What does bee get from plants? What does plant get from
bee?

1.3 NATURE'S BALANCE

Every organism needs food to love, you know that big animals
eat small or less powerful animals by hunting. In the same way

OBE-Bhartiya Jnana Parampara 5

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 Interdependence of Organisms
CLASS-IV

the powerful animals eat animals smaller to them. This makes a

chain called food chain. Imagine a small jungle (forest) where
Notes

Fig. 1.2: Food Chain

only plants, deer and lion live. What will happen if all lions are
killed in the jungle? This will increase the number of deer in
the jungle. There will be atime when all the plants will be eaten
by the excess population of the deer. After plants end, all deer
will too die of hunger.

Note and observe how the excess or shortage of any organism

can harm the natural balance. This has a bad effect on all the
organisms.

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6 Vijnana, Level-B
 Interdependence of Organisms
CLASS-IV

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.1

1. If all the snakes of the garden are killed then what will Notes
happen?

2. If all the plants of a garden are destroyed then what will

happen?

1.4 NATURAL IMBALANCE

You all must have heard from your parents and elders that our
nature is not clean as it used to be. We read in news papers that
how much air is polluted in the city. The cause of this pollution
is the use of chemical fertilizers. Natural balance is decreasing.
Who is responsible for this imbalance? Think about it. You
will find that humans create situations leading to the imbalance
of the nature. For example, you will be shocked to know that
human cut more trees than he grows in nature. This leads to
the decrease in the number of trees.

Humans also release harmful chemicals from factories in water

resources daily. This also pollutes water. Every day factories
and vehicles emit harmful gases in environment which increases
sir pollution. Note that man is responsible for increasing
pollution.

OBE-Bhartiya Jnana Parampara 7

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Think what is the basic cause of nature's imbalance? The

maincause of nature's imbalance is the increasing population
Notes ofhumans.

Let us understand

More population needs more grains to eat, more clothes to wear

and more space to live. Human cuts forests to produce more
grains establish more factories and build homes. This causes
imbalance in nature. We need to control the continuous growth
of populationto stop the imbalance in nature.

1.5 OPTIMUM OR BEST USE OF

NATURAL RESOURCES

Using nature is good but exploiting nature is bad. We must

takeonly those things from nature which is necessary for us.
Generally, plants should be in that number where animals eaten
plants andnew grown plants are equal. This also applies to both
herbivoresand carnivores animals too. One who eats plants are
called her bivores and one who eats flesh of other animals are
called carnivores. We get water from many sources like river,
falls, ponds and rainor underground reserves. We use water for
irrigation of plants. Underground water means water available
after digging the earth. Have you ever thought that where does

8 Vijnana, Level-B
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underground water comes from? A part of rain water is absorbed

by earth. Water collected under the earth is called underground
water. If the rate of using this water is different from the rate of Notes
collection then underground water level will go down. A
situation will come where we will not get a drop of water from
underground. Think if there will beno water, will there be life?

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.1

1. Write the names of any 4 items which humans get from
jungle?

2. Give any one example of misuse of water from your daily

life?

3. What is the relation between underground water and rain?

4. Write about any one misuse of natural resources from your

neighbourhood?

WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT

• All the objects and events that are seen, heard of felt
arecomponents of nature.

• Whatever useful for humans is a resource.

• All organisms are dependent on each other.

OBE-Bhartiya Jnana Parampara 9

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CLASS-IV

• Human is destroying the balance of nature y cutting trees

andby releasing toxins (poison) from factories etc.
Notes
• Cutting of trees is harmful for humans and animals.

• Animals and plants are dependent on each other.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. Explain how plants are dependent on animals?

2. How flowering plants and insects get benefited from

eachother. Give two examples.

3. What is meant by natural balance? What is the main cause

ofnature's imbalance?

4. Why jungles are becoming less? What is our role in it?

5. Give any 4 measures to keep the balance of nature intact?

6. What is the utility of organisms for us?

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTINS

1.1

1. milk etc

2. Pollen grain, pollination

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1.2

1. Rats will destroy grass

Notes

2. Deer will die of hungers

1.3

1. Wood, fruits, medicine, water

2. Open tap

3. Rain water is stored in underground water

4. Use of wood for cooking of food

OBE-Bhartiya Jnana Parampara 11

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Useful Product For Us
CLASS-IV

Notes

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 11

 Useful Product For Us
CLASS-IV

Notes
2

USEFUL PRODUCTS FOR US

Wherever you live whether city or village you have seen many
objects around you, many things like utensils, clothes, books,
toys, chair, table, cycle, car, telephone etc are daily use items. If
these things are not available then what will be our life? All these
things have become an important part of our life. We cannot
imagine our life without them. But these things are not available
to us at one go. Although humans used to wear animal skin and
eat raw fruits and vegetables. He used to live in caves. Now the
life has completely changed into a comfortable one. It took
thousands of years to happen. During this long journey human
learnt to use the natural object from his surroundings. He also
discovered new objects, various types of metals are found in
India from Vedic times. These range from agricultural equipments,
construction tools or weapons. Many examples of using metals
and other objects can be seen.
Let us learn about the daily use of some elements in this lesson.

12 Vijnana, Level-B
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CLASS-IV

OBJECTIVES

After reading this lesson, you will be able to: Notes

• Understand the need of aluminum and copper wires in

electricity

• Tell the reason for naming an age of human civilization as

metallic age

• Explain the process of colouring glasses and making types of

glasses

• Explain the reason for non-foaming of soap in hard water

• Describe the effect of polythene and

• Importance of fertilizers and pesticides

2.1 OUR NEEDS

Necessity is the mother of invention. Food, shelter, clothing,
transport and communication are our basic needs. We need many
objects to fulfill our need. For example, we use utensils to cook,
store and serve food products. Utensils are made up of many
objects- examples- metals, glass or clay (bone china) and now a
days we use non-stick, plastic and products of other utensils. If
we discuss regarding clothes, we find many beautiful dresses
made up of cotton, woolen, silk, nylon, polyester etc.

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 13

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 Useful Product For Us
CLASS-IV

In the same way soil, brick, cement, wood, mortar, glass,

aluminum and other materials are made to build houses. Iron net
and grill etc is used to make windows and doors.
Notes
Maximum furniture is made up of woods but now a days
furniture made up of plastic steel, can, iron etc. Many useful
items like watch, pen, telephone, fridge, t.v., car etc are made up
of many modern particles. All these things were our need and we
were motivated to develop many kinds of objects from these
elements.
2.2 MINERALS
We have been using metals since ages. The use of metals has
been very important for human life that many civilizations have
been named after metals like Iron Age, copper age etc.

Many objects are made up of many type of elements. Have you

ever thought where these metals came from? Some metals are
found naturally in mountains where as some are prepared by
humans in factories.

Minerals available in nature have been classified into two

categories- metallic and non-metallic. We get metals from metallic
minerals. These are also known as mineral ores. 89 types of
minerals are found in India, out of which 11 are metallic, 52
non-metallic, 4 fuel minerals and 22 other minerals.
Let us know about metal minerals. Those minerals from which
metals can be extracted easily are called metal ores.

14 Vijnana, Level-B
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Some of the important minerals are iron, copper, aluminum,

manganese and gold. In the same way, many non-metallic and
minerals are also found in India, these are mica, gypsum,
Notes
limestone, dolomite and asbestos.

2.3 METALS AND NON-METALS

Now identify the things given in the figure 1.1 and classify which
are made up of metals and non-metals.

Some of these objects are made up of metals and some are made
up of other objects. For example, knife, spoon, nail-bolt, key
lock etc are made up of metal where as rope, shoes etc are made
up of plastic or leather and Chakla-belan by wood. Pots are
made up of mud, bottle, glass, bucket etc can be made from plastic.
Let us know more about metals.

Fig, 2.1: some objects of daily use

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara

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 Useful Product For Us
CLASS-IV

Properties of metals

Whatever we have said about metals is based on our daily

Notes experience and knowledge. Many metal elements can be
separated from each other on the basis of physical qualities. These
physical characteristics are used to identify metals.

(A) Physical Properties

1. metals are shiny and they have a special metal lustre.

2. metals are hard but sodium, magnesium are exceptions, these

can be cut easily by a knife.

3. metals can be made into thin sheet. Aluminum polythene is

used to wrap chocolates and medicines; it is also used to keep
the food fresh and war.

4. metal wires are good conductor of electricity. Wires can be

made from aluminum and copper. They are used to pass the
electricity current.

5. metals are good conductors of heat. These are used in the

cooking food utensils.

6. metals are hard and strong, these are used to construct

buildings, trains, vehicles, instruments and bridge etc.

Non-metals are different from metals. They don't have physical

properties of metals. Some examples of non-metals are- nitrogen,

16 Vijnana, Level-B
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chlorine and oxygen gases, carbon, silicon etc. let us know what
the chemical properties of metals are.

Notes
(B) chemical properties

Chemical properties of metals include reactions with air, water

and acid. Some metals like sodium potassium, aluminum, copper,
iron etc are more reactive whereas gold, platinum etc are less
reactive. These metals are found in free form on earth. Therefore,
they are less reactive. Due to reactive properties, oxide, sulphides
and carbonates etc are found in compound form.

Other than pure metals, mixture of metals are also used. These
are known as alloy. Let us get more knowledge related to it.

Alloy

Alloys are compounded and homogenous mixtures and are

prepared by melting of metals. Some properties of alloy are
different from metals. For example- Brass is composed of copper
and yon metals. Tin is strong and corrosion resistant but copper
is a soft metal. In the same way, iron gets rust easily. However,
when mixed with carbon produces steel mixed metal. When iron,
carbon, chromium and nickel mix together, then they form
stainless still. These mixed alloys are strong, tough and does not
get rust. This form of metals are used in many ways, some of the
common alloy are-

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 17

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Table 2.1 : Alloy and its uses

Alloy Components Uses
Notes Steel Iron, carbon Bridge, railway line, instrument,
tank, ships
Stainless Steel Iron, Chromium, Utensils, medical instruments
Nickel
Brass Copper, tin Coins, idols, ornaments, utensils,
metals
Brass Copper, zinc Utensils, musical instruments,
(another form) wire, parts of machine, ornaments

Let us now learn about human made elements after metals and
their uses which were discussed in the beginning of the lesson.
This includes cement used for construction, glass, soap,
detergents, polymer, fertilizers and pesticides.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.1

1. Fill in the blanks:
i. Aluminum is found as _____ ore.
ii. _____ metal can be cut easily from knife.
iii. Limestone is found in _____ and _____ states.
2. Write the names of any three maximum reactiove metals?
3. What is ductility?

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2.4 MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

Construction of home, bridges, roads and dams use natural

Notes
stone wood, metals and bricks, lime, cement, concrete etc. Natural
stones like granite, marble and sand stone are also used. These
materials have been used in the construction of nagarjun
sagar dam. Tajmahal, vridheshwar temple and Lal Qila of
Delhi, Indian sculpture is world famous for its monumental
heritage on stone and building vast temples, we have seen making
big temples by joining pieces of stone without mortar in earlier
times these stones are used now a days in homes and buildings
in cities.

Construction sites also use brick prepared by baking loamy soil.

Earlier it was used to join stones and bricks. Afterwards bitumen
and lime began to be used. However, Portland cement was
invented in the 19th century. Now cement is used in constructing
homes, buildings, bridges etc. let us read about cement.

Cement

Portland cement was discovered by Joseph Espidy in 1824. He

mixed limestone and loamy soil to make a powerful water
resistant material. The colour of this material looked like the
lime stone of Portland. Therefore, the material was called Portland
cement.
Modern Portland cement has 60-70% calcium oxide, 17025%

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 19

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 Useful Product For Us
CLASS-IV

Notes

silica, 3-8% aluminum oxide and up to 6% iron oxide; Lime

stone and loamy soil is mixed as per desired ratio. This is heated
in a rotary kiln at the temperature of 1150 Kelvin. The material
is called clinker. When powdered gypsum is mixed with this
material, cement is produced.

The plastering material is prepared by mixing sand, cement and

water to hold brick and stones. It is also used for plastering.

Concrete is formed by mixing sand, soil and water in cement.

This is used in corners of road and middle pathways, roofs of
homes and electricity poles etc.
2.5 SOAP AND DETERGENT
Many soaps and detergents are available in the market for bathing
, washing and cleaning. They are made attractive by adding colors
and smell.

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Vijnana, Level-B
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Soaps are prepared by the chemical reaction of fat of sodium

hydroxide with oils available in natural form. Natural oils are
obtained from fats of oily organisms and seeds from plants. Some
Notes
examples of oils are - palm oil and olive oil. Asters present in
oils get decomposed by water with sodium hydroxide. We get
acid present in aster with sodium salt and glycerol.

This we find that sodium salt of acids are soaps.

When soaps are used in hard water then foam is not built. It
happens because hard water has soluble calcium and magnesium
salt, these react with soap to form non dissolve particles.

But this thing doesn't happen with detergents they produce foams
even in hard water because they do not form non dissolve particles
with calcium and magnesium salt.

Let us now understand how soap and detergents are a part of

cleaning process.

Many detergents are available in market now days. Some of them

are biodegradable but not all. Bio degradable means
decomposition can be done by micro organisms like bacteria and
worms. Those non biodegradable particles flow in rivers and
other water resources and pollute them. This water is harmful
for both water plants and water animals.

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 21

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 Useful Product For Us
CLASS-IV

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.1

Notes 1. What is the difference between soap and detergent?

2. How are detergents harmful for environment?

2.6 FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES

Fertilizers and pesticides are used largely to fulfill the food needs
of the growing population of the world. Let us first read about
fertilizers.

Fertilizers

Fertilizers are used to increase the production capacity of the

land. They help plats in getting proper nutrition and high yield.
Fertilizers improve the following elements in plants.

1. Nitrogen - nitrogen is useful for development in pants and

protein synthesis. This dissolves in water and reached plants
after getting absorbed in roots by water.

2. Phosphorus - this is essential for development of roots of

plants. We get it from phosphorous mountains.

3. Potassium - this element is important for the production of

fruits on plants. This is used as potassium sulphate. Water
soluble 'super phospate' and 'triple super phospate' etc are
obtained by grinding mountains and its reaction with sulphuric
acid.

22 Vijnana, Level-B
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Regular use of chemical fertilizers is harmful for nature. This

increases pollution and affects the fertility of the soil. It is also
harmful for human health. This is the reason behind the increasing
Notes
use of fertilizers like compost, vermin compost etc.

Pesticides
Pesticides are those elements which stop the growth of unwanted
plants and organisms. These unwanted plants and organisms are
harmful for both plants and humans. Pesticides are of many kinds
and can be divided into many categories. These categories are
made on the basis of how the bacterial growth is stopped by
them.
Bacteria pesticides, fungicide, weed cutting, insecticides and
weed pesticides.

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 23

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These pesticides protect humans and plants from many diseases

and benefit their health.

Notes Pesticides have been used around 2000 years ago. Arsenic and
its compound were used as pesticides for the first time, they were
used till the mid of last century. Some carbonic pesticides were
discovered during World War II. There were more effective than
a carbonic pesticide like arsenic. This can stop insect development
from a small amount and they are less harmful from other
organisms and plants.
You all must have hard about D.D.T. this was invented in 1939.
It was used massively in Second World War to stop the growth
of mosquitoes responsible for spreading malaria. They were so
affected by that that the use of D.D.T. increased day by day.
Slowly and gradually insects and mosquitoes became resistant
to D.D.T. and they did not show any effect. This was also said
that D.D.T. remains in soil for many years and does not get
decomposed. O It reaches food chain and is harmful for other
organisms and humans.
After this information some countries banned D.D.T.
Chemical elements are chemical products and should be used
very less because they pollute our environment. We must use
our resources judiciously and lessen our needs to save pollution
in environment. Many biological organic pesticides like til oil is
used in present time.

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CLASS-IV

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.2

1. Why are pesticides and fertilizers used?
Notes
2. What does plant get from fertilizers?
3. Give two examples of pesticides?

WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT

• Our needs have motivated us to use available natural resources
and making new products.
• Metals are found in minerals and have special physical and
chemical properties.
• Alloy has different properties from metals and has better
properties than metals.
• Many fertilizers and pesticides are use to get better yield.
However, they should be used in a balanced way.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. Name the ore of iron?
2. Which metal constitute brass?
3. Name three physical properties of metals?
4. How do we get concrete?
5. How is D.D.T. harmful?

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 25

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CLASS-IV

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

Notes
2.1
1. (i) bauxite
(ii) Sodium, magnesium
(iii) MP, Rajasthan
2. Sodium, Potassium, Aluminum, Copper, Iron
3. Making wires from metals is called ductility.

2.2
1. Soap does not give foam in hard water where as detergent
give foam in hard water.
2. Some detergents cannot be biodegrades. Therefore, they
pollute nature.

2.3
1. Fertilizers are used to increase the crop yield where as
pesticides are used to stop the growth of insects and weeds
that harm the crop,
2. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium etc.
3. D.D.T., B.H.C., Pararthylone, Methylone etc (any two)

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Notes

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 27

Organism Development
CLASS-IV

Notes
3

ORGANISM DEVELOPMENT

We have seen many changes around us. Many changes can be

seen with visible eye and we can feel them. There are some
changes that we cannot see easily with our eyes easily. Many
species of organisms are born on earth. These changes take a
long time than a human life to be seen. Therefore, humans cannot
see the sequence of development of these changes. But scientists
have collected many proofs and facts to prove these changes.
Many types of organisms and their species (some of them are
alive) and some of them have evolved through organic
development.
Close your eyes and think about many living objects. Many
organisms will come in front of you. Some of the common
elements will be plants, animals and birds. Do you know that
bacteria converts milk into curd or cause diseases like T.B. are
also living organisms. Even eatable mushroom is also an example.
Scientists have estimated that around 1 crore species or organisms
are developed on earth. Scientists have the knowledge of around

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 27

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CLASS-IV

20 lakh organisms. All these organisms living together and form

a balance. The balance of all these organisms is called bio
diversity. Due to the growth of biological development, biological
Notes
diversity is found on earth.

We will study the process of development of life on earth in this

lesson.

OBJECTIVES
After reading this lesson you will be able to:

• Tell about the time and the process of earth formation

• Tell about the time of earth's development and the present

position of atmosphere

• Tell how dinosaur type organisms got extinct

• Tell the sequence of human development

3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE

Development means change. Development is the changes from
which new species of organisms are developed. New species
take time to develop. The situations of earth are constantly
changing. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt with these changes.
These changes are necessary with the situations. The species
which are unable to coordinate with these changes die and get
extinct, for example - dinosaur. All new species originate from
their predecessors.

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Charles Darwin (1809-1822) was a great scientist. He collected

many logics and said two important things for development.

1. All the specie organisms originate from the development Notes

process.

2. All the process of biological development is called natural

selection of spices.

This means that all natural organisms choose and reproduce such
organisms that are adaptable to environment.

This explains that when environmental situations change

then the original generation makes new species, this is the reason
when with time many new species originate, this includes many
type of organisms like bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals
and humans, these species have many common things, like
breathe in one way or another doing activities like getting nutrition
etc.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 3.1

1. Name the scientist who is called the 'father of biological
development' ?

2. Name any two common process which are essential to love

for every organism?

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3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF ONE LIVING CELL

ORGANISM TO MULTI CELL ORGANISM
Notes You have seen that the physical conditions of earth are changing
and this has lead to many developmental changes in organisms.
Now we will study how situations change on earth and who was
the first being that evolved. There were many changes in the
development process which has lead to the development of many
species and organisms. The process of development for biological
process is considered to be natural selection.

You will be surprised to know that earth was not there before
billion years, slowly- slowly natural changes came into place
and earth became around 4-5 billion years ago. You will also be
surprised to know that Indian Vedic scriptures also believe the
development of earth by that time. There are many stages of
development which are given below.

First stage: there was no water on earth, clouds only thundered.

However, slowly temperature declines, started raining and water
was collected on earth. There was no organism till date.

Second stage: first of all very small micro organisms evolved in

water. These ate the predecessors of every organism now days.
There one branch of bacteria is also seen today, there was no
open oxygen in atmosphere in this stage.

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Notes

Fig. 3.2 development from single cell organism to

multi cell organism

Third stage: single cell organisms went through many changes

and the process of photo synthesis became possible. Oxygen
increased in atmosphere. Many kinds of organisms took birth.
After micro organisms Algae came into existence which is
found in ponds and single cell protozoa were also born. Due
to development of changes in single cell predecessor, many
single cell organisms like fungi, plants and humans were also
developed.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 3.2

1. Who were the first organisms to evolve?

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2. A group of organisms is given below. Write them in ascending

order of their development:

Notes Plants, fungi, animals, bacteria, algae and protozoa

3. Name the life giving gas which was not present in atmosphere
in early days?

4. Who evolved first- plants or animals?

3.3 DINOSAURS AND THEIR EXTINCTION

Changes in development process are not seen in common,
but many facts suggest that organisms have evolved from
development. Fossils are also such facts. Fossils are the
remains of those organisms which were present on earth
before. These are found after digging mountains or stones. The
bodies of many organisms take the shape of stone after a time
period.

Many huge dinosaurs used to live on earth around 15 crore years

ago. There was no bird or mammals on earth at that time.

Many fossils of dinosaurs have been found after digging of earth.

They belong to reptiles group of animals. Now a days lizard,
snakes, tortoise and crocodile come in this category.
A figure is given below; you can imagine the big body of
dinosaurs from this picture. There were many species of

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Notes

Fig. 3.3 Dinosaur

dinosaurs, some use to live in water, some could fly in air and
some could walk on land. Dinosaurs used to rile earth 230
lakh year ago to 65 lakh years ago. You could see them
everywhere at that time. Some used to eat plants and some were
carnivores.
A big lizard is found in Comodo Island in Pacific Ocean and
represents dinosaur. It is called Commodo Dragon.

Dinosaurs were living a happy life on earth at that time, slowly

the environment on earth changed. Some scientists believe that
due to spreading of a specific radiation all dinosaurs dies and
got extinct. Dinosaur is a good example to learn about
development.

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 33

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INTEXT QUESTIONS 3.3

Notes
1. Name any two animals which are found now days and belong
to dinosaur category of animals?
2. What are fossils?
3. Write one cause for the extinction of dinosaurs?

3.4 DEVELOPMENT IS STILL GOING

Humans evolved on earth around 20 lakh years back. Humans
have many ancient features but it is most complex and high level
of development that took place because of maximum
development of human mind. Human body is going through
change but these changes are very micro, human development is
going and still is going.
Humans are considered similar to ape (like chimpanzee).
Every organism of the earth is going through changes. For
example, India suffered form malaria in the decade of 1950.
The species of mosquito spreading malaria was destroyed by
D.D.T. but soon it was known that many mosquitoes could not
die in presence of D.D.T. They had undergone natural selection
ad the number of such resistant mosquitoes increased from
generation to generation. Development not only means making
new species but also the development of new symptoms in any
species.

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INTEXT QUESTIONS 3.4

1. Is development still happening in the world?
Notes
2. Our country had controlled malaria completely but why it is
happening again now?

3. What do you mean by development?

WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT

• Biological diversity is the result of developmental change
which leads to the evolvement of new species.

• There are many development changes which cannot be seen

but many can prove it. Fossil is an example.

• Development means the development of complex organisms

from common organisms.

• Development changes happen because of the situations on

earth and some organisms could not face these changes. They
die or get extinct where some organisms adapt to changes
situation and can live.

• Charles Darwin (1809-1822) believes that all organisms gave

a common development. He gave natural selection for the
development process.

• Earth evolved before 4 to 5 billion years ago. The situations

on earth were not according to life at that time.

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• Organism evolved around 3 bullion years ago. These were

bacteria.

Notes • Single cell organisms like protozoa came.

• Multi cell fungi, plants and organisms evolved one after the
other.

• The structure of organism was simple in beginning but became

complex later on.

• Many species of dinosaurs were present on earth at a time.

• Humans developed at the last stage of development family

of organisms.

• Nature is developing regularly, D.D.T resistant mosquitoes

is a good example of this.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by development? Why changes happen
because of development ?

2. Give two contributions of Charles Darwin related to

development?

3. To which group of animals dinosaur belong? Give two

examples of the group?

4. Why we cannot use D.D.T. to kill mosquitoes?

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ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

3.1 Notes

1. Darwin
2. (1) breathing
(2) nutrition
.
3.2
1. Bacteria
2. Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, Algae, plants and animals
3. Oxygen
4. plants

3.3
1. Lizard, snake
2. Fossils are the remains that are found after digging
mountains. Dead bodies of some animals become fossils
after some time on earth.
3. Dinosaurs extinct after changes on earth.
.

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3.4
1. Yes, now a days
Notes 2. Mosquitoes became resistant to D.D.T. therefore, this
happened.
3. New species have developed but many new
characteristics are also developed in species.

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Notes

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 39

Living World And Diversity
CLASS-IV

4 Notes

LIVING WORLD AND

DIVERSITY

Look around you. You will find many things like table, chair,
toys, mobile, TV etc. when you will see walls and rooms, you
will find mosquitoes, flies, lizard and cockroach. If you look
outside your house, you will find birds, animals, cow, buffalo,
cat, dogs etc moving and different plants in statue mode like
neem, jamun, aam, amrood or grass grown on land or wheat-
mustard in farm. If you look in sky, you will find birds, airplanes
etc. if you make a list of things then things will be a long list.
All these objects can be classified into three categories- living,
non-living and dead. You will be surprised to know that plants
are loving beings. It is also an honour that this was told to the
world by an Indian scientist Sh. Jagdish Chandra Bose. Indian
Vedic scriptures have always considered plants as a living being
and have always tried to protect it. Table- chair components like
wood, bines or horns etc separates form animals are dead because
they were a part of living body once and mirror, soil, water, stone,

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 39

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iron, nail etc are non-living things, they never had any life let us
know the difference between living and non-living. How are
lining things different from non-loving things? How are living
Notes
things similar to non-living things. Let us know about them.

OBJECTIVES
After learning this chapter, you will be able to:

• Tell the difference between living and non-living objects.

• Explain the characteristics of living things

• Describe the breathing process and food production for living

organisms

• Explain the importance of living and non-living things

4.1 LIVING OBJECTS AND THEIR
CHARACTISTICS
Sometimes you can find the living and non living thins by
touching. But can you tell the characteristics of living and non-
living things that make a difference. Let us see on what basis an
object is considered live. Basically, there are 9 characteristics of
living things:

1. Growth (development of body)

2. Cellular body structure

3. Dynamics

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4. Nutrition

5. Breathing
Notes
6. Excretion (taking out wastes)

7. Reaction

8. Reproduction

9. A fixed life and death

Let us learn something about them.

Fig. 4.1 living, non-living and dead

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1. Growth in living organisms

Every living organism is small at the time of birth. It grows

Notes eventually. A small calf becomes an ox. Mango seed gives birth
to a small plant which becomes a tree, you yourself were a small
kid now you are getting developed and will develop till you
become a man or woman. This development increases your bones,
muscles and blood quantity,

Non living things don't do these activities, they do not breather

and do not make new things.

After getting full development of the body some growth maintains

body parts. If you get a cut then new skin comes and fills the
wound, nails also increase. This is also a growth.

Fig. 4.2 growth in living things: plant to tree

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Have you ever seen any growth un cycle, glass or pencil? No,
because all these things are non-living things.
2. Living things are made up of cell Notes
Every living being or plant and their body are made up of
microorganism cell. These are so small that they can only be
seen with the help of microscope. Every cell has a living
structrure; many activities are done in this living structure. Most
of the growth in living objects is due to the increase in the number
if cells, new cells are formed with the help of old cells.
You must be thinking that new cells make a human being as
bricks join to form the wall, but brick is a part of wall. One brick
cannot make another brick.Brick is a non living thing where as
cell is a living being.
Let us know important things about cell:
• Every living organism has a different cell. Some organism are
made up of one cell like bacteria, amoeba etc, there are known
as single cell animals.
• Many other organisms are made up of multi cell organisms
like flies, humans, elephant, horse etc. These are known as
multi cell organisms.
• The big the organism - the more cells- cat has more cells than
mouse, cow has more cell than cats and elephants have more
cell than cows.
• Banana plant has more cell than rose plants or guava trees.
Bunyan tree has more cells than banana plants.

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3. Dynamism

Every microorganism moves. Everyone has his own pace for

Notes walking like horse, cow insects, birds etc. we can move many
parts of our body. Plants also have mobility, they move while
standing at one place, sunflower moves in the direction of the
sun. Leaves move towards light. Roots move towards water. All
these movements are from inside of the organism. These
movements are not outside the body. Leaves of some trees get
close in the night and open during the day. Sensitive plants get
down when touched and becomes straight after some time.

Can a cycle move on its own? Watches move by cell or setting

friction. They do not move by their own. No, every non living
thing does not move. Power to move is given to them from
outside.

4. Food is needed by living organisms

Every organism needs food. If you are kept hungry for some
time, you will feel weakness. Whatever food you eat gives you
growth. This growth is seen in bones, muscles or blood in your
body. If an organism does not get food for a longer period of
time, he will become weak and die soon. Plants make their own
food. Some animals eat the plants or parts of plants. Some animals
are carnivores - they eat those animals who become big after
eating plants.

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Notes

Fig. 4.4
Have you ever thought what the food of green plants is? They
make their food from soil, water and carbon dioxide in presence
of air and sunlight, in any one thins is missing, they die.
Does your cycle or book need food? No, they don't have growth
and they don't have power to move.
5. Breathing in living things (energy generation by the use of
oxygen)
We breathe (inhale or exhale) from day to night. Maximum
organism inhale air and exhale it. Animals living in water like
fish keeps inhaling water and exhaling it. They absorb oxygen
mixed in water, this oxygen in form of air or water is used by cell
as a powerful energy building. They do their own work from
less energy. During this time carbon dioxide is formed in body
and is exhaled by cells. Breathing activities are similar in plants

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 45

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Notes

Fig. 4.4 breathing process in living things

and organisms. Plants take oxygen inside with the help of small
pores in their leaves and stem. In this way, human take oxygen
inside breathing practices and exhale carbon dioxide.
6. Excretion (taking out wastes by living organisms)
The body of living organisms makes water products due to the
result of physical activities which are toxic. It is essential to take
them out from human body. The urine of organisms also has
waste products other than water. Some of the toxic elements that
come out of body are sweating. Some examples of excretion are
gums firm plants, falling and drying of old leaves from plants
etc.
Non living things like table, chairs etc neither breather nor give
out any excrete materials.

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7. Reaction by living objects

Whenever your hand touches a fork or unknowingly you touch a

hot utensil, then you instantly take your hand back. Any situation Notes
related to pricking or touching hot objects by which a body reacts
is called stimulation and the action to that stimulate is called
reaction. Many situation of same kind happens in every living
organism. Plants go down in night or roots move towards water
is also a reaction by plants. Stimulation always happens against
temperature, light, sound, touch and chemicals.

Thinks about one thing, some time you smell tasty food and
water comes in your mouth, will you call it a reaction or
stimulation?

8. Reproduction or giving birth to a child

Every living organism gives birth to a new generation or child.

Cow gives birth to calf. Birds lay eggs by which their children
come out. Frog and fish also lay eggs, if any specie does not
reproduce then that species comes to an end. Seeds grow from
plants and these seeds make new plants from roots or branches.
Simplest single cell organism like bacteria or amoeba also
reproduces from one method or the another.

Does any non living thing make an object same to itself? No, a
brick cannot make a second brick. If you break a brick from
between then there will be two small bricks but they cannot
increase to get normal size. It is the same way that a cycle cannot

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 47

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make another cycle and a chair cannot give birth to another chair
etc.

Notes 9. There is no fix life of the living organisms.

Every living thing is born and it grows in size and gets old in
completing the activities of life, it dies afterwards. Different
organisms have different life expectancy, some have less life and
some have big life. Here we present some of the examples of life
tenure:

Bacteria - around 20 minutes

Mouse - around 2-3 years

Dog - around 12-14 years

Human - around 70-80 years

Bunyan tree - around 200 years

Tortoise - around 400 years

Sequoya tree - around 3000-4000 years

There is no life expectancy of non-living things, for example, a

glass can live forever or can break any minute.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 4.1

Read the following statement and state whether they are true or
false:
1. Organisms increase their size throughout their life.

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2. Every living organism is made up of multi cells.

3. The process by which living organism gets food is called

nutrition. Notes

4. Green plants make their own food.

5. Sunflower keeps changing the direction according to the

direction of sun.

6. Water and energy is produced during breathing.

7. Every living object reacts towards stimulants.

8. Every living object has a fixed life and they die afterwards.

4.2 DIVERSITY OF LIVEING ORGANISMS

There are thousand and lakhs of living organism on earth. They
are from big to small and micro small un size. Their colour and
formation is different too, some give children and some lay eggs.
Some organism like amoeba or bacteria reproduces by diving
into two parts, some fly in the air and some jump from one tree
to another tree. Some crawl deep in ocean. Some animals crawl
in desert and some other organisms move inside other organisms
body. We see the diversity in animals.

Do you know that the famous bird lover of our country Salim Ali
has worked on birds especially weaver birds and has written many
books.

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 49

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4.3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIVENG

ORGANISMS
Notes Living organisms are very much found in population. They have
different colours and form. It has been categorized into many
categories on the basis of similarities.
Basically living organisms are categorized into two categories -
plants and organisms. Let us know more about them.
1. Plants are fixed in land and have the leaves of green or another
colours.
2. Organisms can move from one place to another and eat other
organisms or plants.

Fig. 4.6 diversity in living beings - one eye

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3. The third category belongs to those who are not green colour
plants and not moving organism, one of the example is white
coloured fungi which loves on food items or mushroom grown
Notes
for food or dirty place grown mushroom.

4. The fourth category is of micro organism which have one

cell body like algae (green coloured thread like structure in a
pond) or amoeba living in dirty water.

5. Fifth category has a single cell bacteria or micro organism.

Lakhs of bacteria can live in a needle's tip.

Organism are being classified from old times, this classification

was started by Carl Linius in 1735 in modern science. But
now days these are classified into five types with some changes.
They have been placed from simple to complex in the following
manner -

1. Monera kingdom - bacteria, virus etc.

2. Protista Kingdom - Algae, Amoeba, etc.

3. Fungi - Fungi kingdom - fungus, mushroom etc.

4. Plantae Kingdom - plant kingdom - all plants like

neem, mango, rose, marigold etc.

5. Animalia kingdom - organism kingdom 0 all

organism like dog, monkey, cat,
lice, bird, humans etc.

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INTEXT QUESTIONS 4.2
Fill in the blanks with correct option:
Notes
1. From an outside world we see many __________ in a big
world. (Similarity/diversity)
2. All living objects are classified into ________ kingdom. (four/
five)
3. _____ comes in Monera kingdom. (Bacteria/fungi)
4. Amoeba and algae etc come under _____ kingdom. (algae/
protista)
5. Fungi that comes on bread comes from ____ kingdom. (fungi/
plantae)
•

WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT

• All living organism are made up of cells.
• Every living organism needs food. It grows and moves,
breathes, excretes, reacts to stimulants, reproduces and dies
after completing a fixed age of life.
• It gives birth to new organisms like him.
• Some organisms are made up of multi cells and are called
multi cell organism.
• Plants make their own food. Organisms get their food directly
from plants by eating them (herbivores) or by eating other
I animals. (carnivores).
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• Living organism do breathing, they intake oxygen and release

carbon dioxide. Energy is used to do various activities of
body.
Notes
• There is a big diversity in living world.
• The diversity of organism is according to their color,
formation, shape, size, life style, living habits and
reproduction methods etc.
• All living organism are divided into five categories from
single to complex - single cell monera, actual/real cell protista,
fungi categories (fungus), plantae (plantae kingdom) and
organism world (animalia).

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
A. Tick the correct option:
1. cells are found in:
(a) Brick walls
(b) Only plants
(c) Only animals
(d) Both b and c
2. Given below are few groups of organisms. Identify the
group which doesn't have a plant and animal?
(a) Rose, eagle, lice
(b) Fish, mushroom, earthworm

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(c) Peepal, butterfly, fungi

(d) Bacteria, amoeba, algae
Notes 3. what do you call the making of new cells for the growth
of body and maintaining cells giving food?

(a) Breathing

(b) Nutrition

(c) Excretion

(d) Reproduction

4. Which of the following is required by plants to make their

food?

(a) Only water

(b) Only light

(c) Only carbon dioxide

(d) Water, light and carbon dioxide

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word:

1. All living organisms are made up of _____.

2. _______ gas is produced during breathing.

3. ______ is a single cell organism.

4. Living organisms are divided into _____ categories.

5. All organisms are kept in ___ world called animalis.

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C. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. Write 5 characteristics of living things?
2. List the difference between living and non living things? Notes

3. Why do living objects need food?

4. What is meant by nutrition?
5. All organisms inhale oxygen. What is the use of this
oxygen in body?
6. Name any 4 organisms that lay eggs?
7. What is meant by category of living things? Write their
names.

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

4.1
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True

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4.2
1. Diversity
Notes 2. Five
3. Bacteria
4. Protista
5. Fungi

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Notes

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 57

Structure of Living World
CLASS-IV

5 Notes

STRUCTURE OF LIVING
WORLD

Many kinds of organisms are found around us. Living objects

are different from non-living objects. A big difference is found
in the shape, size and living place of living organisms. These
differences become the basis of their division or categories. We
have read about them in previous lesson.
You know some organisms are very small and they cannot
be seen with naked eye. Some of the organisms are big like
elephant and whale which are seen from a distance. Some
organisms are helpful for us and they give useful product too.
There are many other organisms which harm us. Therefore to
know the basic structure of these organisms is beneficial to us.
We will learn about some of the selected organism, their benefits
and disadvantages. Let us try to know more about them. We will
also try to get in touch with some elements of nature and its
objects.

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OBJECTIVES
After reading this lesson you will be able to:
Notes
• Tell the names of most simple and smaller organism on
earth
• Describe the similarities found in plants, humans and their
organs
• Explain the breathing process and nutrition system of plants
• Explain the various types of plants and parts of flowers with
their importance
5.1 BACTERIS-SMALLEST ORGANISMS
Bacteria are the simplest and smallest organisms found on earth.
They are found in almost every place like air, water, soil and
even inside our body. Their body is made up of single cell and
size is from 0.2 to 100 microns (1 micron = 1/1000 millimeter).
The central element is not covered by any membrane in the cells
of bacteria. There is a cell wall or membrane outside the cell.
Bacteria are mostly divided into three shapes-
a. long shape bacteria
b. circular
c. serpentine (lymph) bacteria - curvy like snakes
Bacteria have their own importance. Some bacteria are helpful
and some are harmful.
I
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Notes

Fig. 5.1 types of bacteria

Benefits and disadvantages of bacteria

(a) Benefits from bacteria
1. Decomposition of dead - many organisms die every day. They
decompose dead bodies and leave in nature. This
decomposition is reused by plants.
2. Manure making in soil - bacteria found in soil from chemicals
like ammonia and nitrate which are useful for plants.
3. Merge with plants - some bacteria merge with plants to change
nitrogen to nitrate and give natural manure to the plants. Some
special plants are - peas, pulses, beans etc.
4. Cleaning water - some bacteria clean water by decomposing
dust, dirt and flowing waste in water.
5. Source of digestion - some bacteria live in the food pipe of
cows, goats, flies or some insects etc. they help in the digestion
of cellulose (a part of the eaten plant).

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6. Food industries- some bacteria are used in food industries to

form some of the food items like lactobacillus which help in
the preparation of curd from milk. Vinegar is also prepared
Notes
by the activities of bacteria.
7. Sources of medicines - many antibiotic medicines increase
6the immunity power in body. Immunity power helps in
fighting the diseases. Some medicines are prepared by various
bacteria. Some vitamins and hormones are prepared with the
help of bacteria.
(b) Harmful bacteria
1. cause of many diseases - many bacteria cause diseases like
tuberculosis, dysentery, tetanus, whooping cough etc.
2. Destroys food - any food items are destroyed by bacteria.
For example - milk, fruits, vegetables etc get rotten by
bacteria.
5.2 ALGAE LOOK LIKE PLANTS BUT
ARE NOT PLANTS
Algae are simple organism which looks like plants. They have a
cell membrane and chlorophyll. They can be single cell or multi
cell. They don't have stem or leaves, these are mostly found in
water or wet places. Algae make a green surface on wet land
which is slippery. Green -green thread like organisms swim on
the surface of the pond are also a type of algae. Water tanks
which are not cleaned for a longer time has green green slippery
structure on the wall; it is also a kind of algae. Algae are a

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Notes

Fig. 5.2 Algae

microscopic organism which ranges from single cell to many

meter long cells. Even ocean algae is also a type of algae some
places have red algae too.
Algae- useful and harmful
Useful:
1. Some algae are the food of the fishes and water organisms.
2. Some special algae are used to increase the thickness of some
special ice creams and jelly.
3. Algae makes food by photosynthesis ad gives our oxygen in
nature which is inhaled by other organisms.
4. Some algae are used in industries.
5. These are also used as manures.

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Harmful:
1. Some algae which grow in ponds are harmful for other
Notes organisms.
2. Algae born in water tanks make water unsuitable for
drinking.

5.3 PROTOZOA (ORGANISMS LIKE AMOEBA)

Protozoa is a single cell organism which has specific characteristic
for organisms. These can move from one place to another.
They can catch their food and eat it. Amoeba is an example
of protozoa. This is found on pond water or in dirty water. It
lives in pot holes too. This organism can expand its cell is called
Pseudopodia. This organism can move from one place to another.
This helps them in catching their food. There are 1000 species
of protozoa. Some protozoa bore diseases like parasites of
malaria which causes disease in our red blood cells after reaching
them.
Fungus (fungi like organisms)
Fungi look like plants but they don't
have chlorophyll. Two types of
common fungi are fungi found on
bread or fruits and fungi found
on mushrooms or dirty and moist
places. Fungi cannot make their own
food but they absorb the juice of the
rotten things where they are born. Fig. 5.4 Mushroom

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These are single cell organisms (example- feast) and multi-cell

(example-mushroom) and basically grow in dark, lukewarm and
wet place.
Notes
Most of the fungi are harmful but some mushrooms make tasty
food.
Useful and harmful:
Useful
1. Some fungi is uses to make food and liquid objects. Yeast
makes bread. Khammer is used to make idli, dosa etc.
2. Some mushrooms are eaten but most of the mushrooms are
poisonous.
3. Some of the fungi are used to make penicillin or vitamin b.
4. Fungi decompose dead plants and elements in nature. They
help in the circle of elements.
Harmful
1. Some fungi give disease like irritation or rings.
2. Some fungi harm wheat or barley.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.1

1. Fill in the blanks:
i. Algae are plant like organisms and they have ___
and ____ in cell with difference of cells in organism.
ii. _______ are found in stopped dirty water is the smallest
protozoa.
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iii. Amoeba moves with structures called _____.

iv. Most of the fungi are protozoa but ____ named fungi is
eatable.
Notes
5.4 PLANTS
Look around you. You will find three types of plants:
1. Grass - grass and grass related plants are mostly seasonal like
carrot, radish etc., 2. Shrubs - some plants stem come out as branch
on earth and live for many years Like rose, hibiscus etc., 3. tree
- a thick and long bark of wood which has many branches like
neem, mango, bunyan etc.
There are two important organ system of every plant - root system
and shoot system. Let us know about the parts of plant. For
example, we take mustard plant. The basic structure of very plant
is almost the same; the difference will be of colour, form, shape
of leaves, colour of flowers and shapes of fruits etc.
If there have been no green plants then humans and animals
cannot love. Plants make their own food with sunlight.
Let us see the tip to root part with the help of a mustard plant.
Parts of plant
1. Root system- this is the part below the land.
2. Primary root - comparatively the thicker part in the mid of the
plant.
3. Secondary roots - these are numerous thin roots coming out
of primary root. They absorb water and mineral salts from
soil to the plants.
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Notes

Fig. 5.6 various parts of the plants

(a) Root system

Seeds are sown in soil. First of all, parts related to roots come
out in plants. The primary roots provide water and mineral to
plants. They are divided into two parts.
There are four main characteristics of roots:
1. Roots always grow below the soil
2. They always move towards water.
3. Roots always move towards light.
4. Roots don't have green colour.

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There are two important works of roots:

1. Fixing plant - they make plant stable and straight on land.

Notes
2. absorb - they absorb water and mineral salt from soil and
provide nutrition to plants.

Roots do many other works in special plants - they store food in

some plants like carrot, radish, turnip, beetroot, sweet potato
etc. some new plants also grow from the roots of other plants.
Example - dahlia.

(b) shoot system - part of the plant above the soil

1. stem - it is that part of plant which is above the soul.

2. Stamen - this is the part of plant above the soul having

branches, leaves, fruits and flowers.

3. bark/trunk: the middle part between two stamens.

4. branch: secondary stem coming out of main stem.

5. leaves: these are thin and sharp mostly green coloured part
from where plants prepare their own food.

6. branch point: last end of stem and branches having small and
numerous leaves.

7. flower: part of plant which is most colourful.

8. fruit: this part is developed in fruit and many new plants grow
from there.

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Let us know more about these stem or trunk.

Part of the plant above soul is called stem or trunk. This is the
most important part of shoot system with stamen, buds, leaves Notes
etc. Most of smaller parts have soft and green stem which move
easily. Shrubs and trees have stem or trunk method made up of
tough and hard wood. The outer surface of wooden stem has
bark.
Functions of stem:
1. Gives support: trunk supports branches, leaves, fruits and
flowers.
2. Carrying- they carry absorbed water and mineral salts to leaves.
3. Storage of food- they transport food prepared by leaves to the
stem or trunk of the plants.
4. Some of the plants transform, their bud into long green leaves
like structure, thework of these leaves like structure is to do
the work of photosynthesis. Example- nagfni, cactus etc.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.1

1. State whether the following statements are true or false:
i. Stamen is that part of stem from where leaves fall out. ( )
ii. Primary roots are developed from seedlings or seeds. ( )
iii. Turnip is a transformed trunk. ( )
iv. Green stems like nagfani's stem can prepares their food
using stems. ( )

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b. leaves
Leaves are green colored thin and long structure from stem. This
Notes part of plant has different shapes. Leaves make food for plants.
This process is called photosynthesis.
Functions of leaves
1. Light (mostly sunlight) is required by the plants with carbon
dioxide and water to prepare their own food.
2. Extra water on leaves depict the water inside the plants which
get out in form of steam and small holes (stomata) in leaves.
3. Plants take oxygen present in the air inside with the help of
leaves.
c. flower
Flower are also present in the stem of the plant. Flowers are the
reproductive organ of plants,
Functions of flower
1. Reproduction - the main function of flower in nature is
reproduction. Fruit is made inside the flower seeds. Seeds are
also built in flowers from where new pant grows.
2. Smell and beauty: flowers are beautiful and have a good smell.
They also take part in reproduction. They attract insects and
birds to sit on the, they suck juice from flowers and pollen
stick to their bodies. The pollen grains falls in other flowers
when they go and sit on them. This leads to the starting of
fruit from flowers.
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Importance of flowers for humans

1. Fruits are made from flowers which we eat.
2. flowers look beautiful in garden and at homes Notes

3. People give each other flowers as a mark of respect. Example

- gajra or garland. Flowers are also used in prayer for gods
and goddesses.
4. Bees make honey from flowers which we eat.
5. Scent is also prepared from flowers.
6. Clove is a flower which is used as spices and medicine.
Parts of flowers
A common flower when cut from between can be seen like this:
1. Bud - that part on which flowers are kept.
2. Anther - that part of bud which is open and has petals on it.
3. Sepal - there are commonly green coloured leaves which make
the outer part of the flower. The main function of sepal is to
protect flower in bud stage.
4. Petals - there are basically shining, colorful and open flower.
This is the mostly seen upper part of the flower. The main
function of this part is to attract insects on flowers.
5. Stamen - these are thread like long parts which has flower
like structure, this is the male part of the flower.
6. Pistil - this part is in the centre of the flower and is the
reproductive part of the flower.

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d. fruit
Fruits are made from flowers. Mango, jamun or java plum,
Notes pomegranate, strawberry etc are fruits and tomatoes, cucumber
etc are included in vegetables are also fruits; there is a seed present
inside the fruit. For example - mango and tomato gas more than
one seeds.
Parts of fruit
To learn more about the structure and parts of fruit we take mango
as an example. There are two main parts of fruit:
1. The centre part is a tight seed in the fruit.
2. Outside the thick art of the fruit has been divided in many
such categories like upper peel, seed plum, and the part related
to internal seed.
Groundnut s also a type of fruit and its upper part is completely
dry.
Functions of fruit
1. protects the seed - fruit protects the seeds from wear -tear and
also from adverse seasons like dryness summer, winter etc.
2. Attract organisms or scattering of seeds - seeds are eatable
and tasty. Due to this reason buds, animals and organisms
move from tree to tree. Wherever they eat, they scatter the
seed and this helps in growing up of plants at different places.

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INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.3

1. What is the name of thick part which keeps fruit straight?
Notes
2. What is the name of green structures on the outer part of
flower?
3. What do we get from fruits?

WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT

• Bacteria are the simplest and smallest organism found on
earth.
• Algae is a green colored single cell organism found in water,
it has a cell membrane and chlorophyll. It is a single cell
organism.
• Fungi are common chlorophyll microscopic organisms. Some
fungi are big also.
• Plant has a root and shoots system.
• Roots always grow below the soil. Roots are of two types -
joint roots and fiber roots,
• The function of roots is to keep plant stable, absorb water
and minerals from soil and providing food to the upper stem
and branch etc. Roots of some plants store food and roots of
some plants also make new plants.
• Stem has anther and stamen.. There are leaves in anther.
Leaves make food for the plants with the process of
photosynthesis.
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• Flowers are the reproductive parts of fruits, the main parts of

flowers (from outside to inside are ) bud, petals, stamen and
pistil.
Notes
• Petals give protection to bud. They attract insect etc because
of their colour. Stamen produces pollen which moves to pistil
to make fruit.
• Fruit provides protection to seeds.
• Fruits can be dry (like groundnut) or fiber (like mango). These
are the two types of fruits.
• Fruits are tasty and attract insects. They eat and scatter seeds
for plant scattering.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. State whether the following statements are true or false:
i. Bacteria are the smallest and simplest organisms found
on earth. ( )
ii. Some bacteria alive in the basic roots and plants and help
in nitrogen fixation for the plants. ( )
iii. Milk gets destroyed and potato and fruits get rotten
because of algae.
iv. Algae plants are those organisms which do not have cell
membrane and chlorophyll. ( )
v. Algae cannot be eaten as food. ( )

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2. Answer the following question in one word:

i. upper part of plant above soil
ii. Middle plant between two stamen Notes

iii. that part which holds leaves to stem

3. Answer the following questions briefly;
i. Give 4 uses of bacteria.
ii. Write any two uses and harm of algae.
iii. Tell any 4 uses of fungi.
iv. What is the main function of leaf?
v. What is the main work of stem?
vi. Write the names of various parts of plants in sequence
from outer side to inner side ?
vii. Write the functions of flower?

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

5.1
1. 0- 100 micron
2. Cell membrane, chlorophyll
3. Amoeba
4. Mushrooms

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5.2
1. true
Notes 2. false
3. true
4. false

5.3
1. Bud
2. Veins
3. Bud

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Notes

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Function System of Plant
CLASS-V

Notes

CLASS-V
Lesson 6 Function System Of Plant
Lesson 7 Process Of Our Body
Lesson 8 Various Organs Of Our Body
Lesson 9 Healthy Life And Cleanliness
Lesson 10 Our Old Indian Scientists

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Notes

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6 Notes

FUCTION SYSTEM OF PLANT

You have already read about the body. We will learn about plants,
its various parts, structure and functions. Now we will learn about
some of the special activities of the plants in detail in this lesson.
All the organisms of the world are a kind dependent on
photosynthesis. Plants can make their food directly and other
organisms eat these plants directly or indirectly to get energy.
Besides, oxygen is given out during the process of photosynthesis
which is used by all organisms for breathing.
Plants also breathe. They also take out waste material or elements
for themselves. The most important objective of plants is to spread
or expand its species and therefore it reproduces. We will also
learn how plants reproduce in this lesson.

OBJECTIVES
After learning this chapter, you will be able to:
• Explain the process of respiration in plants
• Describe the importance of excretion in plants

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• Tell the process of absorbing water and minerals in plants and

• Explain the reproduction system in plants

Notes
6.1 WHAT IS MUTRITION
Nutrition is the process in which an organism (even if it is a
plant or organism) intakes food and makes it to be used by the
body and then use it.

Why should living organisms take food?

1. To make new body element for development and growth

2. To maintain the wear and tear of damaged cells

3. To make the power to fight diseases

4. To provide energy for the body

5. To make many types of enzymes and hormones for the

body
6.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS (FOOD PRODUCTION
IN PLANTS
Photosynthesis or the process of making food in presence of
sunlight is only found in green plants. These plants make their
food with the help of chlorophyll, sunlight and carbon dioxide
present in air. They also prepare glucose by absorbing water from
the soil. Sunlight or light can be used from many sources as well.
But mostly in open nature, farming or forest , the light of the sun
is present is sunlight which is used in photosynthesis.
You must be thinking that can there be photosynthesis is moon

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light? No, it is very slow light and there is no sufficient energy

available.
Two main products- glucose is formed from food and oxygen - Notes
life giving gas are produced in photosynthesis. These are the
dual benefits. Plants get food for themselves and plants also
make food for other organisms and secondly oxygen which is
essential for all organisms is also produced.

Fig. 6.2 Oxygen is given out during photosynthesis

Food is made by leaves but how does it reaches to other parts

of the plants?
You have seen that leaves have veins which reach their small
branches and every cell. These veins absorb water through stem
and to leaves. Glucose made in the cell of leaves reach stem and
other parts of plant through these veins. It spreads to whole plant
from top to bottom.

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INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.1

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word:
Notes
i. Green plants make their own food with the process
of ___________.
ii. _______ gas is produced in atmosphere in the process of
photosynthesis.
iii. Green plants use ____ gas to make their food.
6.3 RESPIRATION
Plants do breathe in the same way as other organisms. They get
energy to do many activities in their body, for example - energy
is required to make starch out of glucose. Micro holes (stomata)
present in leaves take oxygen inside and give carbon dioxide
outside; this oxygen is used for respiration in the day. The oxygen
is given out the process of photosynthesis; breathing is a chemical
process which uses cells, leaves, stem, roots etc in every plant.
These micro holes take oxygen inside one cell to another and
take it to all the sides.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.2

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
i. Energy is produced in body like plants, _______ and
human beings.
ii. Leaves in plants take oxygen inside by ____.
iii. Breathing is a ____ reactions give us glucose, ____ ,
water and energy.

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6.4 EVAPORATION (WATER FROM PLANTS

IN FORM OF VAPORS)
Roots of plants take a lot of water inside them. This water moves Notes
to the top to bottom of the leaves being used as water and source
of mineral salts for photosynthesis. This water stream moves in
a regular way, therefore, most of the water becomes vapour which
goes out through leaves. This process called evaporation. Around
2% of the absorbed water in root is used in the process of
photosynthesis.
Importance of photosynthesis
1. Making environment cool - conversion of water into vapors
gives coolness. Plants evaporate more in heat and summer.
Therefore, more water is required in the plants in summer
otherwise plants get dried out.
2. Distribution of water - leaves are the end point of plant.
Therefore water is required to reach every part of plants. In
this way water is used as water when required by plant and
its parts.
3. Distribution of minerals - when we move roots to the top level
of pants then minerals are absorbed by them. When leaves do
evaporation then the element inside them becomes thick and
pulls more minerals from bottom. Therefore, all the nutrients
reach from one cell to another from top to bottom.
4. Removing excess of water - the process of evaporation
vapourise the extra water present inside the plant.

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6.5 ABSORPATION OF WATER AND

MINERAL SALTS BY PLANTS
Notes Plants which are grown in soil, absorb water and mineral salts
from soil and roots, plants need water due to many reasons. For
example -
1. Every part of plant has some portion of water,
2. Leaves get out of stem straight die to required amount of water
otherwise they will become loose and fall down.
3. Water serves as a raw material in the process of food making
or photosynthesis.
4. Evaporation of water in summer keeps plants cool in hot
weather,
Need of mineral salts in plants
Plants require mineral salts in the same way as they require water.
Some of the important minerals required by plants are calcium,
potassium, nitrate, phosphate etc. These are used in the structure
of the plants. Various minerals are also absorbed by the soil.
Absorbing water
Plants absorb water through roots. Mineral salts absorb roots
and plant which move towards upper part of plant with water.
These minerals with water reach the central part of stem called
xylem and is transported to upper branches and leaves, minerals
salts and absorbs water moving up is called rasrohan (sucking).

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INTEXT QUESTIONS .

1. Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks:
Notes

i. Evaporation in plants is done by ____. (roots/leaves)

ii. Vaporization of _____ is called evaporation. (water/salts)

iii. Vaporization helps in the distribution of ____ in plants.

(water/food)

6.5 HOW NEW PLANTS ARE FORMED?

Every organism whether plant or organisms reproduces his
species and gives birth to new ones. Giving birth to a child of its
own type is called reproduction. Plants reproduce in two ways -
through seeds or by stem or leaves.

a. reproducing through seeds and scattering of seeds

Most of the plants reproduce through seeds but this process is

not an easy one. Example - If all the seeds of the plant falls at the
same place and gets sprouted, then all new born plants don't get
proper sunlight and nutrients. Nature has given us a system where
seeds scatter from far off place. This kind of spreading of seed is
called scattering. There are many methods of seed scattering.
For example - air, water or by seeds themselves in their own
manner.

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1. Scattering of seeds by air -

some seeds have feathers or net, fiber comes out from them. These
Notes seeds fly away to distance place. Sehijan seeds have a feather
like shape whereas seamal seeds have hair like structure, due to
this factor, seeds fly from one place to another,
Fruits of gulmehndi ( after ripening) throws itself to a far off
place and get sprouted. In the same way peas, beans, fruits of
ladyfinger also move from one place and seeds get scattered.
2. seed expansion in organisms -
there is a story that squirrels made a jungle. Squirrel hide seeds
in soil while wanting to eat it but forgets it. This way she hides
seeds in the whole mountain which came into jungle. This is not
a story. Birds and animals eat fruits and throw seeds at various
place, for example - mango, apple, jamun etc. In the same way
birds, squirrels, jackal, elephant etc also throw seeds after eating
fruits form one pace to another.
3. Scattering of seeds by water
The best example of seed expansion in water is coconut. Its fiber
cover and closed in tight copra coconut falls from trees and is
transported by water from one place to another.

6.6 SEEDLINGS OF SEEDS

Reproduction is a plant gets completes when a seed makes a
new pant after getting seedling, seeds have a small plants and
also stores food. This food is in the form of two seed parts.

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Example - gram, peas or in form if a single seed piece like wheat

of maize.

Let us know about the process of seedling: Notes

1. Seed gets transformed into seedling by water, air (oxygen)

and at optimum temperature.

2. The first characteristic of swelling is the swelling of seeds.

3. The cover of seed gets softened.

4. The white portion of seed is called basic seedling which gets

sprouted and goes into soil in a long and slanted form. This
forms the primary root.

5. Soon after plant forms stem comes out and stands erect at the
top. This keeps increasing and becomes a small plant.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 6.

1. What do you mean by reproduction?

2. What is the difference between fruits and seed?

3. Give an example of the following:

i. Scattering of seeds by organisms

ii. Scattering of seeds by air

4. How are blossoms seed scattered?

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6.7 REPRODUCTION BY STEM OR LEAVES
Reproduction of new plants from any other part of plant (not
Notes
flower) is called asexual reproduction. This can be root, stem,
leaves etc, in different plants, let us see some examples-
1. Leaves - for example cells situated near the corners of leaves
in byrofilm leaves
2. Stem like potato (tuber) and onions bulb(shalaj)
3. Grafting (cutting parts of stem) of some plants like rose or
sugarcane and placing them in soil.
4. New plants are grown from pieces of ginger
INTEXT QUESTIONS .
1. State whether the following statements are true or false:
i. Asexual reproduction is done in brofilin. ( )
ii. If ginger knots are kept in soil, new plants are grown. ( )
ii. Sugarcane cannot be grown from the cut pieces of the
stem. ( )
• WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT
• Basic life processes in organisms are nutrition, breathing,
excretion, growth reproduction etc.
• Every green plant makes their own food.
• The process by which green plants make their own food is
I called photosynthesis. oxygen gas comes out from this process,
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CLASS-V

• During breathing glucose is made from carbon dioxide, water

and energy in presence of oxygen.
• Food prepared by leaves is sent to stem. Notes
• The process of vaporizing of water from water present in
plants is called evaporation.
• Roots of the plants take absorbed water and minerals to upper
part of the plant.
• Reproduction is the process by which organism gives birth
to a new species of same like.
• There are two types of reproduction - by seeds and by stems
or leaves.
• Seeds are scatters in many ways - air. Water, organisms and
self plant's special seedling method,
• The process by which small plants inside the seed gets active
and makes new plant is called sprouting and seedling.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
A. Choose the correct option from the options given below:
1. Which is essential for the growth of body and maintenance
of wear and tear to be fit and fine:
a. Nutrition
b. Reproduction
c. Breathing
d. Pollination
OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 87
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 Function System of Plant
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2. Which of the following is not required fir the process of

photosynthesis?

Notes a. Sunlight
b. Chlorophyll
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Nitrogen
3. What is the process is making food from oxygen and giving
us energy called?
a. Breathing
b. Secretion
c. Excretion
d. Photosynthesis
4. What are the products of photosynthesis?
a. Water and carbon dioxide
b. Chlorophyll and sunlight
c. Strach and oxygen
d. Glucose and oxygen
5. What is the process of keeping plants cool in summer season
called?
a. Breathing
b. Evaporation

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c. Photosynthesis
d. Water absorption
6. What is the most important oat of flower for plant? Notes

a. Sepal and buds

b. Pollen and petals
c. Pollen and part of seed
d. Petals
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. ____ and ________ are formed in the process of
photosynthesis.
2. Water from plants come out in form of water vapours is
called __________.
3. Evaporation and gases moving inside -outside of leaves
is through _____ found on leaves.
4. Making new plants by grafting plants is called _________
reproduction.
5. Seeds are scattered by air, _____and _____________.
3. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. What is nutrition?
2. What are the raw materials used in photosynthesis?
3. What is breathing? Why do plants need breathing?

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 89

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4. Which process can reverse the products ofphotosynthesis?

5. Give any two benefits of evaporation from plants?
Notes 6. Write three methods for seed scatter in plants?

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

6.1 1 (i) Photo synthesis
(ii) Oxygen
(iii) Carbon Di Oxide
6.2 1 (i) Animal
(ii) Stomata
(iii) Chemical, Air
6.3 1 (i) Leaves
(ii) Water
(iii) Food
6.4
1. Giving birth to a child of its own type is called
reproduction.

2. Seeds are found inside the fruit.

3. (i) Mango (ii) Sehijan

4. Seeds are scattered by air, organism and water.

6.5 1. (i) True (ii) True (iii) True

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Notes

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 91

Process Of Our Body
CLASS-V

7 Notes

PROCESS OF OUR BODY

Humans have made machines one after the other but the machine
made by nature is matchless. Humans cannot make a machine
that has power to grow after taking food externally and produce
or give birth to offspring like him.
Every activity in human body is wonderful. To know and learn
these activities is interesting and beneficial. This will help us in
growing and remaining healthy.
There are many systems in our body - moving system, digestive
system, respiratory system etc. let us know about these in detail.

OBJECTIVES
After reading lesson, you will be able to:
• Know the process of human walking
• Understanding digestive system and
• Explain the process of circulatory system

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 91

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CLASS-V

7.1 HOW CAN WE WALK?

We are movable. We are not static at one place. We move from
Notes one place to another. We can also move our hands, legs, head
etc, all these movements are possible by the mixture of two
systems in human body - bones and muscles. All bones together
make skeleton system and all muscles together make muscle
system.

a. skeleton system
Skeleton is a structure of bones which is hard and gives movement
to many parts of body. These give support to the body. The main
parts of skeleton are:

• Skull - box giving protection to human mind which starts from

brain and ends at spinal cord.

• Ribs - these cover lungs and heart,

• Bones of shoulder and hips

The total number of bones in our body is 206. The longest bone
is femer in thighs and the smallest bone is behind the ear drum
smaller than a grain of rice.

Joints
Joints are those places where one bone gets connected to other
bones. For example- knee and below joints are moveable and

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static. Example - knee can be static like skull, bones. Moving

joints is a structure that keeps two bones together is called tendon.
~~
Notes

Fig. 7.1 skeleton system

Do you know how movements are connected? You must have

seen the puppet game. There are threads attached to the puppets.
These threads are pulled out to make the movement of puppets.
There are muscles attaches to bones which move automatically.
There are three more functions of skeleton system
1. it gives shape and support to body.
2. it gives security of soft parts of body like skull to brain and
rib makes lungs and heart secure.
3. bones give place to muscles join and helps in the movement

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 93

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 Process Of Our Body
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b. muscle system
There are more than 600 muscles in human body. All these
muscles provide movement to bones as well as soft body parts
Notes
like heart, intestines etc.
Types of muscles
There are two types of muscles:
1. Voluntary muscles - these muscles work according to our wish.
Example- muscles related to the movements of hands and
legs. These muscles are connected to bones.
2. Non voluntary muscles - These muscles are not in our control
and keep working automatically. Intestine muscles or stomach
muscles work automatically and keeps on forwarding the food
from time to time. Muscles are also found in the walls is of
arteries and veins. Heart muscles are also different in their
structures. Their structures are related to voluntary muscles
but their work is non voluntary. This is also called heart
muscles. All muscles are made up of fiber.
How does a muscle work?
Muscles contract to do work. Voluntary muscles on one end are
static or fixed and together are connected to moving bones, when
a muscle contracts the movement of the bone happens as bone is
pulled towards contracted muscles.
Contracted muscles get smaller and pulls its motion head giving way
to movement. The moving end if muscle gets connected to bone by
a skull. When contraction ends pulling of bones also ends and
muscles come back to old form and moves in opposite direction.
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Function of muscle system

1. muscles help us the movement of our body organs like walking,

running or holding objects . Notes

2. they help us in swallowing and chewing food.

3. they help in expansion and contraction of chest leading to our

breathing system.

4. they make heart pace muscles etc.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 7.1

1. which two system of human body help in the movement?

2. write the names of some parts of our skeleton?

3. write the names of organs protecting by the following:

i. skull

ii. rib

4. write the name of muscles found in heart wall?

5. what are the special tissues joining one bone to other on

movement called?

7.2 DIGESTION SYSTEM

Every organism needs food to live, there are five steps of nutrition
or food intake to its usage.

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1. the process of taking food inside by eating or drinking.

2. making food ready for energy absorption or digestion.
Notes 3. digested food passes through food pipe and gets absorbed in
body through intestines.
4. Absorbed food us used in the necessary r required places of
human body,
5. Non absorbed and non digested food comes out in form of
waste from body.
a. parts of digestion system
1. mouth - teeth present inside our mouth cuts the food into
pieces. Our salvia glands excrete salvia which softens the food,
the enzyme present in salvia changes starch present in food to
soluble maltose. There are two sets of teeth: temporary (milk
teeth) (20) which falls down and permanent teeth (20 and 12)
come out. Out of 12 temporary teeth every jaw has three teeth
on both sides to chew the food. In the end one last wisdom
tooth comes out around 16-17 year. A wisdom tooth does not
come out in some people. There are many types of teeth in a
jaw set which are used in chewing, cutting, grinding and
mixing of food.
2. food is softened by mouth - salvia helps in chewing the food.
This is secreted by the tongue. Tongue and teeth chew the
food. Mostly the push of tongue helps the food to reach the
food pipe.

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Notes

fr,,
ff1
l

Fig. 7.3 digestive pipe in humans

3. Food reaches a bag like stomach from food pipe.

4. food stays in stomach for 3-4 hours. By this time the juice
from the walls of stomach mixes with food, this gastric juice
has pepsin enzyme which helps in digestion of protein. One
more acid comes out from this juice called hydrochloric acid.
This acid destroys any bacteria coming with the food. Food
reaches small intestine from stomach.
5. small intestine is around 7 meter long with narrow structure.
It has many spiral structures. Maximum food get digested here,
protein, carbohydrates, maltose, sucrose etc and fats are
digested by many enzymes. These enzymes come out from

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara

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pancreas and even small intestine. Digestion is not needed

from vitamins and mineral salts there are absorbed directly in
intestine.
Notes
6. big intestine: small intestine is connected to big intestine, here
maximum water of the left food is absorbed.
7. undigested food is waste which comes out if human body.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 7.2

1. how many teeth are there in the human mouth?
2. write the mane of all the parts of human food digestion starting
from mouth?
3. which part of digestion pipe absorbs maximum water?
4. which juice is excreted by the walls of stomach?

7.3 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

You have leant about the respiration process of plants. All living
organisms including humans also breathe. Our body needs energy
for many activities 24 hours a day. This energy is used inside the
cells during breathing. It uses oxygen to disintegrate glucose from
food.
a. parts of respiratory system
all the organs (nose, lungs etc) exchange blood and atmospheric
air in betweenthemselves. All these make respiratory system, all
these organs in sequence are:

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1. nose
Air outside from the world enters our body through two nostrils
or nose holes. The three characteristics of nose are: Notes
1. the hair inside the nose stops dust etc from air entering our
body.
2. a sticky element (shesleshma) excreted from nose sticks itself
with virus and bacteria and other particles and stops them
from entering body.
3. air going through nostrils keeps the temperature of body warm
and moisture.
2. Food pipe
This is the back part of our mouth which takes air inside and

Fig. 7.3 parts of respiratory system in humans

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara

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food intake by our mouth is same. The bottom part of pipe is

Larynx which opens in vocal cords which opens in breathing
pipe. Remember it is a structure epitolits which protects the gates
Notes
of vocal cords so that the food ontake does not go inside the food
pipe. But if it gets then food gets stuck in breathing pipe.
3. Respiration pipe
This is a straight pipe going to the centre of chest starting from
vocal cords. There are cartilages (spiral in shape) in its walls
which does not make it sticky.
Breathing cells and veins
Breathing pipe is divided in two parts - from back of head which
is called swahashnitan, ( breathing centre). Both the cells enter
lungs from their sides. They get divided into small branches inside
lungs which is called shawahansikayen (breathing cells).
Air passage (vayukosh)
Breathing cells are opened in the end point of closed air passage.
These are lakhs in number and their total internal surface can be
more than a big kabbadi stadium. they have a large surface so that
they can exchange respiratory gases more and more. Those people
who smoke cigarette and bidi have many side effects on their air
passage. It gets closed and they suffer from respiratory diseases.
Lungs
These are a pair of sponge bag like structure which are close to
the walls of chest. Blood having more carbon dioxide and less

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oxygen reach lungs. Many minute branches of blood cells cover

air passage and they became blood veins (lung veins) after many
movements. These lung vein join together to form a primary lung
Notes
veins which reaches heart. Blood reaching heart from lungs is
full of oxygen.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 7.3

1. Which way of food and breathing is similar and which part?

2. Fill in the blanks:

i. Division of breathing cells make_____.

ii. Blood entering lungs is full of _ but when it comes out of

lungs it is full of ____.

7.4 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Have you ever though that how digested food from food pipe
and absorbed food from body reaches every cell? Carbon dioxide
from all body parts and other waste elements related to waste
materials (kidney, lungs etc)? All there works are done by a pump
(heart and artery coming out and reaching there. Blood flowing
from there also helps in its functioning.
1. Heart
If you keep our hand at a slight left side you will hear or fell
heart beat. This sounds like dhak dhak. This happens with every
human heart beat.

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 101

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Heart is a small (equal size of a fist), muscular organ and

is established between the lungs in a cage. This is made up
of tight muscles which work throughout life and does not get
Notes
tired.

1. Functions of heart

The heart of a healthy adult person beats 60-80 times per minute
(average 72 beats per minute). There are four chambers of heart
- two in upper side right -left atria and bottom left -right ventricles.
Right side of heart side has less oxygen blood and more carbon
dioxide blood which reaches lungs. The pumped blood from lungs
which has less amount of carbon dioxide and more oxygen
reaches to the left side of heart where blood vessels take this
blood to every cell of human body.

2. Blood carrier cells or vessels

These are of three types:

1. Arteries - these take blood containing oxygen to various parts

of the body from heart. Their walls are thick and muscular.

2. Veins - they bring oxygen less blood from many parts of body
to heart, then this blood is sent to lungs.

3. cells - Arteries are divided in many branches and they join

again together to form veins, this is a cage of veins. Minute
blood cells in this system are called cells.

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Blood

Blood is a shining red coloured liquid which flows in arteries

and veins. Our blood has red blood cells and white blood cells. Notes
White blood cells are actually colourless, it also has very minute
blood plattes.

Functions of blood

1. it takes oxygen from lungs to various parts of the body.

2. it also takes absorbed food from intestine to many parts of

whole body.

3. blood also takes waste material from body cells to kidney so

that they come out as a part of urine.

4. it also protects our body from infection.

5. it also controls body temperature and keeps it static.

6. if there is any injury or cut then blood clotting happens and

stops the flowing of blood.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 7.4

1. What is the importance of muscles present in the walls of
heart?

2. how many times a heart beats in one minute of a normal adult

human?

3. what is the real color of white blood cells present in blood?

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 103

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WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT
" The organ system of our body does not function alone but all
Notes
together with coordination.
" The movements of our body are the dynamic system and
controls bones and muscles.
" The main function of skeleton system is to give shape to body,
support it , contribute in movements and protecting soft organs
etc.
" All the muscles of a body together form muscular system.
muscles give body movement and produces beating in heart.
" Digestion system makes food easily digestible and absorbs
nutritional elements.
" There are two types of breathing - first breathing from lungs
(both - intake and exhale) in which oxygen is taken inside
and carbon dioxide is released and second type blood sends
absorbed oxygen to body cells for making energy which is
used for cell breathing.
" Circulatory system sends nutrients and oxygen to their useful
organs and takes carbon dioxide and other wastes from various
parts of human body. This work is done by heart, arteries and
blood.
" Heart is a small muscular organ. It has string muscles and
creates or produces heartbeat throughout life.
" Human blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and
I blood plattes.
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TERMINAL QUESTIONS
A. Tick the correct option from the following:
Notes
1. what are the organs of moving system?
a. skin and muscles
b. bones and blood
c. bones and skin
d. bones and muscles
2. how many bines are there un adult human>
a. 138
b. 120
c. 356
d. 206
3. what are the tissues joining muscles and bones together
called?
a. stomata
b. skull
c. nerves
d. cell
4. which type of muscles are joined together for form a
skeleton?
a. voluntary
b. non voluntary
OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 105
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 Process Of Our Body
CLASS-V

c. mixed
d. linear
Notes 5. what is the process of making energy by the oxidation of
called?
a. digestion
b. excretion
c. exhalation
d. respiration
6. what is the common chamber of food and air behind mouth
called?
a. pipe
b. vocal chords
c. breathing pipe
d. respiration
B. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. Write any three functions of muscle system and Skeleton
system?
2. write the four parts of human skeleton?
3. what is the difference between voluntary and non
voluntary muscles?
4. write the steps from food intake to food digestion in body?
5. write any two parts of human digestive system?

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6. write only four parts of respiratory system?

7. which organ system takes digestive food to our whole
body? Notes

8. write any three types of main structure of circulatory

system of human body?

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

7.1
1. Skeleton system and muscular system
2. Skeleton, back bone, rib, bones of shoulder and hips,
bones of legs and arm
3. (i) Brain, (ii) lungs and heart

4. muscles of stomach, heart muscles

5. involuntary muscles

7.2
1. 32 teeth
2. mouth, teeth, tongue, pipe, stomach, liver, small and big
intestine, saliva, glands, stomach, liver
3. small intestine
4. gastric juice

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 107

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7.3
1. food pipe
Notes 2. i. veins
ii. carbon dioxide, oxygen
7.4
1. these muscles work throughout life and never get tired.
2. 72 times a minute
3. colourless

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Notes

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 109

Various Organs Of Our Body
CLASS-V

8 Notes

VARIOUS ORGANS OF
OUR BODY

You have learnt about many organs of our body. Every organ of
the body has a different function. But every organ functions make
an organism healthy and keep specie alive.
Look at any construction site around you. You will find some
garbage or waste material. This too happens with body. To throw
such waste material out of human body we have excretion system.
When many people work together then a system is required for
co-ordination. This too happens with body. Since many systems
are working together, there can be no chaos. Therefore, a
coordinating system is required. This function is done by nervous
system and control system in our body. We will learn about
excretion system and nervous system in this lesson.

OBJECTIVES
After learning this lesson, you will be able to:
• Understand the importance of excretion system in human body.

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 109

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• Describe the function of excretion system of human body

• Tell the meaning of nervous system and
Notes • Explain the functions of nervous system

8.1 EXCERTION SYSTEM

Every cell of our body keeps on doing something or the other.
Therefore, some garbage is always found there. These elements
are harmful and should not be collected in body. It should be
thrown out of the human body. The process of throwing out
harmful or waste material is called excretion and the groups of
organs related to it are called excretion system.

Fig. 8.1 excretion system

Our body excretes or excretion by three types:

1. lungs: we throw out polluted carbon dioxide produced during
breathing.

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2. skin: some mineral salts are bit required by our body are thrown
out in form of sweating.

3. Urine: Our body comprises of water, a balance of water Notes

is required in human body. It should not be more or less.
Urine takes out chemical wastes and extra water out of our
body.

Urine system

There are many parts of urine system:

1. kidney: these look like a pair of seed of beans shaped organs.

Functions of kidney

i. To separate impurities of blood especially urea which reach

kidney by artery

ii. To create a balance between water and Mineral salts in

body

2. Urethra: there is a urethra from every kidney which reaches

down bladder. Its functions is to take urine to bladder.

3. Bladder: this is like a flexible bag. It is used to store urine

temporary,

4. Urine pipe: this is a pipe made up of small muscles to take

out urine from the body time to time.

If one of our kidney stops working, then the other starts working
double. If both kidneys get damaged then these can be

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 111

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 Various Organs Of Our Body
CLASS-V

transplanted by medicines. this is the reason why organ donation

is promoted now a days.

Notes
INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.1
1. What do you mean by excretion?

2. What are the three methods by which waste material comes

out of human body?

3. Write the sequences of various parts of urine system?

4. How urine comes out of kidney and by which structure?

5. Which is the organ that stores urine temporary?

8.2 NERVOUS SYSTEMS

We must know whatever is happening around us what, why and
how? How our food tastes - eatable or rotten, bad smell and non
eatable? How do we know all these things? We see people,
identify them, listen to their thoughts and speak our thoughts
etc. All these co-ordinating activities are done by our brain and
nerves which is called nervous system.

1. Parts of nervous system

Various organs of our body form nervous system, following are

the parts of nervous system-

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1. brain

2. Spinal cord
Notes
3. nerves

4. sensory organs

1. brain - human brain is a soft and delicate part. It is around 3 to

5 kg kilograms in an adult. This part is safe in skull.

Human brain is the biggest size in all living organisms. It has the
only secret of how humans can do all other works that other
organisms cannot do.

Parts of brain

i. Fore brain: this is the biggest part of brain. Its main function

~ ~irt ,,< ~
~~fffitili) ~
ri ,I

TJtf

Fig. 8.2 parts of brain

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara

--- --- --- ------ --- --- --- --- ---
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 Various Organs Of Our Body
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is to think and remember. This part is related to will power,

intelligence and consciousness. It also gives us other areas
related to knowledge centre like speaking, seeing, taste and
Notes
smell.

ii. Mid brain:: this s a small part found below fore brain and
back side of skull. Its function is to control muscles.

iii. Medulla oblongata - this is also known as pillar of brain. Its

function is to control involuntary activities like heart rate
and exhale breathing.

2. Spinal cord - this is a pipe like structure starting from brain

and going to backbone internally in body. All message sent from
brain to body reach by this pipe. This also helps in giving fast
reaction like if a thorn pricks than we take our hand back
internally.

3. nerves- nerves are small and slippery white structures which

make messages form brain clear like electric current. All the
nerves coming out of brain, skull and spinal cord are called spinal
nerves

Types of nerves

i. Sensory nerves - these nerves take messages from sensory

organs like eyes, nose, ears etc and sent them to brain.

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ii. Central nerves_ these nerves come out from dynamic or

moving organs like muscles relating to eyes and around eyes
with brain,
Notes
iii. Mixed nerves- These nerves are for both sending and
receiving messages, there are 31 pairs of nerves coming out
of spinal cord.
Functions of nervous system
i. These nerves control our reaction coming out of external
nervous system world,
ii. It also controls other system of the body.
iii. It helps in the moving movements as we want like walking,
doing movements etc.
iv. This helps in proper functioning of all organs of the body.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.2

1. What is the name of the system coordinating various activities
of the body?
2. What are the four main parts of our nervous system?
3. Where is our brain situated?
4. What are the three main parts of human mind?
5. Which part is your brain controls your emotions?
6. Where is the centre for controlling heart beating located?

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 115

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8.3 OUR SENSORY ORGANS

Organs which tell us about the presence, element or taste of any
Notes objects are called sensory organs, we can see, listen or feel by
these organs we have five sensory organs- eyes, ears, nose, tongue
and skin.

1. eyes- eyes are essential to read and see objects around us.
When a light ray comes to eyes from an object than nerves
inside our eyes get stimulated and sends messages to brain.
Brain reads the messages and draws a whole picture of the
object.

We can see and understand many surrounding objects by this

method.

2. Ear- these are spreading on face. They take sound waves inside
the body. The sensory nerves inside ears get shook and hear
news is sent as message to the brain, this also shows the
balance of body which can be seen through ear.

3. Nose - nose helps in sending smell of various kinds and

message to brains. We can identity many tasty foods by smell
only.

4. Tongue- this helps un identifying taste of various types like

sweet, sour, bitter, warm , hot salty etc.

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5. Skin - this sensory organs tell us about pain, feel, arm- cold,
hard-soft etc by toughing. Some of the areas of skin have
high degrees of touch like fingers on head, hot-cold at some
Notes
area like cheeks etc.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 8.3

1. List the sensory organs found in our body?

2. How does our eye identify an object?

3. How does tongue identify taste?

4. What is the other function of ear besides hearing?

WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT

• Taking out of harmful products produced by physical activity
in body is called excretion.

• Lungs, skin and kidney help in excretion.

• Mainly excretion is done by urethra. There are two kidney in

urine system, two ureter, bladder and urine pipe coming out
of them.

• Nervous system tells us about outside world and coordinated

with internal organs of the body.

• The main parts of nervous system are brain, spinal cord, nerves
and sensory organs.

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 117

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• Brain is the centre of forebrain thinking, intelligence etc and

midbrain controls the movement of muscles.

Notes • Spine bone is fixed in back bone and is the medium of sending
messages to the brain.
• There are three kinds of nerves namely, sensory nerves, motor
nerves ad mixed nerves.
• The five sensory organs are eyes, nose ear, tongue and skin.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
A. Multiple choice questions
1. What is taking out of waste material made by cells during
any physical activities in body called?
a. breathing
b. excretion
c. reproduction
d. secretion
2. What is the pipe from which urethra comes out called?
a. Uretha
b. Uretre
c. Uterus
4. Urine

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3. Which organ filters blood?

a. heart
b. liver Notes

c. kidney
d. Urethra
4. Which organs control breathing and heart beat?
a. mid brain
b. medulla oblongata
c. spinal cord
d. fore brain
5. Which part of brain is connected with intelligence?
a. fore brain
b. medulla oblongata
c. spinal cord
d. fore brain
6. How many kidneys are there in human body?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

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B. Describe the following:

a. excretion
Notes b. nerves
c. sensory organs
C. State whether the following statements are true or false:
1. Keeping waste materials in our body is called excretion.
()
2. Human urine system has one pair of kidney, one pair of
bladder, one pair of Urethra and one ureter. ( )
3. Water and urea mainly comprise urine. ( )
4. If we are pricked by a thorn we pull our hand immediately,
this message comes from brain. ( )
5. Skin is a sensory organ. ( )
6. Carbon dioxide comes out from sweating. ( )
D. Choose odd one out from the following:
1. Kidney, Urethra, lungs, ureter
2. Skin, lungs, kidney, liver
E. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. Explain three methods by which excretion takes place in
human body?
2. What is the function of lungs in our body?

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3. How urine is formed? What are the elements found in it?

4. What are the main parts of human brain? Explain their
functions? Notes

5. What is the difference between sensory and central

system?
6. How does our eye help us to see?
ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS
7. What are the functions of our ears?

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

8.1
1. taking out is waste material out of our body which is
formed inside our body is excretion.
2. by lungs, by kidney, by urine
3. Kidney, Ureter, bladder , urethra
4. Urethra
5. Bladder

8.2
1. Nervous system
2. Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
3. Brain is safe inside the skull

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4. Forebrain, spinal cord, nerves

5. Forebrain
Notes 6. Medulla oblongata

8.3
1. Eye, nose ear, tongue and skin,
2. Nerves coming out of eyes, sending messages to brain;
the image of that object is formed and we are able to
identify the object.
3. Sweet, sour, salty, warm, bitter
4. We get the knowledge of body balance form our ear.

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Notes

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 123

Healthy Life And Cleanliness
CLASS-V

9 Notes

HEALTHY LIFE AND

CLEANLINESS

You must have heard of the saying, 'health is wealth'. We always

want that we should not fall ill. We eat properly to work in a
better way. By doing this we will be happy and healthy. People
around us will be happy seeing us happy. This is called healthy
life. Healthy life means a body free from diseases and a mind
free from mental problems.
To be healthy we require cleaning our body, follow good habits
and take healthy and proper diet. Exercise and taking rest is also
important. If we have the deficiency of any element in our body,
it will make us dull, ill and suffer from many diseases. To save
ourselves from diseases we should have immunity power to fight
diseases. Immunity power can be increased by vaccination and
proper diet. Our ancient scriptures have laid emphasis on it. Even
ayurveda says that we should live balanced life, exercise daily
and follow rules to be healthy and to live a long life. It is said
'jiveta Sharad Shatam'.

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Let us know and understand what important for a healthy life is

in this lesson.

Notes
OBJECTIVES
After understanding this lesson, you will be able to:
• Tell the importance of food for the body
• Explain the importance of food for the body
• Describe the importance of necessary nutrition elements for
the body
• Explain the diseases cause because of deficiency of some
nutrients
• Explain balance diet
• Describe the importance of cleanliness for good health

9.1 FOOD AND ITS NUTRIENTS

You must have felt that whenever we feel hungry, we eat food.
Food not only ends our hunger but also gives us energy. Food
gives energy to do some essential elements required for the
important works of the body. All the elements found in food
which are essential for our body are called nutrients. Various
nutrient elements found on our food are 0 carbohydrates, protein,
fats, vitamins and mineral salts etc.
Let us know about from where we can find nutrients what are
their functions and which diseases are caused by their deficiency.

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a. carbohydrates

Notes

Fig. 9.1: sources of carbohydrates

This is an important element in our food, the main function of

carbohydrates is to provide energy for physical work like playing,
learning, working in a farm or factory etc. Whenever you are
sitting or sleeping, various activities also take place like breathing,
pumping of heart, food digestion etc. We require energy for these
processes also. Do you know that carbohydrates contributes in
making a food tasty?
The main food elements in our food which gives us energy are
all types of grains like wheat, rice, maize, millet, bajra, ragi etc.
we also get energy from roots kandmool, example, potato, arbi,

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turnip, sugarcane, banana etc. other sources of carbohydrate are

sugar, honey and jiggery. If we take extra carbohydrates in our
body, they get deposited in the form of fats in our body.
Notes
If the intake of carbohydrates in less in our body then our weight
gets reduced and we feel tired.
b. protein
Protein is essential for the development of body. Therefore, we
must consume protein rich food. This helps us in building of
new cells, tissues, organs, hormones and hemoglobin (red pigment
in blood). It also helps in the maintenance of damaged cells. All
pulses like masoor, moong, urad, rajma etc gave high protein.
Our body also gets protein from milk, curd, paneer, meat, fish
eggs etc.

9.2 SOURCES OF PROTEIN

Children need protein in more quantity. This element is important
for their growth. Less consumption of protein leads to less
development of body and mind energy and malnutrition is caused
by the lack of protein in food. This malnutrition is of two types-
Kwashiorkor and marasmus.
Kwashiorkor : This is caused mainly by the lack of protein.
Here the child has swelling on his hand, legs and face, he also
suffers from loose motions. He gets a fat belly.
Marasmus : This disease is caused because of less carbohydrates
intake in food by child. His muscles start drying up. He gets wrinkles

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on his skin. This disease is also called dry disease. Child cannot
grow in this disease and his skeleton can be seen in his body.

Notes
INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.1
Fill in the blanks:
1. Carbohydrates provide _____ for doing many physical
activities.
2. Protein elements help in the _____ of new tissues in our body.
3. Child gets _____ on his hands, legs and face and has _____ in
Kwashiorkor disease.
4. Less intake of carbohydrates leads to _____ disease.
5. Child muscles get dried up and _____ are on skin in marasmus
disease.
c. fat
fat gives us energy. It gives a soft layer on the heart. Therefore
heart does not get damaged by a push or injury. Some vitamins

Fig. 9.5 food items giving fat

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like a, d, e, k are soluble in fat and fat helps us in getting

them from the food. Fats are important to make our body work
various food items like bitter, ghee, cream, malai, oil (mustard,
Notes
cocount, groundnut, til etc) gives fat. But extra fat is not good
for health. Therefore we must take foods giving fat in a limited
manner. Ghee, butter and malai consumption can be dangerous
to elderly people. Fats give more energy than carbohydrates when
needed.

Mineral salts

We require very less amount of mineral salts found in our food.

But for the proper functioning and growth of human body, mineral
salts are required for example - for building blood in human body,
iron is required. Therefore, it is essential to have mineral salts in
our food. There are various sources of getting mineral salts. We
will read their functions and diseases cause by their deficiency
are given later in this chapter.

d. calcium

calcium helps in building bones and teeth. It also controls the

speed of muscles. We get calcium form milk, paneer, curd, butter
milk, green leafy vegetables (spinach, reddish, cauliflower, methi,
arbi ke patte, bajra, black grans) etc. Its deficiency leads to
weakness of bones and their deformation. teeth also get weak by
the deficiency of calcium.

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e. iron element
iron is required for the building hemoglobin a red pigment found
in red blood cells in blood. It is mostly found in green leafy
Notes
vegetables, Bajra, chidwa, ragi, murmura, jaggery, roasted gram,
masoor dal, fish etc. The deficiency of iron leads to a disease
called anemia. Anemia refers to the deficiency of red blood cells.
Patient feels weak and his breathing is abnormal. His nails get
fellow. He does not feel good to eat something.
f. iodine
This salt is essentials for the growth, development and functioning
of biological activities. The most common source of iodine is
salt (with iodine). Iodine is also found in extra amount in food
obtained from salt. Deficiency of iodine leads to goiter. It also
leads to the swelling of thyroid glands. Deficiency of iodine leads
to improper growth of children.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.2

1. Which functions of human body are related to calcium?
2. why is iron important for us?
3. write any two sources of iodine?
4. match the following
Mineral salts deficiency disease
Iodine deformed bones
Calcium anemia (less blood)
Iron goiter

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9.4 VITAMIN
There is an importance of vitamins like other nutrient elements.
Notes Vitamins are required for many biological activities in human
body. There are required in small amount. There are many types
of vitamins like a, b, c,c d, e, k etc.
Let us know can we get vitamins, what are their functions and
what are the diseases caused by their deficiency.
1. vitamin a
It helps in proper functioning of eyes, keeping skin healthy and
boosting immunity power of body to fight disease. This is found
in bajra, papapya, sitafal, carrot, mango, yellow maize, green
leafy vegetables, like, egg, butter, fish etc. deficiency of vitamin
causes night blindness, patient cannot see properly in dim light
in this disease. More deficiency of vitamin a causes blindness.
2. vitamin d
It is essential for building bones and increasing their strength.
Vitamin d is build by our body with the help of sunlight. This is
the cheap and simple medium of getting vitamin D. vitamin D is
also found in fish oil, egg and kaleji. Deficiency of vitamin d
causes rickets, bones get weak and legs get deformed in shape of
bow.
3. vitamin e
This vitamin is required for reproduction capacity this is
mostly found in vanaspati oil, fish, egg, flour with choker, milk

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etc. ITs deficiency causes sterility meaning less reproductive

capacity.
4. vitamin k Notes

This vitamin helps in blood clotting after an injury; the main

sources of vitamin k are green leafy vegetables, cauliflower,
cabbage etc. deficiency of vitamin k causes more time in blood
clotting after an injury which can be dangerous.
e. vitamin b complex
Many vitamins are found in this group of vitamins, example b
12. These are necessary for the development and growth of body.
They keep our muscles and skin healthy, some of the sources of
vitamin b complex are - sabot and sprouted pulses, milk and its
product. Deficiency of vitamin b causes bery-beri. This leads to
less hunger and problem in digestion. The corners of mouth get
cut, tongue gets rough and red, misbalance in biological process
is caused by the deficiency of vitamin b complex.
f. vitamin c
It is essential for wound filling. This keeps our skin, teeth,
bones, healthy and strong. It also gives power to fight diseases.
It is found in raw fruits and vegetables, amla, lemon, grapes,
tomato, sprouted pulses, sahjan ki fali etc, deficient of vitamin c
causes scurvy, gums get swollen and blood starts coming out of
them. It takes time to cure wounds and immunity power gets
lessened.

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INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.3

1. State whether the given statements are true or false:
Notes
i. Vitamin a helps in proper functioning of eyes. ()
ii. vitamin e helps in blood clotting. ()
iii. deficiency of vitamin c leads to less reproductive capacity. ( )
iv. guava, lemon and orange are good sources of
vitamin a. ()
v. Deficiency of vitamin d deforms legs and gives them a
bow shape. ()
vi. beri beri is caused by the deficiency of vitamin b. ()
vii. gums get swollen by the deficiency of vitamin c. ()
9.5 OTHER ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF FOOD
Other nutrients which are required for good health include water
and fiber. These are essential for a good health. let us know more
about it.
Water: water is required for all biological activities of human
body. About 55% of human body is water, water is required to
keep human temperature normal (98.4 degree Fahrenheit or 37
degree Celsius). We require more water in summer. We should
always drink water and other liquid drinks. We should always
drink 7-8 glass of water every day.
Fiber: fiber is also an important part of our food eating. Eating
fiber in optimum quantity helps us in constipation and provides
proper digestion of dodo. It also supports proper excretion out of

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human body. Eating good amount of fiber saves us from obesity.

We get required fiber from green leafy vegetables, fruits, sabot
grains, pulses etc.
Notes
9.6 BALANCED DIET
To be healthy we require nutrient elements in optimum quality.
Eating all essential nutrients in optimum quantity in our food is
called balanced diet. We could not get all nutrient elements by
eating same food every day. We must mix and inter change many
food items for a balanced diet. We can also save ourselves from
disease by eating balanced diet. Balanced diet is a diet which has
all essential items required by our body in optimum amount.
1. malnutrition
Have you ever thought what are the harmful effects of not having
a balanced diet? Our body gets deficient after not taking balanced
diet. This might also lead to the maximum intake of some nutrient
elements. This is called mal nutrition. There can be many forms
of malnutrition.
2. alap poshan
After eating less than required food or intake of few nutrients
causes less nutrition. Many diseases can be caused because of
fewer nutrients. Body does not get all sufficient minerals in proper
quantity.
3. ati poshan
Do you know that obesity is also a disease? Some people eat
more than required and do less physical activity, because of this

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fat gets deposited in human body and the person get obese or
fatty. This is called ati poshan. Many diseases like diabetes blood
pressure etc are caused because of obesity. Therefore, we must
Notes
eat sweets, butter, ghee etc in proper amount. We should eat raw
fruits, green vegetables, sabot grains, pulses and fiber in good
quantity to save ourselves from obesity.
Diet group
We eat many types of food product everyday like roti, pulses,
rice, vegetables, curd etc. This is possible that some mineral
elements are high in some product and other nutrition elements
are less. There are mainly five categories of diet based on
nutritional elements found in them. The benefit of dividing food
products in these categories is that we can exchange the category
of food with the other. If we eat only one type of food product
then we will get same nutrient cements, for example if we eat
wheat or maize flour, rice or bajra, we will get same nutrients.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.4

1. What is the meaning of balanced diet?
2. Why is fiber important in food ?
3. Why is water important for us?

9.7 NEED FOR CLEANLINESS

You have read of diseases which are caused by the deficiency of
nutrients. Buts some diseases are caused by the unclean
atmosphere around us, some diseases are transmitted from one

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person to another. Such diseases are called communicable

diseases. There are spread by coughing, sneezing, breathing, using
dirty water and dirty food where mosquitoes-flies etc. sits. Some
Notes
communicable disease are typhoid, measles, cholera, corona,
polio, malaria etc, therefore, it is necessary to clean our house
and neighbourhood to save us from diseases. Personal hygiene
and cleanliness is also very important. Let is learn about it.
1. Personal hygiene
The meaning of personal hygiene is to keep all our organs clean
and care for them. It is important to follow some good habits.
Some of the habits are as follows;

Fig. 9.6 cleanliness required for healthy body

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• Doing shouch everyday cleaning our hands every time after

using toilet.
• doing brush or datun twice a day,
Notes
• taking bath everyday from clean water,
• eating food after washing hands,
• washing hairs regularly and coming them
• sleeping at least 6-7 hours at night
• Cutting nails regularly and cleaning them
• walking and doing exercise twice a day-morning or evening
Caring of organs of body
After all good habits some various organs of body like eyes,
nose, ear, teeth etc require cleanliness and caring.
1. teeth: to keep teeth clean we require to brush twice a day-
every morning and every evening. Our teeth gets rotten if we
eat more sweet toffees, candies, sweets etc. teeth gets yellow.
There come a bad smell from our moth and cavities also stick
in our teeth. We should eat raw fruits and vegetables to make
our teeth healthy and strong.
2. eyes: to clean our eyes we should wash them from clean water
many times. We should not rub our eyes by dust or some dust
particles as they move inside our eyes. We should not use
kajal or soorma in our eyes. Learning or reading by lying
down bed, reading in a moving vehicle or in less light damages
eye. If there is flu or vision problem or injury in eye contact
an eye specialist immediately.

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3. ear: ear helps you in listening to a conversation going near to

you. Sometimes there is a dust deposited in ears which needs
to be cleaned from time to time. We should not use any pointed
Notes
object (pin, needle etc) to clean our ear, this might damage
our ear drum and we might become deaf. Ears also get
damaged by listening high music. We can also clean our ears
in guidance of an ear specialist. We should consult an ear
specialist immediately if we have pain or injury in our ear.
4. skin: skin helps us in taking out polluted elements from our
body. This also helps in maintaining the normal temperature
of the body. Therefore we should take bath regularly with
clean water. If we don't do this then allergic reactions comes
out and cause many diseases.
5. nails: dirty nails takes dirt in our stomach with the help of
food. Many types of diseases like loose motions, dysentery,
vomiting or pain in stomach happen through dirty nails.
Therefore, we must wash our hands after going toilets or
before eating food.
6. hairs: we should wash our hairs twice a week by a mild soap,
shampoo or ritha amala. We should also give massage to our
hairs with warm oil. If we don't unclean hair fall happens.
More lice can be found there, this can lead to dandruff or
baldness.
If there is pain or injury n anybody part then we should consult a
doctor. Self-medication can be dangerous.

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2. Cleaning environment

Cleaning environment means to keep our house or neighbouring

Notes areas clean. We should keep our surrounding clean as virus or
bacteria are born in dirty environment, we can do this in the
following ways:

1. we should throw all the garbage of home and kitchen in a lid

dustbin every day.

2. we should spread mosquito killer in drainage of our homes

and surroundings.

3. Stop the collection of dirty water near our home to save

ourselves from mosquitoes and flies.

4. Mop the pakka floors with phenyl.

5. there should be roof above the well so that the water of the
well does not get dirty and polluted.

6. we should place a lid over drinking water.

Exercise

Regular exercise is important for good health and saves us from

diseases. Indian scripture also advise physical exercise for healthy
body. Exercise does not mean doing pushups but doing or sowing
seeds in our farms, nirai-gudai, field work, ploughing fields,
walking, jumping, playing, doing household work etc are also
types of exercises.

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This develops our muscles and we experience activeness and

freshness. maharishi patanjalii has explained many methods of
exercise in yog sutra which help in keeping our body healthy.
Notes

c. rest and sleep

You must have seen that we feel tired after working or playing
and jumping. After taking rest for some time we feel fresh again,
we must sleep from 6 to 7 hours for better health.

Therefore, proper rest and proper sleep is required for good health.
Proper diet helps in increasing the immunity power of our
body.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 9.6

1. Fill in the blanks:

i. Skin helps in taking out ___ elements form the body.

ii. We must take ___ daily to keep our skin clean.

iii. We must not use ____ to clean our ears.

iv. ___ and reading in ____ is harmful for eyes.

2. Give two measures to keep our environment safe?

3. How can we save water from well from getting dirty ?

4. Who has written yog sutra?

5. How many hours of sleep is required for a better health?

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WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT

• Elements found in our home which are good and essential
Notes
for human body are called nutrients.
• Some of the common nutrients found n food are - protein,
carbohydrates, fats, minerals, salts and vitamins,
• Balance diet is a diet which contains all the required elements
by the body in optimum quantity.
• Mal nutrition is caused in absence of balanced diet. It is of
two types- alp poshan and atiposhan.
• There are many types of diseases which are cause by many
other reasons or improper eating.
• Diseases which can be spread or transmitted by coming in
contact with a patient or by any other medium is called
communicable disease.
• We should take care of personal hygiene and cleanliness of
neighbouring areas to save ourselves from diseases.
• Regular exercise, proper rest and sufficient sleep is also
required to be healthy and to save ourselves from diseases.

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. Why is balanced diet necessary for us?
2. What is the difference between kuposhan and alp poshan?
3. Give the cause of spreading of communicable diseases.

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4. Give two measures for care of eyes and ears?

5. Write about good habits relating to health?
6. What will be the five steps taken by you for cleaning your Notes

surroundings of your home?

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

9.1
1. energy
2. building
3. swelling, loose motions
4. marasmus
5. wrinkle
9.2
1. to make bones and teeth strong. To control the movement
of muscles.
2. to develop hemoglobin present in red blood cells.
3. salt, sea food items
4. 1. (3) 2. (1) 3. (2)
9.3
1. true
2. false
3. true

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4. false
5. false
Notes 6. true
7. true
9.4
1. A diet which has all essential nutrients in proper quantity
is called balance diet
2. It helps in constipation and food gets digested easily.
3. To keep body temperature normal and for all biological
activities
9.5
1. i. Polluted
ii. Bathing
iii. pin/needle
iv. Lying down /reading in a moving car
2. i. Cleaning draining pipes in our surroundings
ii. Stopping the collection of dirty water in our
surroundings
3. Making roof on the well
4. maharishi patanjali
5. 6-7 hours

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Notes

OBE-Bharatiya Jnana Parampara 143

Our Old Indian Scientists
CLASS-V

10 Notes

OUR OLD INDIAN

SCIENTISTS

India has a very old history. We are leading the world in science,
philosophy, literature, astronomy, architecture etc. since ages.
Do you know that zero (0) was discovered in India. Maharshi
kanav contributed in telling world about atoms and nucleus.
Ayurveda - a branch of medicine was given by India, you can
see Indian architecture and monuments in every corner of India.
Do you know that the age of earth according to Indian vedic
scriptures is 3-4 billion years which is equal to the real age of
earth.
Many techniques have been developed in chemical industries.
One of the finest example is the iron statue near qutab minar
which is still rust fee. The most important point is that the
architects developed this technique without any laboratory.
We will try and learn about some of the scientist of ancient India
and their contribution in this lesson.

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OBJECTIVES
After learning this lesson, you will be able to:
Notes
• Tell the contribution of Indian scientist in the field of
mathematics
• Describe the contribution of Indian physicians in the field of
medicine
• Explain the contribution of Indian astronomers in the field of
astronomy and
• Describe the contribution of Indian scientists in the other fields
of science

10.1 INDIAN SCIENTISTS IN THE

FIELD OF MATHEMATICS
Indian mathematicians had an edge in the field of mathematics.
Aryabhatta
We are familiar with Aryabhatt's zero today. But do you know

Fig. 10.1 Aryabhatta

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that '0' was discovered in India. Great mathematician Aryabhatt

discovered zero for counting. Aryabhatt was a great
mathematician and astronomer of 5th century. He wrote
Notes
'Aryabhati' at an age of less than 23 years. This book is a book of
mathematics, he also wrote about the use of decimals in this book.
He said that 0 is not a number but a sign. 0 is used to claculate
the distance between earth and moon.
Bodhyan
He was also a famous Indian mathematician. He lived around 7-
8 century b.c. He first told the value of pie. He also wrote a book
called Shalav Sutra before Pythagoras theorem was written.
Bhaskarcharya
He is a famous mathematician of 12th century. He is also known

Fig. 10.2 Bhaskarcharya

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as bhaskar 2. He was born in bijapur, Karnataka in 1114 A.D.

Sidhant Shiromani is a famous book by him. He used chakrvata
vidhi or compounded form for the first time; the western countries
Notes
came to know about his contribution in 19th century. James Taylor
translated the first part of his novel, lilavati into English.
He learnt maths and astronomy by his father who was a teacher
at observatories in Ujjain. He died in 1185. A satellite Bhaskar II
was launched on 20 November 1981 on his name by Indian space
research organization.
Acharya Pingal
A chief name for maths in ancient India was Acharya Pingal. He
lived between 2-3 century b.c.; his famous book is chand shastra,
also known as pingal sutra. He contributed in binary number
system. He is the propounder of binary digits. Acharya pingal
used 'laghu' and guru' words which later became the basis for
the discovery of zero. It is believed that pingal used the word
shunya which meant 0.
Brahmgupt
He was a famous mathematician and astrologer in 7th century,
his birth place is now in Rajasthan. He was also known as
Milacharya. He was the first one to use zero as a number ge used
many mathematical methods. One of them is the multiplication
method and use of place value in the same what as it is used now.
He has also written a famous book bhrahmsfut sidhantika.
Brahmgupta is credited to spread Indian mathematical knowledge

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to the world. His first book went to the centre of education

established by khalifa of Baghdad this the astrology and maths
of India went to Arab and then Europe.
Notes

INTEXT QUESTIONS 10.1

1. Who discovered zero?

2. What is the name of the book written by Aryabhatt ?

3. Who wrote shalav sutra?

4. Who has written siddhant shiromani?

5. Who is known as the propounder of binary number?

10.2 ANCIENT PHYSICIANS OF INDIA

Ayurveda is the gift from India to the world. Do you know that
ayurveda is known as the oldest medicine system of the world. If
we understand the literal meaning of ayurveda, it is the science
of life. Our ayurveda is around 5000 years old. Earlier leaning
was based on speaking but some of the famous physicians which
are now valuable to us. Let us know about some of the great
physicians of ayurveda.

Acharya Charak

He is known as the founder of ayurveda. He was the physician

of King Kanishka. He studied diseases, their causes and treatment

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Notes

Fig. 10.3 Acharya Charak

in detail. He collected all his views in book charak sanhita

which is one of the ancient and authentic book of ayurveda.
Around 2000 medicines have been written by him and tells us
about diseases of many organs and their treatment. Acharya
Charak believed to remove the cause of diseases. He said
prevention is better than cure. He believed that a physician needs
to have knowledge and understanding of diseases to treat the
patient.
Charak is the first physician who talked on digestion, immunity
power and excretion. He also believed that there are three areas
of human body - cough, air and bile. If there is imbalance in it
then human falls ill. The foundation of today's ayurvedic medical
system was laid by Acharya Charak.

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Acharya Sushrat
He is also a famous Indian physician. His contribution is in
the field of surgery. He studied a dead human body to see the Notes
body structure or anatomy of human body. His famous
contribution is shustra sanhita. He is known was the father of
surgery because it is believed that the first surgery of the world
was done by him.

Fig. 10.4 Acharya Sushrat

Sushrita sanhita is the pool of knowledge. It tells us about 1100

diseases. This book gives us knowledge about 760 plants and
herbs usage. Most of these herbs are used by us in our kitchen.
This book tells us about 191 tools used in surgery by sushrut.
You will be surprised to know that the procedure told by shushrut
is similar to modern medicine policy.

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Maharshi Chawan

Maharishi Chawan is a famous vedic time Indian saint, it is

Notes believed that that they made medicines for being healthy
and increasing immunity power. He is said to have made
chawanprash.

Maharisi Patanjali

He is one of the reputed names of Indian medicine system. He is

known as the father of yog knowledge. He has written yog suytra
which s the base of yoga. There are 106 yog sutras in yog;
maharishi patanjali learnt about yoga in basic Vedas. He made
mental and physical health important for yoga there are six parts
of it. Hath yog is important for physical health and raj yog for
mental health. yog increases immunity power and eradicates
diseases from bodies and emphasizes on good health.

Fig. 10.5 Maharisi Patanjali

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He systematized the yos sutra which was in bits and pieces, he

also wrote a book related to medicines called patanjali tantra. He
has also written a book mahabhasya based on Panini's Asthyogi.
Notes
Whatever yog we see today, it started because of Maharishi
Patanjali.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.1

1. Who is the father of ayurveda?

2. Charak was the rajvaidya of which ruler?

3. Who did the first surgery of the world?

4. Write the name of 2 books written by Maharishi Patanjali?

5. How many diseases are being mentioned in Shushrut Sanhita?

10.3 ASTRONOMY
There is a deep relation between maths and astronomy. This
relation was propounded in the area of astronomy. Most of them
have worked in the field of astronomy. Let us learn something
about the famous astronomer and their contribution.
Aryabhatt
You have read about Aryabhatt before. Astronomer is the person
who studies planets and galaxies. Aryabhatt was also an
astronomer, earlier, it was believed that our earth is fixed at one
place. Aryabhatt was the first person to tell that earth is round
and constantly moves on its axis. He also contributed in

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eradicating superstitions. He said that solar and lunar eclipse does

not happen because of devils named rahu (Saturn) and ketu
(Neptune). He said that it happens due to scientific reason.
Notes
India's first man made satellite was named Aryabhatt at his name.
he studied in famous observatories at Nalanda. The main objective
of studying astronomy was to make correct calendar on panchang,
identify the correct season for crops etc. this will help people in
learning about farming.
Aryabhatt contributed in this area.
Bhaskarcharya
You have already read about his contribution in the area of maths.
He was influenced by the astronomical calculation of Brahmgupt.
He also did many astrological calculations. Bhaskarcharya
calculated accurate time of a year, that is, the time taken by earth
to complete a revolution of sun. His book sidhant Shiromani had
many points related to astronomy. The first part of this book
deals with the distance of planets, solar eclipse, lunar eclipse,
phases of moon etc. the other part of the book is related to
astronomy. He has written about space, movement of planets,
phases and its calculation etc in this book.
Varah Mihir
He is also a famous astronomer from India. He lived around 5-
6 century. He was born in Avanti kingdom (now Madhya
Pradesh). He studied in ujjain and started working here the two

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famous books written by h, are panch sidhantika and vrahat

sanhita, these are five pats of panch sidhantika:
1. surya sidhant Notes

2. vashisha sidhant
3. pasalis sidhant
4. romama sidhant and
5. pitamah sidhant
The other book Vrahat sanhita is an encyclopedia. He has written
about many subjects kike the speed of planets, eclipse, rain etc
in this book.
10.4 contributions in other field of science
There was much progress in the field of chemistry, physics and
agriculture in earlier times. Let us learn about some of the great
scientists who worked in this regard.
Kanad
He is a famous scientist from 6th century. He is an important
scientist of vauihekish sabha, a branch of Indian ancient
philosophy. It is said that he was given name Kanad because he
used to talk about kan or particles in his childhood. His sutra is
known as Kanad sutra in vaishekh sutra, he was the first person
to talk about molecule or anu. He believed that the smallest unit
of physical world is nucleus of molecule which we cannot see
from our naked wyes. Molecules cannot be divided or destroyed.

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He believed that the work is made up of these molecules.

Therefore, they can be divided. But the smallest unit is nucleus
which cannot be divided. This principle of maharishi kanad
Notes
matches with the present principle of molecule or nucleus.
Nagarjun
He was a famous metal scientist of 10-11 century. He was born
in Dahak, Gujrat. He worked in the field of melting metals and
making new metals. He also tried to transform metals into gold.
Although he was not successful but he was able to make metal
having golden luster. He also wrote a book called Rasratnakar.
He wrote about the purification of metals like gold, silver, tin,
copper in his book.
Varah Mihir
Varah mihir's contribution is also found in astronomy. He has
also worked in the fields of earth science, geology and
environment. He was the first person to tell that termites and
underground plants are the presence of life, he has also written
about earthquakes and its cases. He has also tried to join the
effects of planets, of earthquake, movement beneath the ocean,
underground water and behavior of animals.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 10.3

1. Who has influenced Bhaskarcharya's astrological calculations?
2. Where was Varah mihir born?

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3. Who has written panch sidhantika?

4. kanad was the scholar of which branch of ancient Indian
philosophy? Notes

5. Who tried to make lustrous material of golden colour?

TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. Describe the contribution of Aryabhatt in science?
2. Write the names of any two scholars who contributed in the
field of maths?
3. Briefly write the contribution of following scholars in the
field of medicine-
a. charak
b. sushruat
4. Describe the contribution of Indian scholars in the field of
astronomy?
5. kanad laid the foundation of molecular science. Validate.

ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS

10.1
1. aryabhatt
2. aryabhatiya
3. bodhayan

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4. bhaskarcharya
5. pingal
Notes 10.2
1. charak
2. king kanishka
3. charak
4. yog sutra or patanjali tretra
5. 1100
10.3
1. brahmsutra
2. Avanti kingdom
3. varah mihir
4. vaishekh philosophy
5. nagarjun

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Notes

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